References
Tharyan P, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (2): CD000076
Wagner KJ, Möllenberg O, Rentrop M, Werner C, Kochs EF. Guide to anaesthetic selection for electroconvulsive therapy. CNS Drugs 2005; 19:(9) 745–58
Ding Z, White PF. Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 2002 May; 94(5): 1351–64
Abrams R. Electroconvulsive therapy. 3rd ed. N w York: Oxford University Press, 1997
Wells DG, Davies GG. Hemodynamic changes associated with electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 1987; 66(11): 1193–5
Fu W, Stool LA, White PF, et al. Acute hemodynamic responses to electroconvulsive therapy are not related to the duration of seizure activity. J Clin Anesth 1997; 9(8): 653–7
Saito S, Kadoi Y, Iriuchijima N, et al. Reduction of cerebral hyperemia with anti-hypertensive medication after electroconvulsive therapy. Can J Anaesth 2000; 47(8): 767–74
Bader GM, Silk KR, Dequardo JR, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy and intracranial aneurysm. Convuls Ther 1995; 11(2): 139–43
Naguib M, Koorn R. Interactions between psychotropics, anaesthetics and electroconvulsive therapy: implications for drug choice and patient management. CNS Drugs 2002; 16(4): 229–47
Bouckoms AJ, Welch CA, Drop LJ, et al. Methohexital dosage in electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1989; 5(1): 44–7
British national formulary No. 50 [online]. Available from URL:http://www.bnf.org [Accessed 2006 Mar 5]
Rxlist [online]. Available from URL:http://www.rxlist.com/ [Accessed 2006 Mar 5]
Saito S, Kadoi Y, Naro T, et al. The comparative effects of propofol versus thiopental on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity during electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 2000; 91(6): 1531–6
Conca A, Germann R, Konig P. Etomidate vs thiopentone in electroconvulsive therapy: an interdisciplinary challenge for anesthesiology and psychiatry. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003; 36(3): 94–7
Loimer N, Hofmann P, Chaudhry HR. Midazolam shortens seizure duration following electroconvulsive therapy. J Psychiatr Res 1992; 26(2): 97–101
Tanaka N, Saito Y, Hikawa Y, et al. Effects of thiopental and sevoflurane on hemodynamics during anesthetic management of electroconvulsive therapy [in Japanese]. Masui 1997; 46(12): 1575–9
Van Den Berg AA, Honjol NM. Electroconvulsive therapy and intraocular pressure. Middle East J Anesthesiol 1998; 14(4): 249–58
Kelway B, Simpson KH, Smith RJ, et al. Effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate on cognitive function following anaesthesia and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1986; 1(4): 296–302
McCall WV. Antihypertensive medications and ECT. Convuls Ther 1993; 9(4): 317–25
Stoudemire A, Knos G, Gladson M, et al. Labetalol in the control of cardiovascular responses to electroconvulsive therapy in high-risk depressed medical patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51(12): 508–12
Weinger MB, Partridge BL, Hauger R, et al. Prevention of the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine response to electroconvulsive therapy: I. Effectiveness of pretreatment regimens on hemodynamics. Anesth Analg 1991; 73(5): 556–62
Fu W, Stool LA, White PF, et al. Is oral clonidine effective in modifying the acute hemodynamic response during electroconvulsive therapy? Anesth Analg 1998; 86(5): 1127–30
Blanch J, Martinez-Palli G, Navines R, et al. Comparative hemodynamic effects of urapidil and labetalol after electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2001; 17(4): 275–9
Wajima Z, Yoshikawa T, Ogura A, et al. Intravenous verapamil blunts hyperdynamic responses during electroconvulsive therapy without altering seizure activity. Anesth Analg 2002; 95(2): 400–2
Wells DG, Davies GG, Rosewarne F. Attenuation of electroconvulsive therapy induced hypertension with sublingual nifedipine. Anaesth Intensive Care 1989; 17(1): 31–3
Figiel GS, DeLeo B, Zorumski CF, et al. Combined use of labetalol and nifedipine in controlling the cardiovascular response from ECT. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1993; 6(1): 20–4
Nguyen TT, Chhibber AK, Lustik SJ, et al. Effect of methohexitone and propofol with or without alfentanil on seizure duration and recovery in electroconvulsive therapy. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79(6): 801–3
Andersen FA, Arsland D, Holst-Larsen H. Effects of combined methohexitone-remifentanil anaesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 45(7): 830–3
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Electroconvulsive therapy transformed by the correct choice of anaesthetic drugs for the individual patient. Drugs Ther. Perspect 22, 12–16 (2006). https://doi.org/10.2165/00042310-200622060-00004
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00042310-200622060-00004