Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hairy Cell Leukemia

Established and Novel Approaches to Treatment

  • Review Article
  • Published:
American Journal of Cancer

Abstract

Hairy cell leukemia is a B cell malignancy, accounting for 2% of all leukemias. Patients typically have splenomegaly, pancytopenia and an indolent course. Diagnosis requires identification of malignant cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood with cytoplasmic projections and characteristic surface antigens. Splenectomy and interferon α were early treatments which have palliative value in the salvage setting. The purine analogs pentostatin and cladribine were found over 10 years ago to induce durable complete remissions in a high percentage of patients. Both are generally well tolerated, although with significant toxicity to CD4+ T cells and possibly hematopoietic stem cells, and it is unknown whether they differ in terms of long-term efficacy, safety, or association with secondary malignancies. Cladribine can induce complete remission with one cycle and is most commonly used. However, patients in complete remission can have minimal residual disease (assessed by immunologic studies) and its presence can increase the risk of early relapse. Molecular studies show that cladribine cannot eradicate the malignant hairy cell clone, and the lack of plateau in the disease free survival curve over time suggests that the present therapy cannot cure the disease. While retreatment with purine analogs is often successful, at least 25 to 35% of patients with HCL either initially or eventually become unresponsive and can succumb to infections and bleeding. The characteristic bright expression of several B-cell antigens on malignant cells, including CD20, CD22 and CD25, has led to the development of targeted therapy which is showing promising results in early clinical studies. Rituximab has activity, although duration and rates of response in clinical trials remain unclear. Recombinant immunotoxins LMB-2 and BL22 targeting CD25 and CD22, respectively, with truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin induce responses in 80 to 100% of patients who are resistant to purine analogs, and BL22 has a >60% complete remission rate in this setting. Further work is proceeding to increase the options for patients with hairy cell leukemia and to determine whether this disease can be cured.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Table I
Table II

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bouroncle BA, Wiseman BK, Doan CA. Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Blood 1958; 13: 609–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cheson BD, Martin A. Clinical trials in hairy cell leukemia: current status and future directions. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 871–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J Clin 2001; 51: 15–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Flandrin G, Sigaux F, Sebahoun G, et al. Hairy cell leukemia: clinical presentation and follow-up of 211 patients. Semin Oncol 1984; 11: 458–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Golomb HM, Catovsky D, Golde DW. Hairy cell leukemia: a clinical review based on 71 cases. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89: 677–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Frassoldati A, Lamparelli T, Federico M, et al. Hairy cell leukemia: a clinical review based on 725 cases of the Italian Cooperative Group (ICGHCL). Italian Cooperative Group for Hairy Cell Leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 13: 307–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Saven A, Burian C, Koziol JA, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after cladribine treatment. Blood 1998; 92: 1918–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Katayama I, Li CY, Yam LT. Histochemical study of acid phosphatase isoenzyme in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Cancer 1972; 29: 157–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Robbins BA, Ellison DJ, Spinosa JC, et al. Diagnostic application of two-color flow cytometry in 161 cases of hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1993; 82: 1277–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hassan IB, Hagberg H, Sundstrom C. Immunophenotype of hairy-cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol 1990; 45: 172–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dunphy CH, Oza YV, Skelly ME. An otherwise typical case of non-Japanese hairy cell leukemia with CD 10 and CDw75 expression: response to cladaribine phosphate therapy. J Clin Lab Anal 1999; 13: 141–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Miranda RN, Briggs RC, Kinney MC, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of cyclin D1 using optimized conditions is highly specific for mantle cell lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia. Mod Pathol 2000; 13: 1308–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Blasinska-Morawiec M, Robak T, Krykowski E, et al. Hairy cell leukemia-variant treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine: a report of three cases. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 25: 381–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dunn P, Shih LY, Ho YS, et al. Hairy cell leukemia variant. Acta Haematol 1995; 94: 105–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wu ML, Kwaan HC, Goolsby CL. Atypical hairy cell leukemia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124: 1710–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sainati L, Matutes E, Mulligan S, et al. A variant form of hairy cell leukemia resistant to alpha-interferon: clinical and phenotypic characteristics of 17 patients. Blood 1990; 76: 157–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Azemar M, Masche A, Schaefer HE, et al. Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes: difficulties in differential diagnosis. Onkologie 1998; 21: 235–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Treten D, Valensi F, Troussard X, et al. Cytokine response of B lymphocytes from splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes: correlation with TNF-RII (p75) and CD11c expression. Hematol Cell Ther 1996; 38: 345–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Sambani C, Trafalis DTP, Mitsoulis-Mentzikoff C, et al. Clonal chromosome rearrangements in hairy cell leukemia: personal experience and review of literature. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2001; 129: 138–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Brito-Babapulle V, Pittman S, Melo JV, et al. The 14q+ marker in hairy cell leukaemia: a cytogenetic study of 15 cases. Leuk Res 1986; 10: 131–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Vallianatou K, Brito-Babapulle V, Matutes E, et al. p53 gene deletion and trisomy 12 in hairy cell leukemia and its variant. Leuk Res 1999; 23: 1041–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brito-Babapulle V, Matutes E, Oscier D, et al. Chromosome abnormalities in hairy cell leukaemia variant. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1994; 10: 197–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nishida K, Taniwaki M, Misawa S, et al. Nonrandom rearrangement of chromosome 14 at band q32.33 in human lymphoid malignancies with mature B-cell phenotype. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 1275–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nagoshi H, Inaba S, Sakato H, et al. Hairy cell leukemia with a 14q+ dueto 14; 22 reciprocal translocation. Rinsho Ketsueki 1987; 28: 254–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ostergaard M, Andersen CL, Pedersen B, et al. Recurrent imbalances involving chromosome 5 and 7q22-q35 in hairy cell leukemia: a comparative genomic hybridization study. Gene Chromosome Cancer 2001; 30: 218–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Dierlamm J, Stefanova M, Wlodarska I, et al. Chromosomal gains and losses are uncommon in hairy cell leukemia: a study based on comparative genomic hybridization and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2001; 128: 164–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wu XS, Ivanova G, Merup M, et al. Molecular analysis of the human chromosome 5ql3.3 region in patients with hairy cell leukemia and identification of tumor suppressor gene candidates. Genomics 1999; 60: 161–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Golomb HM. Progress report on chlorambucil therapy in postsplenectomy patients with progressive hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1981; 57: 464–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Golomb HM, Catovsky D, Golde DW. Hairy cell leukemia: a five-year update on seventy-one patients. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 485–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jansen J, Hermans J. Clinical staging system for hairy-cell leukemia. Blood 1982; 60: 571–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Stewart DJ, Smith TL, Keating MJ, et al. Prognostic factors in hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis). Cancer 1984; 53: 1198–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Golomb HM, Vardiman J. Hairy cell leukemia: diagnosis and management. CA Cancer J Clin 1978; 28: 265–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Grever M, Kopecky K, Foucar MK, et al. Randomized comparison of pentostatin versus interferon alfa-2a in previously untreated patients with hairy cell leukemia: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 974–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Catovsky D, Quesada JR, Golomb HM. Guidelines for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Leukemia 1987; 1: 405–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. VanNorman AS, Nagorney DM, Martin JK, et al. Splenectomy for hairy cell leukemia: a clinical review of 63 patients. Cancer 1986; 57: 644–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jansen J, Hermans J, Remme J, et al. Hairy cell leukaemia: clinical features and effect of splenectomy. Scand J Haematol 1978; 21: 60–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Jansen J, Hermans J. Splenectomy in hairy cell leukemia: a retrospective multi-center analysis. Cancer 1981; 47: 2066–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bouroncle BA. The history of hairy cell leukemia: characteristics of long-term survivors. Semin Oncol 1984; 11: 479–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Walsh RM, Heniford BT. Laparoscopic splenectomy for non-hodgkin lymphoma. J Surg Oncol 1999; 70: 116–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Zak P, Chrobak L, Dedic K. The degree of bone marrow infiltration in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with splenectomy compatible with long-term hematological remission. Neoplasma 2001; 48: 72–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Quesada JR, Reuben J, Manning JT, et al. Alpha interferon for induction of remission in hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 15–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ehmann WC, Silber R. Recombinant alpha-2 interferon for treatment of hairy cell leukemia without prior splenectomy. Am J Med 1986; 80: 1111–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Quesada JR, Hersh EM, Manning J, et al. Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with recombinant α-interferon. Blood 1986; 68: 493–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Thompson JA, Brady J, Kidd P, et al. Recombinant alpha-2 interferon in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 1985; 69: 791–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Golomb HM, Jacobs A, Fefer A, et al. Alpha-2 interferon therapy of hairy-cell leukemia: a multicenter study of 64 patients. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4: 900–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Radhakrishnan R, Walter LJ, Hruza A, et al. Zinc mediated dimer of human interferon-alpha 2b revealed by X-ray crystallography. Structure 1996; 4: 1453–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Shehata M, Schwarzmeier JD, Nguyen ST, et al. Reconstitution of endogenous interferon alpha by recombinant interferon in hairy cell leukemia. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 5420–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Golomb HM, Ratain MJ, Mick R, et al. Interferon treatment for hairy cell leukemia: an update on a cohort of 69 patients treated from 1983–1986. Leukemia 1992; 6: 1177–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rai KR, Davey F, Peterson B, et al. Recombinant alpha-2b-interferon in therapy of previously untreated hairy cell leukemia: long-term follow-up results of study by Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Leukemia 1995; 9: 1116–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ratain MJ, Golomb HM, Vardiman JW, et al. Relapse after interferon alfa-2b therapy for hairy-cell leukemia: analysis of prognostic variables. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 1714–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Castaigne S, Sigaux F, Degos L, et al. Hairy cell leukemia: follow-up after completion of alpha interferon treatment. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1989; 31: 321–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Chilosi M, Semenzato G, Cetto G, et al. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in the sera of patients with hairy cell leukemia: relationship with the effect of recombinant alpha-interferon therapy on clinical parameters and natural killer in vitro activity. Blood 1987; 70: 1530–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lauria F, Rondelli D, Raspadori D, et al. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in hairy cell leukemia: correlation with clinical and hematological parameters and with alpha-interferon treatment. Leuk Lymphoma 1992; 7: 103–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Steis RG, Marcon L, Clark J, et al. Serum soluble IL-2 receptor as a tumor marker in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1988; 71: 1304–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Flinn IW, Kopecky KJ, Foucar MK, et al. Long-term results in hairy cell leukemia treated with pentostatin. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 90Suppl. 1: 578a

    Google Scholar 

  56. Golomb HM, Ratain MJ, Fefer A, et al. Randomized study of the duration of treatment with interferon alfa-2B in patients with hairy cell leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 369–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Golomb HM, Fefer A, Golde DW, et al. Report of a multi-institutional study of 193 patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with interferon-alfa2b. Semin Oncol 1988; 15: 7–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Golomb HM, Fefer A, Golde DW, et al. Sequential evaluation of alpha-2b-interferon treatment in 128 patients with hairy cell leukemia. Semin Oncol 1987; 14: 13–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Spiers AS. Pentostatin (2prime prime or minute-deoxycoformycin): clinical pharmacology, role in cancer chemotherapy, and future prospects. Am J Ther 1995; 2: 196–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Spiers AS, Parekh SJ. Complete remission in hairy cell leukaemia achieved with pentostatin [letter]. Lancet 1984; I: 1080–1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Kraut EH, Bouroncle BA, Grever MR. Low-dose deoxycoformycin in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1986; 68: 1119–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kraut EH, Bouroncle BA, Grever MR. Pentostatin in the treatment of advanced hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 168–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Johnston JB, Glazer RI, Pugh L, et al. The treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Br J Haematol 1986; 63: 525–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Dalai BI, Freier L, Johnston JB, et al. Peripheral blood and bone marrow changes following 2′-deoxycoformycin therapy in hairy cell leukemia. Results of 200 weeks’ follow-up. Cancer 1989; 63: 14–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Daeninck PJ, Morales C, Dalai BI, et al. Single institution experience with hairy cell leukemia: long-term follow-up of patients treated with 2′-deoxycoformycin [abstract]. Blood 1996; 88Suppl. 1: 1915a

    Google Scholar 

  66. Dearden C, Catovsky D. Deoxycoformycin in the treatment of mature B-cell malignancies. Br J Cancer 1990; 62: 4–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Dearden C, Catovsky D. Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Leuk Lymphoma 1990; 1: 179–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Johnston JB, Eisenhauer E, Corbett WE, et al. Efficacy of 2′-deoxycoformycin in hairy-cell leukemia: a study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 765–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Johnston JB, Eisenhauer E, Wainman N, et al. Long-term outcome following treatment of hairy cell leukemia with pentostatin (Nipent): a National Cancer Institute of Canada Study. Semin Oncol 2000; 27: 32–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Spiers AS, Moore D, Cassileth PA, et al. Remissions in hairy-cell leukemia with pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin). N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 825–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Cassileth PA, Cheuvart B, Spiers AS, et al. Pentostatin induces durable remissions in hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 243–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Grem JL, King SA, Cheson BD, et al. Pentostatin in hairy cell leukemia: treatment by the special exception mechanism. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 448–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Rafel M, Cervantes F, Beltran JM, et al. Deoxycoformycin in the treatment of patients with hairy cell leukemia: results of a Spanish collaborative study of 80 patients. Cancer 2000; 88: 352–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Catovsky D, Matutes E, Talavera JG, et al. Long term results with 2′deoxycoformycin in hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 14Suppl. 1: 109–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Dearden CE, Matutes E, Hilditch BL, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukaemia after treatment with pentostatin or cladribine. Br J Haematol 1999; 106: 515–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Durrleman S, Grem JL, Cheson BD. 2′-Deoxycoformycin after failure of alpha-interferon in hairy cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol 1989; 43: 297–302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ho AD, Thaler J, Mandelli F, et al. Response to pentostatin in hairy-cell leukemia refractory to interferon-alpha: the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1533–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Blick M, Lepe-Zuniga JL, Doig R, et al. Durable complete remissions after 2′- deoxycoformycin treatment in patients with hairy cell leukemia resistant to interferon alpha. Am J Hematol 1990; 33: 205–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Seymour JF, Talpaz M, Kurzrock R. Response duration and recovery of CD4+ lymphocytes following deoxycoformycin in interferon-alpha-resistant hairy cell leukemia: 7-year follow-up. Leukemia 1997; 11: 42–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Annino L, Ferrari A, Giona F, et al. Deoxycoformycin induces long-lasting remissions in hairy cell leukemia: clinical and biological results of two different regimens. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 14Suppl. 1: 115–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Golomb HM, Dodge R, Mick R, et al. Pentostatin treatment for hairy cell leukemia patients who failed initial therapy with recombinant alpha-interferon: a report of CALGB study 8515. Leukemia 1994; 8: 2037–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Flinn IW, Kopecky KJ, Foucar MK, et al. Long-term follow-up of remission duration, mortality, and second malignancies in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with pentostatin. Blood 2000; 96: 2981–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ribeiro P, Bouaffia F, Peaud PY, et al. Long term outcome of patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with pentostatin. Cancer 1999; 85: 65–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Foon KA, Nakano GM, Koller CA, et al. Response to 2′-deoxycoformycin after failure of interferon-alpha in nonsplenectomized patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1986; 68: 297–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Ho AD, Kuse R, Prummer O, et al. 2′-Deoxycoformycin (Pentostatin) in hairy cell leukemia: response in patients refractory to interferon alpha. Klin Wochenschr 1987; 65: 975–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Naeim F, Jacobs AD. Bone marrow changes in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated by recombinant alpha 2-interferon. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 1200–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Bardawil RG, Groves C, Ratain MJ, et al. Changes in peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens following therapy with recombinant alpha 2 interferon for hairy cell leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1986; 85: 194–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Martin A, Nerenstone S, Urba WJ, et al. Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with alternating cycles of pentostatin and recombinant leukocyte A interferon: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 721–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Habermann TM, Andersen JW, Cassileth PA, et al. Sequential administration of recombinant interferon alpha and deoxycoformycin in the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1992; 80: 466–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Urba WJ, Baseler MW, Kopp WC, et al. Deoxycoformycin-induced immunosuppression in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1989; 73: 38–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Kraut EH, Neff JC, Bouroncle BA, et al. Immunosuppressive effects of pentostatin. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 848–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Steis RG, Urba WJ, Kopp WC, et al. Kinetics of recovery of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of deoxycoformycin-treated patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1678–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Kraut EH, Grever MR, Bouroncle BA. Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after treatment with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Blood 1994; 84: 4061–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kraut EH. Phase II trials of pentostatin (Nipent) in hairy cell leukemia. Semin Oncol 2000; 27: 27–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Carson DA, Wasson DB, Beutler E. Antileukemic and immunosuppressive activity of 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81: 2232–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Beutler E, Carson DA. 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine: hairy cell leukemia takes a surprising turn. Blood Cells 1993; 19: 559–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Genini D, Adachi S, Chao Q, et al. Deoxyadenosine analogs induce programmed cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by damaging the DNA and by directly affecting the mitochondria. Blood 2000; 96: 3537–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Piro LD, Carrera CJ, Carson DA, et al. Lasting remissions in hairy-cell leukemia induced by a single infusion of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1117–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Saven A, Piro LD. 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Cancer Invest 1993; 11: 559–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Saven A, Piro LD. Complete remissions in hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine after failure with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 278–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Cheson BD, Sorensen JM, Vena DA, et al. Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine via the Group C protocol mechanism of the National Cancer Institute: a report of 979 patients. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 3007–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Estey EH, Kurzrock R, Kantarjian HM, et al. Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA). Blood 1992; 79: 882–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Seymour JF, Kurzrock R, Freireich EJ, et al. 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine induces durable remissions and prolonged suppression of CD4+ lymphocyte counts in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1994; 83: 2906–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Rademaker AW, et al. Relapse of hairy cell leukemia after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine: long-term follow-up of the Northwestern University experience. Blood 1996; 88: 1954–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Wheaton S, Tallman MS, Hakimian D, et al. Minimal residual disease may predict bone marrow relapse in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Blood 1996; 87: 1556–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hakimian D, Tallman MS, Kiley C, et al. Detection of minimal residual disease by immunostaining of bone marrow biopsies after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1993; 82: 1798–802

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Juliusson G, Liliemark J. Rapid recovery from cytopenia in hairy cell leukemia after treatment with 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (CdA): relation to opportunistic infections. Blood 1992; 79: 888–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Juliusson G, Heldal D, Hippe E, et al. Subcutaneous injections of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for symptomatic hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 989–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Juliusson G, Lenkei R, Liliemark J. Flow cytometry of blood and bone marrow cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia: phenotype of hairy cells and lymphocyte subsets after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Blood 1994; 83: 3672–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Lauria F, Rondelli D, Raspadori D, et al. Rapid restoration of natural killer activity following treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in 22 patients with hairy-cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol 1994; 52: 16–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lauria F, Rondelli D, Zinzani PL, et al. Long-lasting complete remission in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-CdA: a 5-year survey. Leukemia 1997; 11: 629–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lauria F, Bocchia M, Marotta G, et al. Weekly administration of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in patients with hairy-cell leukemia: a new treatment schedule effective and safer in preventing infectious complications [letter]. Blood 1997; 89: 1838–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Robak T, Blasinska-Morawiec M, Krykowski E, et al. 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) in 2-hour versus 24-hour intravenous infusion in the treatment of patients with hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22: 107–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Chrobak L, Zak P, Podzimek K, et al. Long-term results in hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 1997; 40: 41–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Chrobak L, Podzimek K, Pliskova L, et al. Serum soluble IL-2 receptor as a reliable and noninvasive marker of disease activity in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Neoplasma 1996; 43: 321–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Hoffman MA, Janson D, Rose E, et al. Treatment of hairy-cell leukemia with cladribine: response, toxicity, and long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 1138–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lauria F, Bocchia M, Marotta G, et al. Weekly administration of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in patients with hairy-cell leukemia is effective and reduces infectious complications. Haematologica 1999; 84: 22–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Zinzani PL, Magagnoli M, Bendandi M, et al. Long-term follow-up of hairy cell leukemia patients treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Haematologica 2000; 85: 922–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Robak T, Blasinska-Morawiec M, Blonski J, et al. 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (Cladribine) in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia and hairy cell leukemia variant: 7-year experience in Poland. Eur J Haematol 1999; 62: 49–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Jehn U, Bartl R, Dietzfelbinger H, et al. Long-term outcome of hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Ann Hematol 1999; 78: 139–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Bastie JN, Cazals-Hatem D, Daniel MT, et al. Five years follow-up after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine treatment in thirty patients with hairy cell leukemia: evaluation of minimal residual disease and CD4+lymphocytopenia after treatment. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 35: 555–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Siegel RS, Hakimian D, Spies W, et al. Technetium-99M sulfur colloid scanning and correlative magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hairy cell leukemia and hypocellular bone marrow biopsies after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 35: 171–7

    Google Scholar 

  123. Matutes E, Wotherspoon A, Brito-Babapulle V, et al. The natural history and clinico-pathological features of the variant form of hairy cell leukemia. Leukemia 2001; 15: 184–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Rak K, Kiss A, Posan E, et al. Hairy cell leukemia variant treated with success by 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Blood 1998; 92Suppl. 1: 4215a

    Google Scholar 

  125. Tetreault SA, Robbins BA, Saven A. Treatment of hairy cell leukemia-variant with cladribine. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 35: 347–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Thaler J, Dietze O, Faber V, et al. Monoclonal antibody B-ly7: a sensitive marker for detection of minimal residual disease in hairy cell leukemia. Leukemia 1990; 4: 170–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Konwalinka G, Schirmer M, Hilbe W, et al. Minimal residual disease in hairy-cell leukemia after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Blood Cells Mol Dis 1995; 21: 142–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Kopecky KJ, et al. Minimal residual disease in patients with hairy cell leukemia in complete remission treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine or 2′-deoxycoformycin and prediction of early relapse. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 1665–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Zak P, Chrobak L, Dedic K. Minimal residual disease, its detection and significance in hairy-cell leukemia. Acta Med 1999; 42: 85–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Matutes E, Meeus P, McLennan K, et al. The significance of minimal residual disease in hairy cell leukaemia treated with deoxycoformycin: a long-term follow-up study. Br J Haematol 1997; 98: 375–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Ellison DJ, Sharpe RW, Robbins BA, et al. Immunomorphologic analysis of bone marrow biopsies after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1994; 84: 4310–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Bengio R, Narbaitz M, Palacios F, et al. Hairy cell leukemia: an alternative method for the detection of minimal residual disease using flow cytometry. Medicina (B Aires) 2000; 60Suppl. 2: 71–6

    Google Scholar 

  133. Bengio R, Narbaitz MI, Sarmiento MA, et al. Comparative analysis of immunophenotypic methods for the assessment of minimal residual disease in hairy cell leukemia. Haematologica 2000; 85: 1227–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Filleul B, Delannoy A, Ferrant A, et al. A single course of 2-chloro-deoxyadenosine does not eradicate leukemic cells in hairy cell leukemia patients in complete remission. Leukemia 1994; 8: 1153–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Carbone A, Reato G, Di Celle PF, et al. Disease eradication in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine [letter]. Leukemia 1994; 8: 2019–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. diCelle PF, Reato G, Raspadori D, et al. Molecular evaluation of clonal remission in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 14Suppl. 1: 139–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Arun B, Curti BD, Longo DL, et al. Elevations in serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels predict relapse in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Cancer J Sci Am 2000; 6: 21–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Barak V, Nisman B, Polliack A. The tumor necrosis factor family and correlation with disease activity and response to treatment in hairy cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol 1999; 62: 71–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Siegal FP, Shodell M, Shah K, et al. Impaired interferon alpha response in hairy cell leukemia is corrected by therapy with 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine: implications for susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Leukemia 1994; 8: 1474–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Ikpeazu EV, Kaplon MK. Cryptococcal meningitis occurring at 19 months after cladribine therapy for hairy cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol 1998; 61: 286–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Saven A, Burian C, Adusumalli J, et al. Filgrastim for cladribine-induced neutropenic fever in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1999; 93: 2471–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Cheson BD, Vena DA, Foss FM, et al. Neurotoxicity of purine analogs: a review. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 2216–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Abhyankar D, Saikia T, Advani S. Gynecomastia in a case of hairy cell leukaemia: cladribine induced? Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42: 243–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Sarmiento MA, Neme D, Fornari MC, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome following 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine treatment for hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 39: 657–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Grey MR, Flanagan MG, Kelsey PR. Severe skin rash in two consecutive patients treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukaemia at a single institution. Clin Lab Haematol 2000; 22: 111–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Cohen PR, Kurzrock R. 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine-associated transient acantholytic dermatosis in hairy cell leukemia patients. Am J Dermatopathol 1999; 21: 106–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Broady R, Roberts S, Hawkins T. Mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare complex infection following 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine therapy for hairy cell leukaemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 36: 639–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Marolleau JP, Henni T, Gaulard P, et al. Hairy cell leukemia associated with large granular lymphocyte leukemia: immunologic and genomic study, effect of interferon treatment. Blood 1998; 72: 655–60

    Google Scholar 

  149. Xie XY, Sorbara L, Kreitman RJ, et al. Development of lymphoproliferative disorder of granular lymphocytes in association with hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 37: 97–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Sonderegger T, Betticher DC, Cerny T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine administered subcutaneously or by continuous intravenous infusion. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2000; 46: 40–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Saven A, Cheung WK, Smith I, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of oral and bolus intravenous 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in patients with malignancy. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 978–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Damasio EE, Resegotti L, Masoudi B, et al. Five day intermittent vs seven day continuous 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine infusion for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia: a study by Italian Group for the Hairy Cell Leukemia. Recenti Prog Med 1998; 89: 68–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Chacko J, Murphy C, Duggan C, et al. Weekly intermittent 2-CdA is less toxic and equally efficacious when compared to continuous infusion in hairy cell leukaemia. Brit J Haematol 1999; 105: 1145–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Kantarjian HM, Schachner J, Keating MJ. Fludarabine therapy in hairy cell leukemia. Cancer 1991; 67: 1291–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Kraut EH, Chun HG. Fludarabine phosphate in refractory hairy cell leukemia. Am J Hematol 1991; 37: 59–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Hagberg H. Chimeric monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (Rituximab): an effective treatment for a patient with relapsing hairy cell leukaemia. Med Oncol 1999; 16: 221–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Zinzani PL, Ascani S, Piccaluga PP, et al. Efficacy of rituximab in hairy cell leukemia treatment. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3875–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Hoffman M, Auerbach L. Bone marrow remission of hairy cell leukaemia induced by rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) in a patient refractory to cladribine. Br J Haematol 2000; 109: 900–1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Lauria F, Lenoci M, Annino L, et al. Efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mabthera) in patients with progressed hairy cell leukemia. Haematologica 2001; 86: 1046–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Hagberg H, Lundholm L. Rituximab, a chimaeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2001; 115: 609–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Kreitman RJ, Wilson WH, Bergeron K, et al. Efficacy of the anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin BL22 in chemotherapy-resistant hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 241–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Kreitman RJ, Wilson WH, White JD, et al. Phase I trial of recombinant immunotoxin anti-Tac(Fv)PE38 (LMB-2) in patients with hematologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 1622–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Kreitman RJ, Wilson WH, Robbins D, et al. Responses in refractory hairy cell leukemia to a recombinant immuntoxin. Blood 1999; 94: 3340–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Uchiyama TA, Broder S, Waldmann TA. A monoclonal antibody (anti-Tac) reactive with activated and functionally mature human T cells: I. production of anti-Tac monoclonal antibody and distribution of Tac (+) cells. J Immunol 1981; 126: 1393–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Kreitman RJ, Pastan I. Targeting Pseudomonas exotoxin to hematologic malignancies. Semin Cancer Biol 1995; 6: 297–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Kreitman RJ. Immunotoxins in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11: 570–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Robbins DH, Marguiles I, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. Hairy cell leukemia, a B-cell neoplasm that is particularly sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of anti-Tac(Fv)- PE38 (LMB-2). Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 693–700

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Cordone I, Annino L, Masi S, et al. Diagnostic relevance of peripheral blood immunocytochemistry in hairy cell leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 1995; 48: 955–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Kreitman RJ, Margulies I, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. Cytotoxic activity of disulfide-stabilized recombinant immunotoxin RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 (BL22) towards fresh malignant cells from patients with B-cell leukemias. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 76–87

    Google Scholar 

  170. Kreitman RJ, Wang QC, FitzGerald DJP, et al. Complete regression of human B-cell lymphoma xenografts in mice treated with recombinant anti-CD22 immunotoxin RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 at doses tolerated by Cynomolgus monkeys. Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 148–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Sharpe RW, Rector JT, Rushin JM, et al. Splenic metastasis in hairy cell leukemia. Cancer 1993; 71: 2222–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Exner M, Thalhammer-Scherrer R, Kudlacek S, et al. Suspect cell convolutes in the bone marrow of a patient with renal cell carcinoma unmasked as atypical convolutes of hairy cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42: 239–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Undar B, Demirkan F, Oztop I, et al. Concurrent diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia and renal cell carcinoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42: 567–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Acebo E, Rodilla IG, Torio B, et al. Papillary cystic tumor of the pancreas coexisting with hairy cell leukemia. Pathology 2000; 32: 216–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Schon MP, Reifenberger J, von Schmiedeberg S, et al. Multiple basal cell carcinomas associated with hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 150–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Reeves JE, Robbins BA, Pankey LR, et al. The simultaneous occurrence of variant hairy cell leukemia and chronicphase chronic myelogenous leukemia: a case report. Cancer 1995; 75: 2089–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Wandroo FA, Bareford D, el-Jehani F. Chronic myeloid leukaemia occurring in a patient with hairy cell leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 940–1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Nakamine H, Okamoto Y, Tsuda T, et al. Hodgkin’s disease in hairy cell leukemia: phenotypic characterization of neoplastic cells. Cancer 1987; 60: 1751–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Abbondanzo SL, Sulak LE. Ki-1-positive lymphoma developing 10 years after the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Cancer 1991; 67: 3117–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Crump M, Sutton DM, Pantalony D. Sezary syndrome in a patient with hairy cell leukemia in remission. Cancer 1991; 68: 829–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Paolini R, Poletti A, Ramazzina E, et al. Co-existence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and B hairy cell leukemia. Am J Hematol 2000; 64: 197–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Lawlor E, O’Briain DS, Finn T, et al. The simultaneous presentation of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia. Cancer 1987; 60: 1537–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Golomb HM, Ratain MJ, Mick R, et al. The treatment of hairy cell leukemia: an update. Leukemia 1992; 6Suppl. 2: 24–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Saif MW, Greenberg BR. Multiple myeloma and hairy cell leukemia: a rare association or coincidence? Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42: 1043–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Spielberger RT, Dickstein JI, Le Beau MM, et al. Acute myeloid leukaemia following interferon-alfa treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1993; 83: 519–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Seshadri P. Secondary acute myeloid leukemia following successful treatment of hairy cell leukemia with cladribine [letter]. Leuk Res 2000; 24: 637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Kampmeier P, Spielberger R, Dickstein J, et al. Increased incidence of second neoplasms in patients treated with interferon alpha 2b for hairy cell leukemia: a clinicopathologic assessment. Blood 1994; 83: 2931–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Nielsen B, Braide I, Hasselbalch H. Evidence for an association between hairy cell leukemia and renal cell and colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1992; 70: 2087–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Pawson R, A’Hern R, Catovsky D. Second malignancy in hairy cell leukaemia: no evidence of increased incidence after treatment with interferon alpha. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22: 103–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Kurzrock R, Strom SS, Estey E, et al. Second cancer risk in hairy cell leukemia: analysis of 350 patients. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 1803–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Au WY, Klasa RJ, Gallagher R, et al. Second malignancies in patients with hairy cell leukemia in British Columbia: a 20-year experience. Blood 1998; 92: 1160–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Cheson BD, Vena DA, Barrett J, et al. Second malignancies as a consequence of nucleoside analog therapy for chronic lymphoid leukemias. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 2454–2460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Van den Neste E, Delannoy A, Feremans W, et al. Second primary tumors and immune phenomena after fludarabine or 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine treatment. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 40: 541–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to acknowledge Dr Bertha A. Bouroncle, who as attending physician during his first clinical rotation exemplified excellence, patience, and kindness in the care of patients with leukemia and other malignancies, as well as leadership in the study and treatment of hairy cell leukemia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centers for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37/4 B27, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Robert J. Kreitman

Authors
  1. Robert J. Kreitman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert J. Kreitman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kreitman, R.J. Hairy Cell Leukemia. Am J Cancer 1, 189–203 (2002). https://doi.org/10.2165/00024669-200201030-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00024669-200201030-00004

Keywords

Search

Navigation