References
Poonawalla T, Kelly B. Urticaria: a review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2009; 10(1): 9–21
Grattan CE, Humphreys F. Guidelines for evaluation and management of urticaria in adults and children: British Association of Dermatologists Therapy Guidelines and Audit Subcommittee. Br J Dermatol 2007 Dec; 157(6): 1116–23
Grattan C, Black AK. Urticaria and angioedema. In: Bolognia JL, Jorrizo JL, Rapini RP, editors. Dermatology. Vol. 1. London: El-sevier, 2003: 287–302
Greaves MW. Chronic idiopathic urticaria. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 3(5): 363–8
Greaves M. Chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105(4): 664–72
Grattan C, Powell S, Humphreys F, et al. Management and diagnostic guidelines for urticaria and angio-oedema. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144(4): 708–14
Kozel MM, Sabroe RA. Chronic urticaria: aetiology, management and current and future treatment options. Drugs 2004; 64(22): 2515–36
Sabroe RA, Seed PT, Francis DM, et al. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison of the clinical features of patients with and without anti-Fc epsilon RI or anti-IgE autoantibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40(3): 443–50
Asero R. Chronic unremitting urticaria: is the use of antihistamines above the licensed dose effective? A preliminary study of cetirizine at licensed and above-licensed doses. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 32(1): 34–8
Hannuksela M, Kokkonen EL. Ultraviolet light therapy in chronic urticaria. Acta Derm Venereol 1985; 65(5): 449–50
Bressler RB, Sowell K, Huston DP. Therapy of chronic idiopathic urticaria with nifedipine: demonstration of beneficial effect in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 83(4): 756–63
Di Gioacchino M, Di Stefano F, Cavallucci E, et al. Treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria and positive autologous serum skin test with cyclosporine: clinical and immunological evaluation. Allergy Asthma Proc 2003; 24(4): 285–90
Grattan CE, O’Donnell BF, Francis DM, et al. Randomized double-blind study of cyclosporin in chronic ‘idiopathic’ urticaria. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143(2): 365–72
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Urticaria can generally be effectively treated with antihistamines and/or other agents even when the cause cannot be identified. Drugs Ther. Perspect 25, 17–20 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2165/0042310-200925090-00005
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/0042310-200925090-00005