The Potential of Digitalization to Improve the Skills of Agri-Food Market Participants: Technical and Economic Opportunities of Multicasting and Internet Television

Abstract

This article deals with the potential of digitalization to improve participants’ skills in the agri-food market. The topic of improving technical mechanisms and software technologies aimed at the qualitative development of e-education in Russia is being updated. The problems of providing the agri-food market with skilled personnel are analyzed. The problems of terminological uncertainty concerning the concepts of digitalization and distance education in computer sciences (informatics), information sciences, and other related scientific fields that have a negative impact on the overall wide turnover of scientific research, are touched upon. The authors propose a single generalized nonhierarchical technological model of the organization of e-education, schematically describing a set of software technologies in the form of a cloud telecommunications system. Particularly, it is recommended to use multicasting technologies and adaptive network means of signal delivery to promote educational content in the form of internet television. The basic integrative network tools and protocols for the specific organization of electronic educational activities via internet television are technically annotated. The conclusions briefly and conceptually reflect the course of the research, as well as the logic of the material analyzed by the authors, summarizing the research work done and to provide some recommendations for the operation of multicasting technology in the form of internet television in Russia.

APPENDIX

(1) Digitalization is a widely used word in a simplified sense, denoting the processes of using computer hardware and software to meet the needs of various sectors of the economy and improve the efficiency of its functioning. In the public understanding, this is the process of using digital technology in various fields, aimed at improving the quality of human life.

(2) In scientific terms, “digitalization” is not yet an established concept and it is interpreted broadly and from different perspectives. In philosophical terms, the term “digitalization” also does not have an unambiguous interpretation; moreover, as the practice of scientific analysis of some philosophical periodicals shows, the concept of “digitalization” as a philosophical category is extremely vague; hence it is impossible to unambiguously distinguish between the technological artifacts generated by this process. If we look from a technical and economic point of view, the use of the term “digitalization,” which is not well-established in scientific circulation, in government administrative documents, as well as specialized programs, creates confusion, which in turn negatively affects the development of the country’s technological guidelines.

(3) In domestic practice, the term “informatics” is widespread, which in meaning is equivalent to the term “computer science”; however, in essence these are slightly different scientific directions.

(4) Informatization—in the modern sense—is the stage of involving information processes in all vitally important active social principles and in the economy, based on the implementation of information systems based on hardware and software computing technologies.

(5) Computerization is the process of introducing advanced artifacts of computer science and information and communication technologies into the national economy, as well as into the spheres of public life, expressed in the involvement of high-performance computing technology in all critical areas of human activity.

(6) Digitalization or processes similar to digitalization. This concept is closely related to business and refers to the use of predominantly cloud-based digital services to optimize business processes and improve the quality of labor productivity in the private and public sectors of the economy. For reasons that are not entirely clear, there is an alternative name for it: “digitalization.”

(7) Communication is a process that determines the development of the information society. Communication implies the result of human scientific and technical activity in the field of telecommunications, intended to meet the needs in the field of humanitarian communication. Communication is inextricably linked with information and communication technologies and depends on applied advances in this field.

(8) Internetization is the process of widespread development and implementation of the global information and communication network internet in all spheres of public life, including economic systems. Telecommunication systems and the services that support them are also included in this concept.

(9) Localization is the process of introducing local computer networks (LAN) into production cycles to improve economic efficiency. Localization always takes into account regional factors, such as the state of the telecommunications infrastructure of the region, the state of the general infrastructure, climatic features, and the financial security of potential users of such networks.

(10) Robotization is the process of using and introducing into society and sectors of the national economy the achievements of computer science, cybernetics, physics, biology, and chemistry, which consists in the creation of artificial means of intellectual information processing with pronounced motorized functions and abilities.

(11) Automation is the process of introducing automatic control systems to improve the efficiency of production processes. Promising areas of automation: automated linguistic systems, automated systems for image recognition and multimedia data processing, etc.

(12) The authors of this study would be grateful to experts and scientists in the field of history, philology, and law if they would develop common approaches to such an important modern term as digitalization, as issues of the exact distribution of financial, logistical and technical resources may depend on their position in the future. Funds from large technical and technological areas are controlled and supervised by the state, public-private partnerships, and business in general. This will significantly help in reducing the economic burden on the state (as well as on the budgets of private companies) and will ensure transparency in the financing of projects, which will undoubtedly play a positive role in the efficiency and timeliness of the implementation of various technical and technological means. The opinion of lawyers is especially important here, since the formed regulatory and legal framework governing the relevant area will depend on the accuracy of their definitions of these concepts. It is also useful for business to understand these issues, not only from financial and economic, but equally from sociocultural positions, thereby increasing the level of their own technical culture, which in turn will expand the boundaries of mutual professional understanding and establish new rules of technical communication. It would also be interesting to get acquainted with the unfortunately missing fundamental works in the field of cultural studies and philosophy that would affect the categorical apparatus of the sphere of digitalization, thereby expanding the range of scientific discussions in this direction.

(13) For example, are the digitalization of medicine and the digitalization of art essentially different processes? We can pose this question differently by narrowing the boundaries of the definition we are considering. Computerization of medicine and computerization of art—are they equivalent processes or not? We agree, in the second case, the practice of application and the corresponding process are more understandable. Since for the most part we react to the term computer and consider the process of computerization as the introduction into various areas of production of hardware and software based on computing technologies (well-designed algorithms for calculating a particular industry program, hardware-dependency of an application or technology supported by an application. For example, device-dependent and device-independent color rendering, etc.). It is quite clear that computerization in everyday life means the introduction of electronic computing means into public spheres of life and the national economy, as well as updating the fleet of such means. On the other hand, calculations and numbers are not entirely equivalent concepts. Of course, calculations operate with numbers, but they also operate with symbols, although the word “symbolization” is difficult to find in scientific and popular literature. This small example is already generating a complex multidisciplinary scientific discussion.

(14) Funding allocated by the state within the framework of targeted programs spreads across various, not always clearly formulated provisions, which are far from having a specific interpretation. This hinders the effective development of the economy and slows down scientific and technical progress at the local level.

(15) We know the modern rules of abbreviations in the Russian language, but we have our own historical and philological vision of this issue, therefore, in this article, the abbreviation VUZ is written in capital letters.

(16) One can imagine a more extensive list of reasons why modern education lags far behind public demand. We focused, in our opinion, on the most problematic, consolidated causes.

(17) This is at a time of general development of digitalization and ICT, i.e. these processes are designed to improve production processes and increase labor productivity through the introduction of automated data processing systems and electronic management. In the field of science, in accordance with all technological introductions, scientists should be constrained and burdened as little as possible by regulations emanating from the relevant governing bodies. Accordingly, more funds should be allocated for the development of science without any reference to any region of science. What is recognized by society and the state as science should have equal funding, and in the era of total digitalization, we dare to assume that this is already possible. It is necessary to finally provide scientists with the opportunity to engage in research and not pseudo-scientific activities; however, various scientists have already written much on this subject.

(18) When an applicant submits documents for the academic degree of candidate and doctor of science to the dissertation council, it is necessary to provide a list of author’s publications, but some of these publications that correspond to the topic of research may be published in VAK journals of a related profile and, unfortunately, this may be the reason for refusal to accept the dissertation for consideration. The author needs to calculate the number of publications specifically in a specific specialty and, if there are not enough of them, retell his own original ideas in journals of the Higher Attestation Commission that have the same specialty as the dissertation council. It is necessary at the legislative level to allow authors to publish in journals of related fields, especially in related specialties.

(19) Even multidisciplinary journals that are accredited by the Higher Attestation Commission currently do not cover the entire list of specialties approved by the Ministry. Therefore, the priority of the author’s research should be determined by specialists of the dissertation council to which the dissertation is submitted, i.e. the journal should simply be accredited by the Higher Attestation Commission.

(20) Advanced training courses are the most optimal type of educational activity for a modern person. They are mobile, do not require significant time to master the material, and provide the necessary ideas about the subject being mastered at the same time.

(21) Today, the legislative framework for distance learning includes:

1. Federal Law No. 273-FZ dated December 29, 2012 (as amended on August 4, 2023) “On Education in the Russian Federation.”

2. Federal Law of June 27, 2006. No. 149-FZ (as amended on June 31, 2023) “On information, information technologies and information protection.”

3. Federal Law No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006 (as amended on July 21, 2014) “On Personal Data.”

4. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated August 23, 2017. No. 816 “On approval of the Procedure for the use of e-learning and distance learning technologies by organizations engaged in educational activities in the implementation of educational programs.”

5. Order of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation dated 04/06/2021. No. 245 “On approval of the Procedure for organizing and implementing educational activities in educational programs of higher education: bachelor’s programs, specialty programs, and master’s programs.”

6. Letter dated June 24, 2014. No. AK-1666/05 “On establishing correspondences when approving new lists of professions, specialties and areas of training with those specified in the previous lists of professions, specialties and areas of training.”

We know the wording of Article 16 of the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” on distance educational technologies, however, they are not complete.

(22) Electronic education is a generalized name for educational processes implemented on an electronic basis, involving both a live form of teacher-student communication via telecommunications, and computer-student artificial teaching methods.

(23) Digital education is a type of educational activity based on the use of modern teaching methods using digital computer technology.

(24) Television education is the process of acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills through a television signal, usually presented in traditional broadcast form.

(25) Distance education involves the receiving of education in a remote format. Physically, distance education has no boundaries, and it is implemented using information and communication technologies and applied signal transmission tools with multicast feedback.

(26) Remote education is a dislocated educational process, the key element of which is the use of WEB technologies and other ICT tools to provide access to educational content.

(27) Electronic-network education is a type of education in which various electronic devices interact with each other on the internet to provide intellectual forms of educational activities on a network basis. Electronic network education is useful when it is necessary to broadcast practices to large groups of people. Demonstration of such practices occurs with the use of telecommunications tools, which include special protocols that ensure network interaction of various household devices (internet things). This type of education involves a network organization for all participants in the educational process.

(28) Internet education is a type of education whose technical and technological base is the global internet.

(29) Digital education is an educational activity built on the principle of using technical means of digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion.

(30) IP (WEB) education is a distance educational activity based on the principles of using IP tools to implement a signal carrying educational content. Technologically, IP education can use various network protocols and communications media that are highly compatible with the internet protocol. IP education can be provided via satellite as a television signal with interactive features. In a WEB environment, this type of education is implemented through WEB interfaces.

(31) The internet is the most developed and geographically comprehensive telecommunications network structure capable of satisfying the information needs of most people. Therefore, it is most suitable for electronic education in streaming and deferred modes.

(32) WEB infrastructure is a highly developed system of technical mechanisms and technological solutions of a hardware and software nature, functioning like a web, the nodes of which are constantly being improved.

(33) The listed computer programs can be successfully used in organizing electronic education, as well as various conferences and webinars, such as, for example, Pruffme. Some programs can be used to establish additional communications during the learning process, for example, Microsoft Skype. Programs have the ability to broadcast content in real time and provide access to content in deferred mode.

(34) Internet television, as a form of media data implementation, supports advanced physical (hardware and software communications using a physical channel) and virtual (software using subchannels) signal broadcast structures that fit well into modern WEB architecture. The network protocols and application data transfer protocols that they use can have both a commercial and shareware (free) license regulating their use. The undeniable technical advantage of internet television over other telecommunications means that it supports several important principles for organizing network broadcasts—unicast signal routing, multicast signal routing, broadcast signal routing, and single-node signal routing (anycasting). In world practice, internet television is used not only in education and entertainment, but also in telemedicine and the space industry. internet television is used by doctors to perform complex operations (here, internet television is part of the system of modern telemedicine). Internet television is applicable in telemedicine for modeling and broadcasting in real time complex visual practices that require the presence of highly specialized specialists located in different parts of the world. See publications:

1. Vladzimirsky, A.V., Medical television: The historical stage of scientific and technical development of the use of telecommunications in medicine (1930–1960), History and Modern Worldview, 2022, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 115–122. https://doi.org/ 10.33693/2658-4654-2022-4-3-115-122

2. Vladzimirsky, A.V. The history of the scientific basis for the concept of “telemedicine”: The contribution of the research group of Professor K.T. Bird, History and Modern Worldview, 2022, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 95-103. https://doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2022-4-2-95-103

3. Internet television for doctors, Medportal (MEDPORTAL). https://medportal.ru/mednovosti/ internet-televidenie-dlya-vrachey/?ysclid=lk1j9anzoc157159652.

4. Saravanan, S. and Sudhakar, P., Telemedicine technology using internet communication, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 2017, vol. 115, no. 6, pp. 147-156. https://acadpubl.eu/jsi/2017-115-6-7/articles/6/19.pdf.

(35) Network protocols (protocols in computer science, internet protocols, WEB protocols, and scenario protocols) are sets of technical rules that define data transfer in global and local computer networks. The protocol is a basic element in the network informatics system and ensures the transmission of various types of data over distances and also distributes the transmitted data to network users on a mass and unidirectional basis. An analogue of a protocol as a technical means in real life can be a set of traffic rules, which describe under what conditions during a trip it is necessary to perform certain actions.

(36) Software and utility tools are a set of applied (virtual) technical tools designed to solve specific problems. In our case, these are specialized computer programs that are designed to organize the network administration of pumping and analysis of network traffic, as well as utilities (lightweight firmware or scripts, in the form of command-oriented functions) intended to maintain the operations of network services, virtual routing and activating the throughput of peripheral WEB-nodes.

(37) Internet television [text of materials from the Russian-language segment of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia], article published at: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet television.

(38) Streaming television [text of materials from the English-language segment of Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia], article published at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television.

(39) This refers to set-top boxes, smart signal access cards and other analog-to-digital switching equipment.

(40) See the Appendix clause 74, IP protocol specification.

(41) Of course, there are cases where the use of the internet protocol (IP) is limited, and there are cases when internet television uses commercial systems for delivering its signal, sometimes you can observe hybrid forms of signal distribution when closed-type protocols are used along with open ones, but these are specific cases; for the most part, IP television can take the form of internet television, so these concepts can be considered equivalent.

(42) This refers to all types of electronic education, the convergent platform for which is internet television, organized according to the multicasting principle.

(43) In Fig. 1, WEB infrastructure is presented in the form of a cloud^* hardware and technical layer, the upper shell of which is segmented sections of electronic activity objects, i.e., WEB infrastructure ensures the functioning of all network applications.

*Cloud services are based on hardware and software resources that are part of the modern WEB infrastructure. They help solve many computing problems and create a highly efficient computing microenvironment that facilitates the rapid accumulation and exchange of multimedia information throughout the Internet. For Internet television, cloud computing opens up additional opportunities for content delivery, thanks to the use of remote computing tools for software and hardware data processing, which significantly speed up the process of delivering the signal to end consumers (from an economic point of view, they reduce the cost of data exchange on the internet) and help in organizing interactive functions implemented through the appropriate options of internet television interface systems.

(44) According to V.V. Taran, a domestic researcher in the field of computer science and applied information science. WEB infrastructure is a software and hardware technical complex of tools that provides a technological environment for the stable maintenance of the global internet.

(45) In fundamental and applied senses, computer science is in many ways ahead of the development of microelectronics, which already seems very rapid. However, if you take a closer look at scientific developments in this area, as well as turn to specialized scientific publications, you can see that the intellectual part (development of highly efficient computational data processing algorithms, improvement of stationary, mobile, and network operating systems, and information systems, image recognition methods, artificial intelligence mechanisms) is seriously ahead in development of the part that is responsible for hardware data processing. Although most hardware and technical systems are being improved in a timely manner (updating the architecture of backbone paths of integrated circuits, increasing the performance of microprocessors on ASSP circuits,^* expansion of information storage capabilities), the pace of such improvement is not high and does not always correspond to the intellectual capabilities of modern computer programs. This is despite the fact that in scientific discussions, at various conferences and forums, the problems of quantum computing, which can massively increase the speed of data processing, are constantly touched upon. In scientific terms, everything depends on the hardware base, which provides the platform necessary for computing, i.e., the problem lies not in data calculation algorithms, but in the means and methods of designing new hardware that establish vertical connections with operating systems. In this case, the forecast for the improvement of semiconductor devices by G. Moore (Gordon E. Moore), reflected in the pages of Electronics magazine, was completely justified. However, in spite of the significant increase in the technical productivity of microelectronic devices, programming technologies, algorithms for compiling and prototyping “software” programs have gone even further and have confidently broken away from what is today referred to in technical slang as “hardware.” However, in general, if we talk about the development of microelectronics as a closed segment of production, then G. Moore is completely right, and his forecast today has turned into a law called Moore’s Law.

* An ASSP (application specific standard products) scheme is a type of microcircuit designed for a specific computer program or mini-information system. In fact, this is an integrated circuit, manufactured to special order for the needs specified in the technical documentation. To develop this type of microcircuit, a complex technical blank (technical prototype) is used, the FPGA (field programmable gate array). This prototype is a list of semiconductor elements that allows, under factory and laboratory conditions, a development sample to be reproduced in the form of a microcircuit. A distinctive feature of this approach to prototyping is the ability to program component microelements an unlimited number of times, thanks to stationary programmers and specialized computers, to ensure the efficiency of designing microcircuits, as well as providing supervision over the technological processes of their production.

(46) Innovations in microelectronics are special intellectual achievements in the field of hardware design over a certain period of time. As a rule, when discussing innovations in the field of electronics, we understand the processes of introducing new technical products and technologies to the market that have undergone appropriate examination and have been tested at enterprises engaged in high technology fields. If, after a certain period, a technical product has proven itself to be an effective means aimed at satisfying a specific list of needs, then such a product can be standardized, registered and certified by the relevant authorities in the prescribed manner. This significantly distinguishes the concept of “innovation” from the concept of “novation,” where the process of testing and further standardization and certification is not required, i.e. innovation is more of an idea aimed at solving a problem that could contain a whole range of untested methods. Untested methods can solve the corresponding problems, but the recording of their use may vary depending on the area of their use, so the continuity of transfer, for example, of technology, may be disrupted through its further reproduction. To ensure the continuity of technology, special state registration is required (in the form of a patent or development certificate), which will allow the technology or intellectual product to be reproduced uniformly, in accordance with the technical descriptions and claims. In Russia, Rospatent and FIPS (Federal Institute of Industrial Property) play a very important role in this regard.

(47) Conceptually, these are technologies making it possible to transmit information from one source to an unlimited number of people with the establishment of feedback links, and the distributed information can include all types of multimedia (multicasting addressing).

(48) UDP (user datagram protocol) provides for the sending of messages in the form of datagrams without error checking and establishing a dedicated connection between hosts. The transmitted datagrams may be out of order, and there may be no information about the state of the message being sent, however, if the message is delivered to the recipient, its structure will be preserved (see RFC 768). This approach guarantees delivery of the message itself in raw form with the possibility of further reading of its header by a third-party application (i.e., it is not the protocol itself that checks the integrity of the transmitted message but the program installed on the user’s computer). The set of rules of such a protocol allows checking the checksums of transmitted images in shallow scanning mode. UDP supports multichannel data transmission and is well suited for broadcasting multimedia streams, especially when paired with RTP.

*A datagram is a block of information containing data on the routing of packets along communication lines, as well as information about the recipient and sender of the message in the form of a set of numbers.

(49) RTP (real-time transport protocol) allows the transfer of information necessary to restore audio and video data at the receiving node, and data on the type of encoding of the transmitted information (sound:- MP3 ‹Motion Pictures Expert Group v.3›, AIFF ‹Audio Interchange File Format›; graphics: PNG ‹Portable Network Graphics›, JPEG ‹Joint Photographic Experts Group›, BMP ‹Bit Map›; video - MPEG ‹Motion Pictures Expert Group›, FLV ‹Flash Video›). Given this protocol capability, it is good to use for Internet TV and streaming in general.

(50) IGMP (internet group management protocol) manages multicast data transmission in IP networks. This protocol allows you to link different devices into groups and transfer data over long distances in networks using Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). Multicast packet transmission is carried out via the MLD protocol.

(51) MLD (multicast listener discovery) us a protocol designed to determine the recipients of multicast requests and group identification of packets in IGMP and identifies user content and determines its binding to a multicast request (a request that has multicast branches).

(52) IPv4 (internet protocol version 4) is the fourth version of the internet protocol, designed for routed addressing of users in computer networks. The standard form of writing an IPv4 address is as four decimal numbers (from 0 to 255), separated by periods. A slash “/” without a trailing dot indicates a subnet mask: 100.35.0.0/10.

(53) MBGP (multicasting border gateway protocol) is an extension of the BGP unicast routing protocol. By default, the BGP router uses unicast IPv4 addresses. MBGP allows BGP to exchange information within different types of address families (unicast, IPv4, multicast, IPv4, VPN^*/IPv4).

* Virtual private network (virtual private local area network) is a logical union of nodes of a large local area network, which may belong to its different physical segments connected to different hubs.

(54) Note (V.V. Ram) is software that is subject to restrictions in accordance with a taxable license agreement.

(55) The nonphysical layer involves bypassing the point-to-multipoint connection and using primarily the data link, network and application layers.

(56) DP (demand priority) gives priority access on demand as a deterministic method of sharing a shared environment using two priority levels: (1) low and (2) high.

Short is used for general applications. High is for multimedia applications that are particularly sensitive to delays. Each hub has different queues for low-priority and high-priority requests. Low priority requests are serviced until a high-priority request is received. To proceed to servicing low-priority requests, all high-priority requests must be served. To ensure access for low-priority requests during periods of high volume of high-priority requests, a wait threshold is used. If a low-priority request times out above this threshold, it is given higher priority.

(57) With this technology, each network node has equal rights and can act simultaneously both as a client (the one who receives information) and as a server (the one who supplies information).

(58) In Russian, the following names for this form of telecommunications can be found: global network television, web (WEB) television, online (on-line) television, streaming television, multicast network television, cloud television, and computer television. Names similar in characteristics are mobile television, webcasting television, with greater reservations, IP television. In local area networks, there is the term intravision; it means broadcasting streaming multimedia data over a local area network with the possibility of relaying it to the internet through a portable WEB node. In English, the most common forms of internet television are: internet television (internet-tv), WEB-television, streaming television, multicasting television, online television (on-tv), cloud television, webcast-tv, HbbTV (hybrid broadcast broadband TV), computer television.

(59) OSI (open systems interconnection) model is a seven-level technological model of a network and inter-network organization, created to streamline the technical means and technologies for transmitting and exchanging data on the Internet. Developed by the International Organization for Standardization ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and the Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy—CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy) for the purpose of technical and technological interfacing of telecommunications and related equipment from various manufacturers.

(60) Each level of this model is characterized by a pool of protocols and network telecommunications tools that are hierarchically interconnected with each other. The original OSI model, presented by specialists from the International Organization for Standardization, is technologically somewhat different from the author’s (V.V. Taran) in the present study. This is explained by the fact that internet television, as a channel for the implementation of multimedia data, uses multistructured network environments and in its form uses an arsenal of technical and technological means, the elements of which are related integrated technologies.

(61) WEB shells are part of the WEB infrastructure and serve to present the management of content resources to potential viewers (users of personal computers and other gadgets). Resource management occurs using special options that are implemented in the form of a prototype interface database, fragments of which are built on the client side according to a given algorithm.

(62) MPEG-4 (ISO/IEC 14496) (The Moving Picture Experts Group 4) is a standard developed by a group of experts (as part of the ISO/IEC working group) on moving images; descriptions of the standard are available at: https://www.mpeg.org/standards/MPEG-4/.

(63) MPEG-7 (ISO/IEC 15938) standard descriptions are available at: https://www.mpeg.org/standards/MPEG-7/.

(64) QTM (QuickTime Movie File) is a video file storage and distribution format that forms part of the Apple media system. It was developed by Apple to provide a reliable and mobile environment for storing and distributing multimedia data. To play video and audio materials converted to this format on MS Windows and Mac OS operating systems, it is advisable to have a pre-installed version of QuickTime Player. However, today codecs of this player are increasingly found in integrated codec packs, after installing which you can use any media player to view content from Apple. QTM files may also come in the .MOV extension.

(65) The MPEG4 Payload Format (RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Streams) specification is published here: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/ draft-ietf-avt-mpeg4-multisl; specification for general packet transmission (RTP Payload Format for Bundled MPEG) here: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/ rfc2343.txt.

(66) This refers to providing the broadcast video stream options that allow interaction with the viewer of the content being viewed (feedback, requests, communication, real-time content controls).

(67) Multilateral communication refers to the processes of multivector establishment of connections and relationships between the signal receiver and its transmitter.

(68) DVB (digital video broadcasting) is a set of generally open international technical standards for the implementation of digital television and video streaming. DVB standards are maintained by the DVB Internet Project and published by the Joint Technical Committee (JTC) of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, Comité Européen de Normalization Électrotechnique (CENELEC) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The official DVB Internet portal is https://dvb.org/. More information about the standards and their specifications can be found here: https://dvb.org/specifications/.

(69) DAB (digital audio broadcasting) has an ambitious goal: to provide high-quality digital audio programs and audio data transmission services for mobile, portable, and fixed reception from terrestrial transmitters in the VHF (very high frequency) ranges.^* Digital audio broadcasting services are based on a set of technology standards for audio coding. Official DAB Internet portal: https://www.worlddab.org/dab. More information about the standards and their specifications can be found here: https://www.worlddab.org/ dab/technical-specifications.

* VHF is a range of very high-frequency, ultra-short waves. High frequency abbreviation proposed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to designate the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves (radio waves) from 30 to 300 MHz, with corresponding wavelengths from 10 to 1 meter. The frequencies immediately below VHF (ultrashort waves) are referred to as high frequency (HF), and the next higher frequencies are known as ultrahigh frequencies (ultra-high frequencies, UHF).

(70) Multicasting (IP-multicast) is a technology for implementing broadcast systems in computer networks at the local and global levels. Together with the internet protocol, broadcast systems implement multicast delivery. This principle is based on the method of sending IP datagrams to a group of interested recipients within a single data delivery session. This form is specific to IP, but in multicast, it is used to stream multimedia messages to various network applications. Multicasting uses particularly reserved blocks of IPv4 and IPv6 multicast addresses. Multicasting technology is characterized by two main RFC documents:

(1) RFC No. 5771: IANA Guidelines for IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5771;

(2) RFC #1112: host extensions for IP multicasting, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/ rfc1112.

(71) RFCs are a special type of indexed electronic document that provide descriptive specifications of networking tools used to exchange data on the Internet. RFC stands for request for comments—this is a type of text document equipped with comments with the possibility of its basic interpretation in the extension formats .pdf, .txt, or html, carrying information about the practical application of this or another means, its continuity, relevance of the version and developers. The preparation of such documents is supervised by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Society (ISOC). Some of the documents are overseen by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), whose parent organization is the Internet Engineering Board.

(72) RFC #3376: Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 3, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3376#section-4.

(73) This is used in computer networks using IPv4, IPv6 as addressing protocols. The process of verifying network traffic, which involves monitoring the exchange of data between consumers and providers of multicast traffic, is called IGMP snooping.

(74) A stack, in computer science (network administration and programming), is an abstract model of a data type, usually a set of objects defined by a list of components, or a pool of elements operating on the principle of last in, first out.*

* The principle of organizing data by priority is to add or subtract elements from only one end (the top of the list).

(75) RFC No. 791: Internet Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791.

(76) RFC No. 793: Transmission Control Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc793.

(77) Internet TV streams can also be divided into multicast datagrams for use in intra-domain routing. This process can be organized by the DVMRP (distance vector multicast routing protocol), a distance vector multicast routing protocol, which is used for exchanging data between routers to facilitate the transmission of IP multicast packets among networks, originally developed for the Mbone multicast network.*

* Mbone is a virtual multicast network project operating on top of the Internet, designed for multicasting IP packets to users.

(78) RFC No. 2710: Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2710.

(79) The protocol organizes the exchange of data on the state of technical routing and network accessibility of devices of autonomous computer systems. The protocol works with path vectors, i.e., it makes decisions about signal (flow) routing based on technical information characterizing the state of paths (busy/congested/open), information about network policies (group network policies), etc. The fourth version, BGP-4, is current.

(80) RFC No. 2117: Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2117; RFC document #2362: Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2362; RFC #4601: Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/d oc/html/ rfc4601; RFC #7761: Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7761.

(81) RFC No. 3973: Protocol Independent Multicast—Dense Mode (PIM-DM), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3973; RFC No. 8736: PIM Message Type Space Extension and Reserved Bits, published at https://datatracker.ietf. org/doc/html/rfc8736.

(82) RFC No. 5015: Bidirectional Protocol Independent Multicast (BIDIR-PIM), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5015.

(83) RFC #3569: Protocol Independent Multicast Source-Specific Multicast / An Overview of Source-Specific Multicast (SSM), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3569.

(84) RFC #1585: Multicast Open Shortest Path First/MOSPF: Analysis and Experience, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1585.txt.

(85) RFC #5340: Open Shortest Path First / OSPF for IPv6, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/ doc/html/rfc5340.

(86) RFC document No. 2189: Core Based Trees (CBT version 2) Multicast Routing, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2189; RFC document #2201: Core Based Trees (CBT) Multicast Routing Architecture, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2201.

(87) RFC document #2715: Interoperability Rules for Multicast Routing Protocols, published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2715.txt.

(88) RFC document (internet project) “draft-shiroshita-rmtp-spec-01.txt”: Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/ doc/html/draft-shiroshita-rmtp-spec -01 (specification No. 01); RFC document No. 3048: Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol / Reliable Multicast Transport Building Blocks for One-to-Many Bulk-Data Transfer, published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/ rfc/rfc3048.

(89) RFC document No. 768: User Datagram Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/ doc/html/rfc768; RFC #5405: Unicast UDP Usage Guidelines for Application Designers, published: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5405.

(90) The open part of the official specification of this protocol is posted at https://www.programmersought.com/article/5512388828/.

(91) RFC #1075: Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol, published: https://datatracker.ietf.org/ doc/html/rfc1075.

(92) RFC document No. 371: The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3711; may be abbreviated as SRTTP.

(93) RFC #3550: RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications/ Real-time Transport Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3550.

(94) The protocol is described in the same document as RTP, paragraph 6, p.19. RFC #3550: RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/ rfc3550#page-19.

(95) RFC #4771: Integrity Transform Carrying Roll-Over Counter for the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4771.

(96) RFC document #3551: RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3551.

(97) RFC #2104: HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2104.

(98) RFC #7714: AES-GCM Authenticated Encryption in the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/ doc/html/rfc7714).

(99) Trusted Messaging Transfer Protocol: information about the protocol is at https://mnmnotmail.org/.

(100) The Xpress Transport Protocol: the specifics of the protocol are available here: https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/11214.

(101) SafeNet (SafeNet, Inc.) is a former American company that was headquartered in Maryland, in the United States, and dealt with general cybersecurity issues, as well as the creation and examination of software in the field of global information threats. It was a major IT object in the security system of the US government and oversaw the development of the XTP protocol (The Xpress Transport Protocol). The company was sold to international digital security corporation Gemalto, headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands, which in turn was acquired by another multinational company, Thales Group. Thales Group* (formerly Thomson-CSF**) is one of the world’s largest companies engaged in the design of electronic systems and electro-mechanical equipment for the aerospace, transport and defense industries.

* The company is named after the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Thales (Ancient Greek: Θαλῆς ὁ Μιλήσιος / Thalễs ho Milếsios;), belonging to the Milesian ancient Greek school of philosophical teachings and one of its foremost thinkers.

** Thomson-CSF is an American company, a successor to the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, which since 1879 has been introducing intellectual developments (patents) into the electric power industry, named after Elihu Thomson, a British scientist and engineer who was born in Manchester and lived there for five years (Manchester, England, UK), later working in the United States of America and playing an important role in the electrification of this country; created jointly with American inventor, scientist and businessman Edwin J. Houston (Edwin James Houston). Thomson’s famous developments include an arc lighting system, a dynamo with automatic adjustment, and a local power transformer for industrial power plants. Large companies bear the name of engineer Thomson: in the UK, Thomson-Houston Company (BTH), and in France, Thomson SA (now Technicolor SA).

(102) RMT technology is governed by the following Internet Engineering Task Force projects and related standards:

(1) IETF document [draft-ietf-rmt-bb-tfmcc-05]: TCP-Friendly Multicast Congestion Control (TFMCC): Protocol Specification, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/IDs/draft-ietf-rmt-bb-tfmcc-05.txt.

(2) IETF document [draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-raptor-object-03]: Raptor Forward Error Correction Scheme for Object Delivery draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-raptor-object-03, published at https://www.ietf.org/ proceedings/64/IDs/draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-raptor-object-03.txt.

(3) IETF document [draft-ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised-02]: Forward Error Correction (FEC) Building Block draft-ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised-02, published: https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/IDs/draft-ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised-02.txt.

(4) IETF document [draft-ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised-01]: Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) Protocol Instantiation draft-ietf-rmt-pi-alc-revised-01, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/ IDs/draft-ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised-01.txt.

(5) IETF document [draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-basic-schemes-revised-01]: Basic Forward Error Correction (FEC) Schemes draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-basic-schemes-revised-01, published at https://www.ietf.org/ proceedings/64/IDs/draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-basic-schemes-revised-01.txt.

(6) IETF document [draft-ietf-rmt-flute-revised-00]: FLUTE, File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport draft-ietf-rmt-flute-revised-00, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/IDs/draft-ietf-rmt-flute-revised-00.txt.

(7) IETF document [draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-ldpc-00]: Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Forward Error Correction draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-ldpc-00.txt, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/ IDs/draft-ietf-rmt-bb-fec-ldpc-00.txt.

(8) IETF document [draft-ietf-rmt-pi-norm-revised-00]: Negative-acknowledgment (NACK)-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Protocol draft-ietf-rmt-pi-norm-revised-00, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/IDs/draft-ietf-rmt-pi-norm-revised-00.txt.

(9) IETF document [draft-ietf-rmt-bb-norm-revised-00]: Negative-Acknowledgment (NACK)-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Building Blocks draft-ietf-rmt-bb-norm-revised-00, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/ IDs/draft-ietf-rmt-bb-norm-revised-00.txt.

(10) RFC #2887: The Reliable Multicast Design Space for Bulk Data Transfer, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc2887. txt.

(11) RFC #3048: Reliable Multicast Transport Building Blocks for One-to-Many Bulk-Data Transfer, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc3048.txt.

(12) RFC document No. 3269: Author Guidelines for Reliable Multicast Transport (RMT) Building Blocks and Protocol Instantiation documents, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/ RFCs/rfc3269.txt.

(13) RFC #3450: Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) Protocol Instantiation, published at https:// www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc3450.txt.

(14) RFC #3451: Layered Coding Transport (LCT) Building Block, published at https://www.ietf. org/proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc3451.txt.

(15) RFC document #3452: Forward Error Correction (FEC) Building Block, published at https:// www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc3452.txt.

(16) RFC #3453: The Use of Forward Error Correction (FEC) in Reliable Multicast, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc3453. txt.

(17) RFC #3695: Compact Forward Error Correction (FEC) Schemes, published at https://www.ietf. org/proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc3695.txt.

(18) RFC document #3738: Wave and Equation Based Rate Control (WEBRC) Building Block, published at https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/64/ RFCs/rfc3738.txt.

(19) RFC #3926: FLUTE—File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport, published at https://www.ietf.org/ proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc3926.txt.

(20) RFC document #3940: Negative-acknowledgment (NACK)-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Protocol, published at https://www.ietf. org/proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc3940.txt.

(21) RFC #3941: Negative-Acknowledgment (NACK)-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Building Blocks, published at https://www.ietf.org/ proceedings/64/RFCs/rfc3941.txt.

(103) RFC #4410: Selectively Reliable Multicast Protocol (SRMP), published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4410.

(104) IETF document [draft-miller-mftp-spec-01]: StarBurst Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP) Specification, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/ doc/html/draft-miller-mftp-spec-01.

(105) RFC #1186: The MD4 Message Digest Algorithm, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/ html/rfc1186.

(106) RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is one of the oldest cryptosystems in the world that uses a public key as an identifier to ensure secure data transfer. The abbreviation name of the cryptosystem comes from the names of three researchers: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who provided a public description of this algorithm in 1977. Notably, a similar cryptosystem had been developed in 1973 at Government Communications Headquarters Communications Headquarters, GCHQ) of the British signals intelligence agency by the English mathematician Clifford Christopher Cocks; the system was classified, declassified only in 1997.

(107) RFC #959: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), published at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc959.txt.

(108) Media Stream Broadcast Distribution Protocol (MSBDP): Microsoft electronic resources at https://learn.microsoft.com/ru-ru/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-msbd/b55305c0-0f25-4f2d-b3c8-04241189ae9d.

(109) RFC #2236: Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2236.

(110) RFC document No. 1058: Routing Information Protocol, published at https://datatracker. ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1058; RFC #2453: RIP Version 2, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/ rfc2453.

(111) IEC 62439-2 (Media Redundancy Protocol): documents and standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission, electronic resource at https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec62439-2% 7Bed1.0%7Den.pdf.

(112) RFC #3913: Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP): Protocol Specification, published at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3913.txt.

(113) You can learn about the technology in the specifications catalog at https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/ Specs/archive/25_series/25.324/

(114) RFC #3618: Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3618.

(115) RFC #2090: TFTP Multicast Option (MTFTP), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/ doc/html/rfc2090.

(116) More information on the protocol for Microsoft electronic resources is at https://learn.microsoft. com/en-us/windows/iot-core/connect-your-device/ mtp.

(117) RFC #1301: Multicast Transport Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1301.

(118) These requirements include knowledge of the number of users, taking into account their geography and information on the statistics of one-time connections for multicast addressing.

(119) See Appendix clause 70.

(120) You can read more about working with subnet masks here: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-client/networking/tcpip-addressing-and-subnetting.

(121) IP Security is a set of wrapper protocols for performing security functions of the IP carrier signal. For an example encapsulating security load, more details can be found at

RFC #4303: IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/ html/rfc4303.

(122) Official website of the protocol: https://www.ntp.org/; RFC #5905 - Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification, published at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5905.txt.

(123) MisCabling Protocol is an infrastructure declaration targeting CISCO applications. Access to the electronic document is at https://www.cisco.com/ c/dam/en/us/solutions/collateral/data-center-virtualization/application-centric-infrastructure/aci-guide-using-mcp-mis-cabling-protocol.pdf?ysclid=lktepplec5675185059.

(124) Spanning Tree Protocol^* is a network protocol that creates a loop-free logical topology for Ethernet networks. Spanning tree allows the network design to include backup links that provide fault tolerance in the event of failure of the (main) active link.

* RFC #7727—Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Application of the Inter-Chassis Communication Protocol (ICCP), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7727.

(125) Skinny Client Control Protocol is a protocol for controlling network terminals; for internet television, this protocol is useful in implementing feedback with multicast call systems.

(126) Voice over Internet Protocol is a method of transmitting voice over the internet. This is a set of technologies that make it possible to provide telephone communications over IP networks. The method is presented in an accessible form here: https://books.google.ru/books?id=SMvNToRs-DgC& pg=PA55&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false.

(127) H323 (ITU-T H-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS) official recommendation page at https:// www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.323; https://www.itu.int/ rec/T-REC-H.323-199611-S/en/.

(128) RFC #3261: SIP, Session Initiation Protocol, published at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3261.txt.

(129) You can learn more about the specifics of the protocol on the official website of the project: https://uftp-multicast.sourceforge.net/.

(130) See Appendix paragraph 89.

(131) Transport Layer Security is a protocol for protecting data from unauthorized access, allowing you to maintain confidentiality and security when working with multimedia information (for example, when transmitting voice over IP). Verifies certificates and ensures a stable handshake between computer systems upon positive verification.

(132) Network address translation is a method of converting IP addresses by changing information about the IP header of a packet as it passes through network routing devices, allowing escape from the restrictions of assigning a private address to a host when relocating a network and bypasses mathematical restrictions when connecting and switching network devices with IPv4 protocol.

(133) RFC No. 2608: Service Location Protocol, Version 2, published at https://www.ietf.org/ rfc/rfc2608.txt; RFC #3224: Vendor Extensions for Service Location Protocol, Version 2, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3224.

(134) RFC #3031: Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture, published at https://datatracker.ietf. org/doc/html/rfc3031.

(135) RFC document No. 2171: MAPOS, Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH Version 1, published at https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2171.txt.

(136) RFC draft (draft-ogura-mapos-nsp-multiexp-00.txt)—A MAPOS NSP (Node Switch Protocol) Multicast Expansion: NSP+<draft-ogura-mapos-nsp-multiexp-00.txt>, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/id/draft-ogura-mapos-nsp-multiexp-00.txt.

(137) RFC #2974: Session Announcement Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/ html/rfc2974.

(138) RFC #1350: THE TFTP PROTOCOL (REVISION 2), published at https://datatracker. ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1350.

(139) RFC No. 826: An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol or Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48.bit Ethernet Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc826; RFC #5494 - IANA Allocation Guidelines for the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/ doc/html/rfc5494.

(140) RFC #951—BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP), published: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/ html/rfc951.

(141) X.25 (SERIES X: DATA NETWORKS AND OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS, ITU-T Recommendation X.25) Official recommendation page: https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.25-199809-I!Cor1/en.

(142) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard: ISO/IEC 13239:2002, Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems, High-level data link control (HDLC) procedures, published at https://www.iso.org/standard/37010.html.

(143) RFC #4511: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): The Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4511.

(144) RFC project (draft-box-http-soap-00.txt): SOAP, Simple Object Access Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-box-http-soap-00.

(145) RFC #4566—SDP: Session Description Protocol, published: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4566.txt.

(146) RFC No. 2616: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP/1.1, published at https://datatracker.ietf. org/doc/html/rfc2616; RFC #2617: HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2617; RFC #6266: Use of the Content-Disposition Header Field in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6266; RFC #7230: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1), Message Syntax and Routing, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230; RFC document #7240 Prefer Header for HTTP, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7240; RFC No. 8446: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3, published at https://datatracker. ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8446; RFC document #9110: HTTP Semantics, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9110; RFC #2818: HTTP Over TLS, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/ doc/html/rfc2818.

(147) DNS (Domain Name System): the domain name system is designed to identify domains in computer networks. Internet television, using various network data transmission technologies, interacts with domain systems. RFC #1035: DOMAIN NAMES—IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1035.

(148) DDNS (Dynamic DNS) is a technology for dynamically updating information on a DNS server that interacts with dynamic IP. RFC #2136: Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE), published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2136.

(149) DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automates the acquisition of IP addresses and technical information by various network devices on networks using the IP/TCP protocol stack. RFC #2131: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, published at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2131.

(150) WINS (Windows Internet Name Service) matches NetBIOS names of network devices with host IP addresses.

WINS is an official review of the technology on Microsoft’s website: https://learn.microsoft.com/ru-ru/ windows-server/networking/technologies/wins/wins-top.

(151) WWN, World Wide Name (WWID. World Wide Identifier) is a specialized 8-byte identifier for identifying and verifying target devices. For more information about the technology, see https://docs. oracle.com/cd/B19090_01/doc/backup.101/b14236/ obref_for039.htm, or https://standards.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/import/documents/tutorials/eui.pdf.

(152) CIM (Common Information Model) is a generalized information model. This is an open standard that defines the interaction of managed elements in the IT environment and represents them as a common set of objects and relationships between them. Official technology information is found at https://www.dmtf.org/standards/cim.

(153) CSD (Circuit Switched Data) is a circuit-switched data technology, a specialized form of data transmission designed for time-division multiple access (TDMA) mobile communications systems, such as the Global System for Mobile communications. Mobile Communications, GSM). More information about the technology can be found here: https://rfmw.em.keysight.com/rfcomms/refdocs/gsm/ gprsla_gen_bse_gsm_csd.html.

(154) QoS (Quality of Service) is a description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a computer network or cloud computing service, particularly the performance as observed by users of the network. To quantify quality of service, several interrelated aspects of network service are often considered, such as packet loss, data rate, link capacity, data latency, availability, etc.

We recommend that you read more about the principle of the technology in the article: Xiaocong Z., Peiyan L. QoS Specification in Software Architecture for QoS-aware Applications // Journal of Algorithms & Computational Technology. 2010. Vol. 4. No. 3. p. 251–273; and on the internet resource OPENSTACK.ORG: https://docs.openstack.org/neutron/ rocky/admin/config-qos.html.

(155) LBS (location-based service) is a service for determining the location of an object. Typically, this term refers to software technologies and services that determine the geographic location of users of personal computing devices (mobile phones, smartphones, computers, and laptops). You can read more about how the service works at https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/location-based-service-LBS.

(156) URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a universal (unified) resource identifier. The sequence of characters that identifies an abstract resource RFC No. 3986: Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax, published at https://datatracker. ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986.

(157) HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a hypertext markup language. A basic tool for building websites and applications on the Internet, HTML is the main markup language of the World Wide Web. It was developed primarily as a language for semantically describing scientific documents, but its general design allowed it to be adapted in subsequent years to describe a number of other types of documents and even applications.

Information about HTML, as well as its current specification “HTML (Living Standard—Last Updated 1 August 2023)” can be viewed on its official website: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/.

(158) CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a formalized language used to describe WEB documents, traditionally implemented on hypertext markup and sites on the Internet. CSS, in essence, is an extension of HTML and allows you to apply various design and styling effects when designing web pages.

You can read more about CSS at: https://www.w3. org/Style/CSS/ and https://drafts.csswg.org/.

(159) ISAPI (The Internet Server Application Programming Interface) is an application programming interface for an internet server. This is the application programming interface for the Internet Information Services (IIS) of Microsoft’s Windows-based set of server-based WEB services. One of the best-known information services is the Microsoft WEB server. More information about the interface on the official Microsoft website: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/ previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms525172(v=vs.90).

(160) CGI (Common Gateway Interface) is a common gateway interface that is used to connect an external program with a WEB server. RFC #3875: The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Version 1.1, published at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875.txt.

(161) ASP (Active Server Pages) is Microsoft’s first server-side scripting language and engine for dynamic WEB pages. Information on the Microsoft website: https://dotnet.microsoft.com/en-us/apps/aspnet (ASP—ASPNET access to technical documentation).

(162) JSP (Java Server Pages, Jakarta Server Pages) is a set of technologies that use the Java programming language to help software developers create dynamically generated WEB pages based on HTML, XML, SOAP, or other document types.

The official website of the project is found at https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/ee4j.jsp. The address of the specification used (JSR 245: JavaServer^TM Pages 2.1): https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=245.

(163) WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a technology for accessing data over a mobile wireless network. A relatively old standard, however, it is still used for organizing data exchange in wireless networks.

Technical instructions for WAP 2.0 are outlined at https://technical.openmobilealliance.org/Affiliates/ WAP.html.

(164) PHP (Personal Home Page/Personal Home Page Tools/PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a general-purpose scripting language designed for WEB development. Official website of the technology: https://www.php.net/.

(165) PNA (Programmable Network Access) operates in a network architecture that is designed, developed and managed within the framework of a software-defined network infrastructure (Software Defined Networking, SDN). PNA uses cloud computing and virtual network environments, where virtual machines and virtual switches communicate with each other at the virtual network level. The virtual network layer operates as an abstract virtual network on top of the physical network and provides data transfer within the virtual network. More information about the technology can be found at https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/programmable-network-PN.