Summary
Synopsis
Mitoxantrone is a dihydroxyanthracenedione derivative which as intravenous mono- and combination therapy has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy similar to that of standard induction and salvage treatment regimens in advanced breast cancer, non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma, acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia and chronic myelogenous leukaemia in blast crisis; it appears to be an effective alternative to the anthracycline component of standard treatment regimens in these indications. Mitoxantrone is also effective as a component of predominantly palliative treatment regimens for hepatic and advanced ovarian carcinoma. Limited studies suggest useful therapeutic activity in multiple myeloma and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Regional therapy of malignant effusions, hepatic and ovarian carcinomas has also been very effective, with a reduction in systemic adverse effects. Mitoxantrone inhibits DNA synthesis by intercalating DNA, inducing DNA strand breaks, and causing DNA aggregation and compaction, and delays cell cycle progression, particularly in late S phase In vitro antitumour activity is concentration- and exposure time- proportional, and synergy with other antineoplastic drugs has been demonstrated in murine tumour models
Leucopenia may be dose- limiting in patients with solid tumours, whereas stomatitis may be dose- limiting in patients with leukaemia. Other adverse effects are usually of mild or moderate severity although cardiac effects, particularly congestive heart failure, may be of concern, especially in patients with a history of anthracycline therapy, mediastinal irradiation or cardiovascular disease. Mitoxantrone displays an improved tolerability profile compared with doxorubicin and other anthracyclines, although myelosuppression may occur more frequently
Thus, mitoxantrone is an effective and better tolerated alternative to the anthracyclines in most haematological malignancies, in breast cancer and in advanced hepatic or ovarian carcinoma. Further studies may consolidate its role in the treatment of these and other malignancies
Pharmacodynamic Properties
Various human carcinoma cell lines are sensitive to mitoxantrone in vitro Synergism between mitoxantrone and cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside, ara-C), fluorouracil, vincristine, cisplatin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, dacarbazine (imidazole carboxamide), lucanthone and melphalan has been demonstrated in tumours in mice. Mitoxantrone produces concentration-and time-proportional delays in cell-cycle progression and although not considered cell-cycle specific, is most cytotoxic to cells in late S phase. It acts primarily on DNA, inducing DNA strand breaks by stabilising the topoisomerase-DNA cleavable complex and by free radical generation, and also induces DNA aggregation and compaction via electrostatic cross-linking. A cyclic derivative of mitoxantrone covalently binds DNA and may also be cytotoxic
Tumour cell resistance to mitoxantrone may be a result of increased P-glycoprotein expression, alteration of the levels or activity of topoisomerase II, enhanced DNA repair mechanisms or a combination of these and other mechanisms. Incomplete cross-resistance with anthracyclines has been observed in vitro Mitoxantrone has also demonstrated immunosuppressive, antiviral and potential antiangiogenic activities in pharmacodynamic studies. Preclinical studies also indicated a potential for mitoxantrone to induce adverse effects in the heart, the gastrointestinal tract and on blood formation
Pharmacokinetic Properties
The pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone have been extensively studied in cancer patients, but methodological difficulties have resulted in a wide range of reported pharmacokinetic values. Following intravenous administration, disappearance of the drug from plasma generally follows triphasic kinetics, with respective half-lives of 3 to 10 minutes, 0.3 to 3.1 hours, and up to 12 days. Mitoxantrone is extensively distributed to body tissues, binds to endothelial surfaces, and penetrates blood cells and tumour tissues. It has a volume of distribution of up to 2248 L/m2. Plasma protein binding is approximately 78%
Mitoxantrone persists for prolonged periods in the tissues and was detectable in autopsy tissue from patients who last received the drug up to 272 days before death. Mitoxantrone appears to be excreted mainly in the bile, with about 10% of an administered dose appearing in the urine (65% in unchanged form) within 24 to 120 hours. Thus, dosage reduction should not be necessary in patients with impaired renal function. However, in patients with hepatic impairment or third space abnormalities (e.g. ascites) mitoxantrone elimination may be considerably prolonged and dosage reduction may be required. Regional administration of mitoxantrone (e.g. into the peritoneal or pleural space) has resulted in high local drug concentrations, which are sustained for long periods because of the slow rate of clearance from these cavities
Therapeutic Efficacy
Intravenous mitoxantrone monotherapy has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy similar to that of standard single-agent therapies in the treatment of advanced breast cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia and chronic myelogenous leukaemia in blast crisis. Mitoxantrone substituted for the anthracycline component of standard combination salvage regimens produces similar efficacy, but often improves tolerability
Mitoxantrone is a useful component of induction chemotherapy regimens, particularly in haematological malignancies in combination with cytarabine. It has also proved useful as a component of low toxicity regimens designed for use in patients who are elderly or have a poor performance status. Limited studies suggest mitoxantrone therapy may be of benefit in patients with multiple myeloma or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Mitoxantrone has also been used as palliative therapy in patients with hepatic or advanced ovarian carcinoma — mitoxantrone stabilises the disease in a significant proportion of patients with poor prognosis and may also result in objective responses. Following regional administration mitoxantrone seems particularly useful in the treatment of malignant effusions. Intra-arterial treatment of hepatic carcinoma and breast carcinoma, and intraperitoneal therapy of ovarian carcinoma, have also proved successful
The role of consolidation and maintenance therapy in patients responding to mitoxantrone has not been investigated. Furthermore, additional studies are required to directly compare mitoxantrone with standard regimens in most treatment indications. The optimum combination of chemotherapy and surgery remains to be determined in advanced breast and ovarian carcinomas. Nonetheless, mitoxantrone is a generally effective alternative to the anthracycline component of treatment regimens for a number of malignant diseases and has also proved useful in various other combination chemotherapeutic regimens
Tolerability
Administered as mono- or combination therapy, the tolerability of mitoxantrone is generally superior to that of the anthracyclines such as doxorubicin with regard to the severity of nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, alopecia and cardiotoxicity; myelosuppression, however, may occur more frequently with mitoxantrone. Leucopenia (especially granulocytopenia) may be dose-limiting in patients with solid tumours, particularly those with hepatic dysfunction and/or poor performance status. Leucocyte nadirs occur 10 to 14 days after a single dose, usually with recovery by 21 days. Thrombocytopenia and mild anaemia are rare. Stomatitis may limit dosage in patients with leukaemia. Nausea and vomiting can occur in up to 60% and alopecia in 30% of patients but these symptoms are rarely severe. Abdominal pain may follow intraperitoneal mitoxantrone administration
Congestive heart failure, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and arrhythmias have been reported in patients receiving mitoxantrone, particularly those with a history of anthracycline therapy, mediastinal irradiation or cardiovascular disease. The incidence of congestive heart failure appears to be dose-related but patients usually respond to cardiac glycoside and diuretic therapy
Dosage and Administration
The recommended intravenous dose of mitoxantrone is 14 mg/m2 once every 3 weeks in patients with solid tumours, reduced by 2 to 4 mg/m2 in patients with decreased marrow reserves, poor performance status or in those receiving combination chemotherapeutic regimens. If myelosuppression occurs, treatment should be withheld until haematological recovery with subsequent dosages titrated according to the severity and duration of this effect. In patients with leukaemia intravenous mitoxantrone 12 mg/m2/day for 5 days is recommended as monotherapy, or mitoxantrone 10 to 12 mg/m2/day for 3 days in combination with cytarabine. Mitoxantrone 8 mg/m2/day for 5 days has been used as monotherapy in paediatric leukaemia patients. Diluted mitoxantrone should be introduced slowly into the tube of a free-running intravenous solution. Cardiac monitoring is recommended in all patients, particularly those who have received large cumulative mitoxantrone dosages. Other administration methods and routes remain experimental and guidelines are not currently available
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aapro MS, Alberts DS. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in head and neck cancer. Investigational New Drugs 2: 329–330, 1984
Alberts DS, Balcerzak SP, Bonnet JD, Stephens RL. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in multiple myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. Cancer Treatment Reports 69: 1321–1323, 1985a
Alberts DS, Einspahr J, Bregman MD. Additive activity of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin in vitro against human breast cancer. Journal of Drug Development 1: 15–21, 1988
Alberts DS, Peng YM, Bowden GT, Mackel C, Dalton WS. Mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of Novantrone® in intravenous and intraperitoneal therapy. Proceedings of the Symposium on the current status of Novantrone Mar 21–24, 1985b
Alberts DS, Peng Y-M, Leigh S, Davis TP, Woodward DL. Disposition of mitoxantrone in cancer patients. Cancer Research 45: 1879–1884, 1985c
Alexander P, Evans R. Endotoxin and double stranded RNA render macrophages cytotoxic. Nature 323: 76–78, 1971
Amadori S, Meloni G, Petti MC, Papa G, Miniero R, et al. Phase II trial of intermediate dose ARA-C (IDAC) with sequential mitoxantrone (MITOX) in acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukaemia 3: 112–114, 1989
Ammon J, Katsohi D, Karstens JH. Radiotherapy with concurrent administration of mitoxantrone in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Abstract 9. Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy 23 (Suppl.): A3, 1986
Amrein PC, Davis RB, Mayer RJ, Schiffer CA. Treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia with diaziquone and mitoxantrone: a CALGB phase I study. American Journal of Hematology 35: 80–83, 1990
Andersson M, Philip P, Pedersen-Bjergaard J. High risk of therapy-related leukemia and preleukemia after therapy with prednimustine, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, mitoxantrone, and tamoxifen for advanced breast cancer. Cancer 65: 2460–2464, 1990
Archimbaud E, Guyotat D, Devaux Y, Sebban C, Fière D. Aggressive sequential therapy with mitoxantrone VP-16 and cytarabine for resistant or relapsing acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Abstract. 4th International Symposium on Therapy of Acute Leukemias, p. 26, Rome, 1987
Arlin Z. Mitoxantrone (M): a review of safety in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Abstract. 4th International Symposium on Therapy of Acute Leukemias, p. 9, Rome, 1987
Arlin ZA, Berman E, Jhanwar S, Gams R, Schoch I, et al. Treatment of blastic transformation of chronic myelogenous leukemia with mitoxantrone. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 17: 189–190, 1986
Arlin Z, Case Jr DC, Moore J, Wiernik P, Feldman E, et al. Randomized multicenter trial of cytosine arabinoside with mitoxantrone or daunorubicin in previously untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Leukemia 4: 177–183, 1990
Auerbuch SD, Boldt M, Gaudinno G, Stern JB, Koch TH, et al. Experimental chemotherapy-induced skin necrosis in swine. Mechanistic studies of anthracycline antibiotic toxicity and protection with a radical dimer compound. Journal of Clinical Investigation 81: 142–148, 1988
Bachmann E, Weber E, Zbinden G. Effects of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin on energy metabolism of the rat heart. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 361–366, 1987
Bailey N, Raghavan D, Shorthouse A. The response to chemotherapy of human breast tumour xenografts. Abstract 1061. Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research: p. 265, 1980
Bajetta E, Buzzoni R, Valagussa P, Bonadonna G. Mitoxantrone: an active agent in refractory non-Hodkin’s lymphomas. American Journal of Clinical Oncology-Cancer Clinical Trials 11: 100–103, 1988
Ballou RJ, Tseng MT. In vitro and in vivo responses of a murine transitional cell carcinoma to doxorubicin, mitoxantrone and aclacinomycin-A. Urological Research 14: 217–222, 1986
Barton CM, Blackledge GRP, O’Brien M, Neoptolomos JA. A phase II study of epirubicin and mitoxantrone in advanced hepatobiliary and pancreatic carcinoma. Abstract. British Journal of Cancer 60: 459, 1989
Basra J, Wolf CR, Brown JR, Patterson LH. Evidence for human liver mediated free-radical formation by doxorubicin and mitoxantrone. Anticancer Drug Design 1: 45–52, 1985
Batra VK, Morrison JA, Woodward DL, Siverd NS, Yacobi A. Pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone in man and laboratory animals. Drug Metabolism Reviews 17: 311–329, 1986
Bellmunt J, Morales S, Navarro M, Sole L-A. Ifosfamide + mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 26 (Suppl.): S81–S84, 1990
Benjamin RS, Chawla SP, Ewer MS, Carrasco CH, Mackay B, et al. Evaluation of mitoxantrone cardiac toxicity by nuclear angiography and endomyocardial biopsy: an update. Investigational New Drugs 3: 117–121, 1985
Bennett JM, Muss HB, Doroshow JH, Wolff S, Krementz ET, et al. A randomized multicenter trial comparing mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, and fluorouracil with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and fluorouracil in the therapy of metastatic breast carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 6(10): 1611–1620, 1988
Bernasconi C, Lazzarino M, Gherardi S, Amadori S, Mandelli F. Mitoxantrone as single agent in refractory acute leukaemia. In Bonadonna G (Ed.) Clinical progress with mitoxantrone. Royal Society of Medicine Services International Congress and Symposium Series 110, pp. 35–42, Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited, 1987
Bezwoda WR, Bernasconi C, Hutchinson RM, Winfield DA, de Bock R, et al. Mitoxantrone for refractory and relapsed acute leukemia. Cancer 66: 418–422, 1990
Bezwoda WR, Dansey R, Seymour L. First-line chemotherapy of advanced breast cancer with mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide and vincristine. Oncology 46: 208–211,1989
Bezwoda WR, Hesdorffer C. The use of mitoxantrone plus cyclophosphamide as first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 58: 1621–1624, 1986a
Bezwoda WR, Hesdorffer CS. Mitoxantrone, methotrexate, and 5-flourouracil combination chemotherapy as first-line treatment in stage IV breast cancer. Cancer 57: 218–221, 1986b
Bishop JF, Raghavan D, Woods R, Coates A, Burns I, et al. Mitomycin and mitoxantrone in previously treated patients with advanced breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 191–193, 1987
Björkholm M, Björnsdottir J, Stenke L, Grimfors G. Mitoxantrone, etoposide and cytarabine in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Oncology 47: 112–114, 1990
Blackledge G, Lawton F, Mould J, Latief T, Spooner D, et al. Mitoxantrone, an active agent in epithelial ovarian cancer. Phase-II studies and novel administration methods from the West Midlands Ovarian Cancer Group. In Bonadonna G (Ed.) Clinical progress with mitoxantrone. Royal Society of Medicine Services International Congress and Symposium Series 110, pp. 27–34, Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited, 1987
Blöchl-Daum B, Eichler HG, Rainer H, Jakesz R, Salzer H, et al. Escalating dose regimen of intraperitoneal mitoxantrone: phase I study — clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 24(7): 1133–1138, 1988
Blöchl-Daum B, Eichler HG, Rainer H, Jakesz R, Salzer H, et al. Phase-I study of intraperitoneal mitoxantrone — clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Onkologie 10: 54–56, 1987
Boadle DJ, Tattersall MHN. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in advanced or metastatic endometrial carcinoma. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 27: 341–342, 1987
Bode U, Musch E. Systemic and pleural clearance of mitoxantrone after intrapleural application in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Abstract. 5th NCI-EORTC Symposium, Netherlands, p.9, 1986
Bodey GP, Valdivieso M, Yap H-Y, Estey E, Bedikian A, et al. Early clinical trials of mitoxantrone. In Rozencweig M et al. (Eds) New anticancer drugs: mitoxantrone and bisantrene, pp. 103–114, Raven Press, New York, 1983
Böhmer RM, Hoffmann K, Morstyn G. Hematoporphyrin derivative and anthracyclines mutually inhibit cellular uptake and toxicity. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 20: 16–20, 1987
Bonnern EM, Mitchell EP, Woolley PV, Smith FP, Neefe J, et al. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Treatment Reports 66: 1995–1996, 1982
Bowden GT, Roberts R, Alberts DS, Peng Y-M, Garcia D. Comparative molecular pharmacology in leukemic LI210 cells of the anthracene anticancer drugs mitoxantrone and bisantrene. Cancer Research 45: 4915–4920, 1985
Brambilla C, Moliterni A, Codazzi D, Villani F, Crippa F, et al. Mitoxantrone as first-salvage chemotherapy in relapsed breast cancer. Tumori 75: 145–149, 1989
Brito-Babapulle F, Catovsky D, Slocombe G, Newland AC, Marcus RE, et al. Phase II study of mitoxantrone and cytarabine in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 161–163, 1987
Brito-Babapulle F, Lord JAD, Whitmore DN. Treatment of RAEB- t with intensive chemotherapy and GM-CSF. Leukemia Research 13: 605–607, 1989
Brodie GN, Elefanty A. Breast cancer. Advances in management. Drugs 35: 584–595, 1988
Brook MG, Dunk AA, McDonald JA, Lever AML, Goh C, et al. Human lymphoblastoid interferon does not increase survival when added to mitozantrone in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1:315–320, 1987
Brusamolino E, Bertini M, Guidi S, Vitolo U, Inverardi D, et al. CHOP versus CNOP (N = mitoxantrone) in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an interim report comparing efficacy and toxicity. Haematologica 73: 217–222, 1988
Bueno J, Julia A, Zuazu J, Lopez A, Massagué I, et al. Mitozantrone and cytarabine in the treatment of resistant acute leukemia. Abstract. 4th International Symposium on Therapy of Acute Leukemias, p. 27, Rome, 1987
Bull FE, VonHoff DD, Balcerzak SP, Stephens RL, Panettiere FJ. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in advanced sarcomas: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. Cancer Treatment Reports 69:231–233, 1985
Burg G, Bieber T, Langecker P. Lokalisierte neutrophile ekkrine Hidradenitis unter Mitoxantron: eine typische Zytostatikane-benwirkung. Hautarzt 39: 233–236, 1988
Burghouts JTM. Mitoxantrone, methotrexate and chlorambucil in metastatic breast cancer, a combination with relatively low subjective toxicity. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 36: 43–45, 1990
Burns CP, Haugstad BN, Mossman CJ, North JA, Ingraham LM. Membrane lipid alteration: effect on cellular uptake of mitoxantrone. Lipids 23: 393–397, 1988
Butler J, Hoey BM. Are reduced quinones necessarily involved in the antitumour activity of quinone drugs? British Journal of Cancer 55 (Suppl. 8): 53–59, 1987
Büyükünal E, Derman U, Serdengecti S, Berkarda B. A clinical trial of mitoxantrone (novantrone) versus doxorubicin (adriamycin) in combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Chemioterapia 6: 377–379, 1987
Capizzi RL, Cooper MR, Stuart J, Muss H, Richards F, et al. Continuous infusion (CI) mitoxantrone (MIT) in acute leukemia. Abstract 835. Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research 28: 210, 1987
Capolongo L, Belvedere G, D’Incalci M. DNA damage and cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin in doxorubicin-sensitive and -resistant human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 25: 430–434, 1990
Carmo-Pereira J, Costa FO, Henriques E, Cantinho-Lopes MG, Godinho F, et al. Primary chemotherapy with mitoxantrone and prednisone in advanced breast carcinoma. A phase II study. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 24: 473–476, 1988
CaseJr DC, Gams RA, Golomb HM, Durkart G, Steinberg J. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Abstract 747. Blood 62 (5 Suppl. 1): 211a, 1983
Cassidy J, Merrick MV, Smyth JF, Leonard RCF. Cardiotoxicity of mitozantrone assessed by stress and resting nuclear ventriculography. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 24: 935–938, 1988
Cassileth P, Arlin Z, Silver R, Moore J, Bertino J, et al. Mitoxantrone therapy of relapsed and refractory acute leukaemia. Abstract. 3rd European Conference on Clinical Oncology and Cancer p. 10, Stockholm, 1985
Chandrasekaran B, Dimling J, Capizzi RL. Cross-resistance of menogaril and mitoxantrone in a subline of P388 leukemia resistant to doxorubicin. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 195–196, 1987
Chang BK. Differential sensitivity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines to chemotherapeutic agents in culture. Cancer Treatment Reports 67: 355–361, 1983
Cheng CC, Zbinden G, Zee-Cheng RKY. Comparison of anti-neoplastic activity of aminoethylaminoanthraquinones and anthracycline antibiotics. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 68: 393–396, 1979
Chiccarelli FS, Morrison JA, Cosulich DB, Perkinson NA, Ridge DN, et al. Identification of human urinary mitoxantrone metabolites. Cancer Research 46: 4858–4861, 1986
Chiccarelli FS, Morrison JA, Gautam SR. Biliary pnarmacokinetics of 14 C-mitoxantrone in the rat following different intravenous doses and characteristics of drug-related material in the bile. Abstract 354. Federation Proceedings 43: 345, 1984
Chisesi T, Capnist G, Rancan L, Santini G, Congiu M, et al. Impiego del mitoxantrone nella terapia dei linfomi non-Hodkin: risultati di uno studio in fase II in monochemioterapia o in associazione. Abstract 310. Tumori 75 (Suppl. 4): 100, 1989
Chitnis MP, Satyamoorthy K, Pradhan SG, Advani SH. Modulation of sensitivity to mitoxantrone in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells by the antidepressant sintamil. Oncology 45: 292–296, 1988
Chlebowski RT, Bulcavage L, Henderson IC, Woodcock T, Rivest R, et al. Mitoxantrone use in breast cancer patients with elevated bilirubin. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 14: 267–274, 1989
Chuang M-W, Tzeng C-H, Chiou T-J, Chiu C-F, Hsieh R-K, et al. A comparative trial of C-Novantrone OP(CNOP) vs C-Adriamycin OP(CHOP) in the treatment of stage II–IV malignant lymphoma — the preliminary report [in Chinese], Chinese Medical Journal (Taipei) 41: 51–56, 1988
Clark GM, Tokaz LK, Von Hoff DD, Thoi LL, Coltman Jr CA. Cardiotoxicity in patients treated with mitoxantrone on Southwest Oncology Group Phase II protocols. Cancer Treatment Symposia 3: 25–30, 1984
Coates A. Current status of chemotherapy of breast cancer. Drugs 28: 93–98, 1984
Coates AS, Bishop J, Mann GJ, Raghavan D. Chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma: phase II studies of amsacrine, mitoxantrone and bisantrene. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 22: 97–100, 1986
Cohen LF, Glaubiger DL, Kann HE, Kohn KW. Protein associated DNA single strand breaks and cytotoxicity of dihydroxyanthracenedione (DHAD), NSC-301739, in mouse LI210 leukemia cells. Abstract 1111. Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research 21: 277, 1980
Coleman R, Clarke J, Gore M, Wiltshaw E, Slevin M, et al. A phase II study of mitozantrone in advanced carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 24: 200–202, 1989
Coleman RE, Maisey MN, Knight RK, Rubens RD. Mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer — a phase II study with special attention to cardiotoxicity. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 20: 771–776, 1984
ColtmanJr CA, Coltman TM, Balcerzak SP, Morrison FS, Von Hoff DD. Mitoxantrone in refractory nonHodgkin’s lymphoma. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl. 1): 50–53, 1984
ColtmanJr CA, McDaniel TM, Balcerzak SP, Morrison FS, Von Hoff DD. Mitoxantrone hydrochloride in lymphoma. Cancer Treatment Reviews 10 (Suppl. 8): 73–76, 1983
Cornelia P, Abate G, Daponte A, Di Finizio G, Zarrilli D. Combinazione di mitoxantrone ifosfamide, methotrexate (MIM) nel salmataggio dei linfomi non Hodgkin. Abstract 313. Tumori 75 (Suppl. 4): 101, 1989
Congiu A, Contu A, Chisesi T, Porcellini A, Rossi E, et al. Mitoxantrone in mono e polichemioterapia nei linfomi non- Hodgkin (LNH) dell’adulto ricadulti o refrattari. Rapporto del NHLCSG. Abstract 314. Tumori 75 (Suppl. 4): 101, 1989
Corbett TH, Roberts BJ, Trader MW, Laster Jr WR, Griswold DP Jr, et al. Response of transplantable tumors of mice to anthracenedione derivatives alone and in combination with clinically useful agents. Cancer Treatment Reports 66: 1187–1200, 1982
Cornbleet MA, Stuart-Harris RC, Smith IE, Coleman RE, Rubens RD, et al. Mitoxantrone for the treatment of advanced breast cancer: single-agent therapy in previously untreated patients. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 10: 1141–1146, 1984
Cowan JD, Von Hoff DD, McDonald B, Talley RW, McCracken JD, et al. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in previously untreated patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer Treatment Reports 66: 1779–1780, 1982
Crespi MD, Ivanier SE, Genovese J, Baldi A. Mitoxantrone affects topoisomerase activities in human breast cancer cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 136: 521–528, 1986
Crossley RJ. Clinical safety and tolerance of mitoxantrone. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl. 1): 54–58, 1984
Cruciani G, Tienghi A, Fiorentini G, Rosti G, Turci D, et al. Mitoxantrone (M) and vinblastine (V) in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Tumori 76: 196–198, 1990
Dalton WS, Cress AE, Alberts DS, Trent JM. Cytogenetic and phenotypic analysis of a human colon carcinoma cell line resistant to mitoxantrone. Cancer Research 48: 1882–1888, 1988
Dalton WS, Durie BGM, Gerlach J, Cress AE, Alberts DS, et al. Development and characterization of a new drug resistant human multiple myeloma cell line. Abstract 766. Blood 66: 220a, 1985
Dana B, Dahlberg S, Schnitzer B, Kjeidsberg CR, Jones SE, et al. Mitoxantrone, cisplatin, and methyl-glyoxal bis-guanylhydrazone chemotherapy for refractory malignant lymphoma: a Southwest Oncology Group Phase II Trial. Investigational New Drugs 7: 247–250, 1989
Davis RB, Van Echo DA, Leone LA, Henderson ES. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in advanced primary liver cancer: a cancer and leukemia group B study. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 1125–1126, 1986
de Dycker RP, Timmermann J, Neumann RLA, Wever H, Schindler AE. Arterielle regionale Chemotherapie fortgeschrittener mammakarzinome. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 113: 1229–1233, 1988
DeFabritiis P, Sandrelli A, Covelli A, Simone F, De Felice L, et al. In vitro pharmacological purging of human bone marrow is enhanced by the use of lonidamine. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 50: 210–219, 1989
De Jager R, Cappelaere P, Armand JP, Keiling R, Fargeot P, et al. An EORTC Phase II study of mitoxantrone in solid tumours and lymphomas. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 20: 1369–1375, 1984
de Jong S, Zijlstra JG, de Vries EGE, Mulder NH. Reduced DNA topoisomerase II activity and drug-induced DNA cleavage activity in an adriamycin-resistant human small cell lung carcinoma cell line. Cancer Research 50: 304–309, 1990
DeSimone PA, Gams R, Bartolucci A. Phase II studies of mitoxantrone (dihydroxyanthracenedione) in the treatment of advanced colorectal carcinoma. American Journal of Clinical Oncology-Cancer Clinical Trials 7: 517–522, 1984
DeSimone PA, Gams R, Bartolucci A. Weekly mitoxantrone in the treatment of advanced pancreatic carcinoma: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 929–930, 1986a
DeSimone PA, Gams R, Birch R. Phase II evaluation of mitoxantrone in advanced carcinoma of the stomach: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 1043–1044, 1986b
Dharmasena F. Novantrone and ARA-C in acute leukaemia. Proceedings of the 2nd UK Novantrone Symposium, pp. 5–10, 1986
Dharmasena F, Chu AC, Goldman JM, Galton DAG. Mitozantrone-induced asteatosis. Correspondence. Lancet 2: 101, 1985
Dietel M, Arps H, Gerding D, Trapp M, Sieck M, et al. Effectiveness of mitoxantrone on the proliferation of cell cultures derived from malignant mesenchymal tumors of human origin. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 114: 197–203, 1988
Donadio M, Bonardi GM, Iberti V, Bretti S, Calciati A. Mitoxantrone (MXT) in monochemioterapia (mono CT) nel carcinoma polmonare avanzato non a piccole cellule (NSCLC): studio di fase II. Abstract 265. Tumori 75 (Suppl. 4): 86, 1989
Dorfman RF, Burke JS, Berard CW. A working formulation of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: background, recommendations, histological criteria, and relationship to other classifications. In Rosenberg SA & Kaplas HS (Eds) Malignant lymphomas. etiology, immunology, pathology, treatment pp. 351–368, Academic Press, New York, 1976
Doroshow JH, Davies KJA. Comparative cardiac oxygen radical metabolism by anthracycline antibiotics. Mitoxantrone, bisantrene, 4′-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-anisidide and neocarzinostatin. Pharmacology 32: 2935–2939, 1983
Dorr RT, Alberts DS, Soble M. Lack of experimental vesicant activity for the anticancer agents cisplatin, melphalan, and mitoxantrone. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 16: 91–94, 1986
Drewinko B, Yang L-Y, Barlogie B, Trujillo JM. Comparative cytotoxicity of bisantrene, mitoxantrone, ametantrone, dihydroxyanthracenedione, dihydroxyanthracenedione diacetate, and doxorubicin on human cells in vitro. Cancer Research 43: 2648–2653, 1983
Dukart G, Iatropoulos MJ, Yacobi A. Comment on mitoxantrone. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 19: 216–218, 1985
Dulak L, Manandhar M, Iatropoulos MJ, Noble JF. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow of rats treated with mitoxantrone hydrochloride, an antineoplastic agent. Abstract 134. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 23: 35, 1982
Durr FE. Biologic and biochemical effects of mitoxantrone. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl. 1): 3–10, 1984
Editorial. Multidrug resistance in cancer. Lancet 2: 1075–1076, 1989
Ehninger G, Aapro MS, Rainer H, Blochl-Daum B. Intracavitary treatment with mitoxantrone. In Mouridsen & Arlin (Eds) The role of mitoxantrone in malignant disease (Pharmamanual), pp. 19–25, PharmaLibri, Chicago, 1987a
Ehninger G, Fackler-Schwalbe E, Freund M, Heil G, Henke M, et al. Combination of mitoxantrone and etoposide in patients aged over 60 years with untreated acute myelogenous leukemia. Haematology and Blood Transfusion 33: 316–317, 1990a
Ehninger G, Ho AD, Meyer P, Mjaaland I, Ostendorf P, et al. Mitoxantrone in the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute leukemia. Onkologie 8: 146–148, 1985
Ehninger G, Mjaaland I, Proksch B, Schiller E, Meyer P. Klinische Pharmacokoiogie von Mitoxantron bei Patienten mit Mammakarzinom und Leukämien. Zeitschrift für antimikrobielle antineoplastische Chemotherapie 2: 67–70, 1987b
Ehninger G, Proksch B, Hartmann F, Gartner H-V, Wilms K. Mitoxantrone metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 12: 50–52, 1984a
Ehninger G, Proksch B, Heinzel G, Woodward DL. Clinical pharmacology of mitoxantrone. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 1373–1378,1986
Ehninger G, Schüler U, Proksch B, Zeller K-P, Blanz J. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of mitoxantrone: a review. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 18: 365–380, 1990b
Ehninger G, Weible KH, Heidemann EG, Waller HD. Mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Reports 68: 1283–1284, 1984b
Eisenhauer EA, Evans WK, Raghavan D, Desmeules MJ, Murray NR, et al. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in patients with mesothelioma: a National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group study. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 1029–1030, 1986
Esseesse I, Bartolucci AA, Gams RA, Silberman H, Velez-Garcia E, et al. Weekly mitoxantrone therapy for refractory multiple myeloma: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 669–670, 1986
Estey EH, Keating MJ, McCredie KB, Bodey GP, Freireich EJ. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in refractory acute leukemia. Cancer Treatment Reports 67: 389–390, 1983
Ettinger DS, Finkelstein DM, Harper GR, Ruckdeschel JC, Yuang-Chi A, et al. Phase II study of mitoxantrone, aclarubicin, and diaziquone in the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. Cancer Treatment Reports 69: 1033–1034, 1985
Evensen SA, Brinch L, Wisloff F. Residiv eller behandlingsresistens a.v akutt myelogen leukemi. Effekt av mitoksantron og cytosin arabinosid. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 109: 2004–2006, 1989
Falkson G, Coetzer BJ, Terblanche APS. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in patients with primary liver cancer. Cancer Treatment Reports 68: 1311–1312, 1984
Falkson G, Klein B, Falkson H. Hematological toxicity: experience with anthracyclines and anthracenes. Experimental Hematology 13 (Suppl. 16): 64–71, 1985
Falkson G, Ryan LM, Johnson LA, Simson IW, Coetzer BJ, et al. A random phase II study of mitoxantrone and cisplatin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. An ECOG Study. Cancer 60: 2141–2145, 1987
Feuilhade F, Brun B, Calitchi E, Otzmeguine Y, Haddad E, et al. Efficacite et toxicile de la mitoxantrone par voie intrapleurale: a propos de 18 cas de metastases pleurales de cancer du sein. Bulletin du Cancer 76: 361–365, 1989
Fidler JM, DeJoy QS, Gibbons Jr JJ. Selective immunomodulaion by the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone. I. Suppression of B lymphocyte function. Journal of Immunology 137: 727–732, 1986a
Fidler JM, DeJoy Quinn S, Smith FR, Gibbons JJ. Selective immunomodulation by the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone. II. Nonspecific adherent suppressor cells derived from mitoxantrone-treated mice. Journal of Immunology 136: 2747–2754, 1986b
Fiorentino MV, Nicoletto MO, Stefani G, Salvagno L, Tredese F. A phase II trial with mitoxantrone in pretreated epithelial ovarian cancer. Abstract. 6th Mediterranean Congress Chemotherapy, Italy, p. 20, 1988
Fisher GR, Maine JE, Cairns D, Patterson LH. Comparison of free radical generation by doxorubicin and mitozantrone in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 41 (Suppl.): 23P, 1989
Fisher GR, Patterson LH. Oxidative activation of the antitumour agent mitozantrone. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 41 (Suppl.): 150P, 1989
Foggi CM, Megale C, Morera E, Giglio A, Iannelli A. Chemoterapia del microcitoma con cisplatino (C) + mitoxantrone (M) e etoposide (E) + ifosfamide (I) alternati risultati preliminari di eno studio in fase II. Abstract 248. Tumori 75 (Suppl. 4): 187, 1989
Follézou JY, Pouillart P, Grimbert J, Daban A, Favre R, et al. Prospective randomised study comparing doxorubicin to mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer (CAF vs CNF). Abstract 2823. 1.4th International Cancer Congress, p. 734, 1986
Ford JM, Panasci L, Leclerc Y, Margolese R. Phase II trial of a combination of doxorubicin and mitoxantrone in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 921–925, 1987
Foss-Abrahamsen A, Lenner P, Hedenus M, Landys K, Noppa H. Mitoxantrone in the treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 1209–1212, 1987
Foster BJ, Lev L, Bergemann C, Marsoni S. Cardiac events in phase II trials with mitoxantrone. Cancer Treatment Symposia 3: 43–46, 1984
Fountzilas G, Inoue S, Ohnuma T. Schedule-dependent interaction of cytarabine plus doxorubicin or cytarabine plus mitoxantrone in acute myelocytic leukemia cells in culture. Leukemia 4: 321–324, 1990
Fountzilas G, Ohnuma T, Okano T, Greenspan EM, Holland JF. Schedule-dependent synergism of cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) with mitoxantrone in human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line HL-60. Abstract C-699. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, p. 179, 1983
Fountzilas G, Ohnuma T, Rammos K, Mindich B, Holland JF. Comparison of mitoxantrone and ametantrone in human acute myelocytic leukemia cells in culture and in bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. Cancer Drug Delivery 3: 93–100, 1986
Foye WO, Vajragupta O, Sengupta SK. DNA-binding specificity and RNA polymerase inhibitory activity of bis-(aminoalkyl)anthraquinones and bis(methylthio)vinyl-quinolinium iodides. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 71: 253–257, 1982
Frank P, Novak RF. Effects of mitoxantrone and bisantrene on platelet aggregation and prostaglandin/thromboxane biosynthesis in vitro. Anticancer Research 6: 941–948, 1986
Fraschini G, Yap H-Y, Mann G, Buzdar AU, Blumenschein GR, et al. Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone in combination with continuous infusion vinblastine for metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 60: 1724–1728, 1987
Frasci G, Pacelli R, Scala S, Facchini G, Rinaldi L, et al. Intra-peritoneal mitoxantrone via temporary catheter in patients with ovarian cancer: toxicity and feasibility evaluation. Advances in Therapy 7: 124–135, 1990
French-American-British (FAB) Co-operative Group, Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel M-T, Flandrin G, et al. Proposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias. British Journal of Haematology 33: 451–458, 1976
Fujimoto S, Ogawa M. Antitumor activity of mitoxantrone against murine experimental tumors: comparative analysis against various antitumor antibiotics. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 8: 157–162, 1982
Gad-El-Mawla N, Macdonald J. A phase II study of mitoxantrone in advanced head and neck cancer and advanced breast cancer. Abstract. Investigational New Drugs 2: 117, 1984
Gams RA, Nelson O, Birch R. Phase II evaluation of mitoxantrone in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 921–922, 1986
Gams RA, Steinberg J, Posner L. Mitoxantrone in malignant lymphoma. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl. 1): 47–49, 1984
Gams RA, Wesler MJ. Mitoxantrone cardiotoxicity: results from Southeastern Cancer Study Group. Cancer Treatment Symposia 3: 31–33, 1984
Gerlach JH, Kartner N, Bell DR, Ling V. Multidrug resistance. Cancer Surveys 5: 25–46, 1986
Gervásio H, Santos JG, Abraul E, Amaral N, et al. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone (NVT) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) in advanced breast cancer. Abstract 128. Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy 23 (Suppl.): A32, 1986
Gibby EM, Boyse O, Hill BT. Selective interactions of verapamil with anthraquinones in adriamycin-sensitive and -resistant murine and human tumour cell lines in vitro. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 20: 5–7, 1987
Goldenberg A, Kelsen D, Benedetto P. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in advanced gastric cancer. Oncology 45: 273–275, 1988
Gonsette RE, Demonty L. Immunosuppression with mitoxantrone in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study for 2 years in 22 patients. Abstract 537P. Neurology 40 (Suppl. 1): 261, 1990
Gray MA, Novak RF. Comparative studies on the antioxidant properties of mitoxantrone, ametantrone and bisantrene. Abstract 876. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 26: 223, 1985
Green RM, Stewart DJ, Hugenholtz H, Richard MT, Thibault M, Montpetit V. Human central nervous system and plasma pharmacology of mitoxantrone. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 6: 75–83, 1988
Greidanus J, de Vries EGE, Mulder NH, Sleijfer DTh, Uges DRA, et al. A phase I pharmacokinetic study of 21-day continuous infusion mitoxantrone. Journal of Clinical Oncology 7: 790–797, 1989
Griffiths KD, Parry DH. Hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia after treatment with mitoxantrone. British Medical Journal 297: 488, 1988
Gröhn P, Kumpulainen E, Taskinen P, Blanco G, Hakala T, et al. A comparative randomised study of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. Abstract 347. Investigational New Drugs 7: 435, 1989
Guglielmi C, Gherlinzoni F, Amadori S, Mazza P, Mantovani L, et al. A phase III comparative trial of m-BACOD vs m-BNCOD in the treatment of stage II-IV diffuse non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Haematologica 74: 563–569, 1989
Hall C, Dougherty WJ, Lebish IJ, Brock PG, Man A. Warning against use of intrathecal mitoxantrone. Correspondence. Lancet 1: 734, 1989
Hall VL, Buchanan RB, Williams CJ. Comparison of toxicity of mitozantrone and doxorubicin when used in combination with vincristine and prednisolone for advanced breast cancer. Abstract. British Journal of Cancer 58(2): 263, 1988
Hansen SW, Nissen NI, Hansen MM, Hou-Jensen K, Pedersen-Bjergaard J. High activity of mitoxantrone in previously untreated low-grade lymphomas. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 22: 77–79, 1988
Harker WG, Slade DL, Dalton WS, Meltzer PS, Trent JM. Multi-drug resistance in mitoxantrone-selected HL-60 leukemia cells in the absence of P-glycoprotein overexpression. Cancer Research 49: 4542–4549, 1989
Harris AL, Cantwell BMJ, Carmichael J, Wilson R, Farndon J, et al. Comparison of short-term and continuous chemotherapy (mitozantrone) for advanced breast cancer. Lancet 335: 186–190, 1990
Hausmaninger H, Lehnert M, Steger G, Sevelda P, Michlmayr G, et al. Vindesine-epirubicin versus vindesine-mitoxantrone in metastatic breast cancer. Onkologie 12: 225–229, 1989
Hayward JL, Carbone PP, Heuson J-C, Kumaoka S, Segaloff A, et al. Assessment of response to therapy in advanced breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer 18: 89–94, 1977
Heidemann E, Steinke B, Hartlapp J, Schumacher K, Possinger K, et.-al. Randomized clinical trial comparing mitoxantrone with epirubicin and with doxorubicin, each combined with cyclophosphamide in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Onkologie 13: 24–27, 1990
Heinemann V, Murray D, Walters R, Meyn RE, Plunkett W. Mitoxantrone-induced DNA damage in leukemia cells is enhanced by treatment with high-dose arabinosylcytosine. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 22: 205–210, 1988
Heinz R, Baumgartner G, Waldner R, Fortelny A. Preliminary results of a new drug combination (VIM) in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Abstract 10. Congress of the Austrian and German Societies of Hematology and Oncology, p. 148, 1985
Hellmann K, Hutchinson GE, Henry K. Effect of high dose mitozantrone with Cronassial on the Lewis lung carcinoma and L1210leukaemia. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 5: 157–163, 1987
Henderson BM, Dougherty WJ, James VC, Tilley LP, Noble JF. Safety assessment of a new anticancer compound, mitoxantrone, in beagle dogs: comparison with doxorubicin. I. Clinical observations. Cancer Treatment Reports 66: 1139–1143, 1982
Henderson IC, Allegra JC, Woodcock T, Wolff S, Bryan S, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing mitoxantrone with doxorubicin in previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 7: 560–571, 1989
Henney JE, DeVita VT. Breast cancer. In Braunwald et al. (Eds) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 1lth ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1567–1574, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987
Herman TS. Effect of temperature on the cytotoxicity on vindesine, amsacrine, and mitoxantrone. Cancer Treatment Reports 67: 1019–1022, 1983
Hernandez R, Gibbons J, Fidler JM. B lymphocyte effects of mitoxantrone. Abstract 14. Agents and Actions 16: 606–607, 1985
Hibbs JB, Lambert LH, Remington JS. Possible role of macrophage mediated nonspecific cytotoxicity in tumour resistance. Nature New Biology 235: 48–50, 1972
Hiddemann W, Aul C, Maschmever G, Lathan B, Koppler H, Hoffmann R, et al. Age related randomized comparison of sequentially applied high-dose versus intermediate dose cytosine arabinoside in combination with mitoxantrone (S-HAM) in the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia: study design and preliminary results. Onkologie 12: 4–6, 1989
Hiddemann W, Büchner Th, Essink M, Koch O, Stenzinger W, et al. High-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone: preliminary results of a pilot study with sequential application (S- HAM) indicating a high antileükemic activity in refractory acute leukemias. Onkologie 11: 10–12, 1988
Hiddemann W, Buchner T, Heil G, Schumacher K, Diedrich H, et al. Treatment of refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults with high dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone (HAM). Leukemia 4: 637–640, 1990a
Hiddemann W, Kreutzmann H, Straif K, Ludwig W-D, Mertels-mann R, et al. High-dose cytosine arabinoside in combination with mitoxantrone for the treatment of refractory acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia. Seminars in Oncology 14: 73–77, 1987
Hiddemann W, Schmitz N, Pfreundschuh M, Pflüger K-H, Ollech-Chwoyka J, et al. Treatment of refractory Hodgkin’s disease with high-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone in combination. Results of a clinical phase II study of the German Hodgkin study group. Cancer 66: 838–843, 1990b
Hilgers RO, Von Hoff DD, Stephens RL, Boutselis JG. Mitoxantrone and advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 527–528, 1986
Hilgers RD, Von Hoff DD, Stephens RL, Boutselis JG, Rivkin SE. Mitoxantrone in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer Treatment Reports 69: 1329–1330, 1985
Hilgers RD, Rivkin SE, Von Hoff DD, Alberts DS. Mitoxantrone in epithelial carcinoma of the ovary: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. American Journal of Clinical Oncology — Cancer Clinical Trials 7: 499–501,1984
Hippe E, Clausen NAT, Gimsing P, Haedersdal C. Resistant multiple myeloma treated with mitoxantrone in combination with vincristine and prednisolone (NOP-regime). Correspondence. European Journal of Haematology 39: 88–89, 1987
Ho AD, Del Valle F, Rückle R, Schwammborn G, Schlimock N, et al. Mitoxantrone combined with high dose cytarabine for refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Effects of recombinant GM-CSF. Abstract 237. Investigational New Drugs 2: 408, 1989a
Ho AD, Del Valle F, Ruckle H, Schwammborn J, Schlimok G, et al. Mitoxantrone and high-dose cytarabine as salvage therapy for refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer 64: 1388–1392, 1989b
HoAD, Dörken B, Hunstein W. Treatment of refractory Hodgkin’s disease with mitoxantrone. Abstract P-22-30. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, p. 342, June 23- 28, 1985a
Ho AD, Del Valle F, Engelhard M, Hiddemann W, Ruckle H, et al. Mitoxantrone/high dose ara-C and recombinant human GM-CSF in the treatment of refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. A pilot study. Cancer 66: 423–430, 1990a
Ho AD, Haas R, Wulf G, Knauf W, Ehrhardt R, et al. Activation of lymphocytes induced by recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with malignant lymphoma. Blood 75: 203–212, 1990b
Ho AD, Lipp T, Ehninger G, Illiger H-J, Meyer P, et al. Combination of mitoxantrone and etoposide in refractory acute myelogenous leukemia — an active and well-tolerated regimen. Journal of Clinical Oncology 6: 213–217, 1988
Ho AD, Seither E, Ma DDF, Prentice HG. Mitozantrone-induced toxicity and DNA strand breaks in leukaemic cells. British Journal of Haematology 65: 51–55, 1987
HoAD, Seither E, Prentice HG. Evaluation of DNA strand breaks and its subsequent repair in leukemic cells for predicting response to a DNA intercalating agent (mitoxantrone). Abstract S-65-4. International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, Japan, p. 228, 23–28 June, 1985b
Hoffmann W, Wandt S, Janson R, Seeber S. Klinische Erfahrungen mit der intraarteriellen, angiographisch gesteuerten Chemotherapie von Lebermetastasen. Tumor Diagnostik und Therapie 11: 111–115,1990
Holmes FA, Yap H-Y, Esparza L, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide and 5-flourouracil in the treatment of hormonally unresponsive metastatic breast cancer. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl, 1): 28–31, 1984
Hørding U, Rose C, Jakobsen K, Dirksen H. Mitoxantrone in advanced cervical carcinoma: a phase II study in patients not previously treated with chemotherapy. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 1239–1240, 1986
Howson-Jan K, Claxton D, Brox A. VP-16/mitoxantrone in the treatment of refractory acute myelogenous leukaemia. In Bonadonna G (Ed.) Clinical progress of mitoxantrone. Royal Society of Medicine Services International Congress and Symposium Series No. 110, pp. 43–46, Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited, 1987
Hulhoven R, Dumont E, Harvengt C. Plasma kinetics of mitoxantrone in leukemic patients. Medical Oncology and Tumour Pharmacotherapy 1: 201–204, 1984
Iatropoulos MJ. Anthracycline cardiomyopathy: predictive value of animal models. Cancer Treatment Symposia 3: 3–17, 1984
Inoue K, Fujimoto S, Ogawa M. Antitumour efficacy of seventeen anticancer drugs in human breast cancer xenograft (MX-1) transplanted in nude mice. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 10: 182–186, 1983
Ito Y, Hoshino A, Ohara K, Kamiya O, Nagata K, et al. The effects of combination chemotherapy M-VEMFH including mitoxantrone (MXN) for advanced breast cancer. Abstract P-29-44. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, Japan, p. 377, 23–28 June 1985
James V, Chiccarelli F, Dougherty W, Hall C, Henderson B, et al. Preclinical toxicology studies on mitoxantrone and bisantrene. In Rozencweig M et al. (Eds) New anticancer drugs: mitoxantrone and bisantrene, pp. 47–69, Raven Press, New York, 1983
Jamison JM, Krabill K, Flowers DG, Tsai C-C. Enhancement of the antiviral activity of poly r(A-U) by ametantrone and mitoxantrone. Life Sciences 46: 653–661, 1990
Janmohammed R, Milligan DW. Mitoxantrone induced congestive heart failure in patients previously treated with anthracyclines. British Journal of Haematology 71: 292–293, 1989
Jelliffe AM. A review of BNLI patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and the place of novantrone with LEPP in the management of unfit patients. Proceedings of the 2nd UK Novantrone Symposium, pp. 95–105, 1986
Jensen PB, Vindeløv L, Roed H, Demant EJF, Sehested M, et al. In vitro evaluation of the potential of aclarubicin in the treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL). British Journal of Cancer 60: 838–844, 1989
Johnson P. Intra-arterial administration of novantrone and its use in the treatment of hepatoma. Proceedings of the 2nd UK Novantrone Symposium, pp. 131–134, 1986
Johnson RK, Zee-Cheng RK-Y, Lee WW, Acton EM, Henry DW, et al. Experimental antitumor activity of aminoanthraquinones. Cancer Treatment Reports 63: 425–439, 1979
Jones L, Cotter FE, Lord D, Newland AC. Phase 2 study of mitozantrone in combination with chlorambucil and prednisolone for relapsed and refractory non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Hematological Oncology 8: 41–45, 1990
Jones S, Gams R, Case D, Stein R, Stuart J, et al. Mitoxantrone in malignant lymphomas: results of a multi-centre phase II trial. Abstract. 3rd European Conference on Clinical Oncology and Cancer, Stockholm, p. 8, 1985a
Jones SE, Dean JC, Young LA, Salmon SE. The human tumor clonogenic assay in human breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 3: 92–97, 1985b
Juvekar AS, Chitnis MP, Advani SH. In vitro modulation of adriamycin and mitoxantrone cytotoxicity by hyperthermia and diazepam, in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Neoplasma 34: 199–204, 1987
Juvekar AS, Chitnis MP, Adwankar MK, Advani SH. Effect of mitoxantrone on human chronic myeloid leukemia cells in vitro, combined with hyperthermia. Neoplasma 33: 447–482, 1986
Kaminer LS, Choi KE, Daley KM, Larson RA. Continuous infusion mitoxantrone in relapsed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 65: 2619–2623, 1990
Kantarjian HM, Walters RL, Keating MJ, Estey EH, O’Brien S, et al. Mitoxantrone and high-dose cytosine arabinoside for the treatment of refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 65: 5–8, 1990
Kantarjian HM, Walters RS, Keating MJ, Talpaz M, Andersson B, et al. Treatment of the blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia with mitoxantrone and high-dose cytosine arabinoside. Cancer 62: 672–676, 1988
Kaplan L, Volberding PA. Failure (and danger) of mitozantrone in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Correspondence. Lancet 2: 396, 1985
Kappos L, Gold R, Künstler E, Rohrbach E, Heun R, et al. Mitoxantrone (Mx) in the treatment of rapidly progressive MS: a pilot study with serial gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced MRI. Abstract 539P. Neurology 40 (Suppl. 1): 261, 1990
Kapuscinski J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Interactions of antitumor agents ametantrone and mitoxantrone (Novatrone) with double-stranded DNA. Biochemical Pharmacology 34: 4203–4213, 1985
Kapuscinski J, Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Melamed MR. Interactions of a new antitumor agent, l,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-ethyl]amino]-9, 10-anthracenedione, with nucleic acids. Biochemical Pharmacology 30: 231–240,1981
Kars A, Baltali K, Tekuzman G, Firat D, Alakavuklar M. Mitoxantrone plus tamoxifen vs tamoxifen alone in menopausal advanced breast cancer patients. Abstract 366. 6th Mediterranean Congress of Chemotherapy, Italy, p. 17, 1988
Kaufmann M, Manegold C, Schmid H, Kubli F. Phase-II study of mitoxantrone and prednimustine in advanced breast cancer. In Bonadonna G (Ed.) Clinical progress with mitoxantrone. Royal Society of Medicine Services International Congress and Symposium Series 110, pp. 17–25, Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited, 1987
Keller JW, Omura GA, Gams RA, Bartolucci AA. Weekly mitoxantrone therapy of Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, A Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. American Journal of Clinical Oncology — Cancer Clinical Trials 10: 194–195, 1987
Kharasch ED, Novak RF. Mitoxantrone and ametantrone inhibit hydroperoxide-dependent initiation and propagation reactions in fatty acid peroxidation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260: 10645–10652, 1985
Khoury GG. Local tissue damage as a result of extravasation of mitozantrone. Correspondence. British Medical Journal 292: 802, 1986
Kimura I, Ohnoshi T, Masaoka T, Sampi K, Namba K. Mitoxantrone-containing combination chemotherapy for patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. (In Japanese) Japanese Journal of Cancer Chemotherapy 13: 3034–3039, 1986
Knight WA, Von Hoff DD, Neidhart JA, Tranum BL, Fabian C, et al. Mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer: a phase II trial of the Southwest Oncology Group. Investigational New Drugs 1: 181–184, 1983
Kober F, Heiss A, Keminger K, Depisch D. Chemotherapie hochmalings Schilddrusentumore. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 102:274–276,1990
Kokron O, Maca S. Mitoxantrone (Novantrone®) in treatment of inoperable non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Abstract P-22-29. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, p. 341, June 23–28, 1985
Kolodziejczyk P, Reszka K, Lown JW. Enzymatic oxidative activation and transformation of the antitumor agent mitoxantrone. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 5: 13–25, 1988
Koppensteiner R, Minar E, Marosi L, Ehringer H. Survival following an extremely high-dose of mitoxantrone in a 73-year-old female with small cell bronchial carcinoma. Correspondence. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 114: 324, 1988
Kowal CD, Bertino JR. Possible benefits of hyperthermia to chemotherapy. Cancer Research 39: 2285–2289, 1979
Kramer BS, Gams R, Birch R, Einhorn L, Buchanan R. Phase II evaluation of mitoxantrone in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Cancer Treatment Reports 68: 1295–1296, 1984
Krehmeier C, Zühlsdorf M, Büchner Th, Hiddemann W. Synergistic cytotoxicity of cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone for K562 and CFU-GM. Haematology and Blood Transfusion 33: 129–132, 1990
Krulder JWM, Haak HL. Mitoxantrone, VM-26, chlorambucil and prednisone in refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Abstract. 4th International Symposium on Therapy of Acute Leukemias, Rome, p. 21, 1987
Kuhn K, Purea H, Selbach J, Westerhausen M. Treatment with locally applied mitoxantrone. Acta Medica Austriaca 16: 87–90, 1989
Kumar L, Kochipillai V. Mitoxantrone induced hyperpigmentation. New Zealand Medical Journal 103: 55, 1990
Lai K-H, Tsai Y-T, Lee S-D, Ng W-W, Teng H-C, et ai. Phase 11 study of mitoxantrone in unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma following hepatitis B infection. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 23: 54–56, 1989
Lakhani AK, Zuiable AG, Pollard CM, Milne A, Treleaven J, et al. Paraplegia after intrathecal mitozantrone. Correspondence. Lancet 2: 1393, 1986
Landys KE. Mitoxantrone in combination with prednimustine in treatment of unfavorable non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Investigational New Drugs 6: 105–113, 1988
Landys K, Borgstrom S, Andersson T, Noppa H. Mitoxantrone as a first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer. Investigational New Drugs 3: 133–137, 1985
Laporte JP, Gorin NC, Lemonnier MP, Isnard F, Najman A. A new combination of two intercalating agents (mitoxantrone + daunomycin) in adult refractory acute leukemia: the DON protocol. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 22: 344–346, 1988
Larson RA, Daly KM, Choi KE, Han DS, Sinkule JA. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study of mitoxantrone in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 5: 391–397, 1987
Laster Jr WR, Witt MH, Schabel Jr FM. Therapeutic synergism (TS) of N-(4-(9-acridinylamino)-3-methoxyphenyl]methanesulfonamide (m-AMSA) or l,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis [[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9,10-anthracenedione (DiOHA) plus cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cis-DDPt) against P388/ 0 leukemia. Abstract 1086. Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research 21: 271, 1980
Lathan B, Von Hoff DD, Elslager E. Use of a human tumor cloning system to evaluate analogs of methotrexate and mitoxantrone. Cancer Treatment Reports 68: 733–738, 1984
Launay M-C, Iliadis A, Richard B. Population pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone performed by a NONMEM method. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 78: 877–880, 1989
Lawton F, Blackledge G, Mould J, Latief T, Watson R, et al. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 627–629, 1987
Lawton FG, Redman CWE, Luesley DM, Chan KK, Blackledge G. Neoadjuvant (cytoreductive) chemotherapy combined with intervention debulking surgery in advanced, unresected epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstetrics and Gynecology 73: 61–65, 1989
Lawton PA, Ostrowski MJ, Young T, Spittle MF. Efficacy and toxicity of single agent chemotherapy in advanced breast carcinomas. Abstract. British Journal of Cancer 61; 177, 1990
Lazzarino M, Morra E, Alessandrino EP, Orlandi E, Pagnucco G, et al. Mitoxantrone and etoposide: an effective regimen for refractory or relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia. European Journal of Haematology 43: 411–416, 1989
Leiby JM, Unverfurth DV, Neidhart JA. High-dose mitoxantrone in metastatic breast cancer: a phase I-II trial. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 899–901, 1986
Lejeune C, Tubiana N, Gastaut JA, Maraninchi D, Richard B, et al. High-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone in previously-treated acute leukemia patients. European Journal of Haematology 44: 240–243, 1990
LeMaistre CF, Herzig R. Mitoxantrone: potential for use in intensive therapy. Seminars in Oncology 17 (Suppl. 3): 43–48, 1990
Lenzhofer R, Rainer H, Schuster R, Dudczak R, Dittrich C. Mitoxantrone as a single agent and in combination with cyclo-phosphamide in metastasizing breast cancer. Abstract P-29-42. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, Japan, p. 377, 23–28 June 1985
Lenzhofer R, Rainer H, Schuster R, Pirker P, Dudczak R, et al. Mitoxantrone zur Erstbehandlung des metastasierten Mammakarzinoms. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 96: 319–326, 1984
Leonard RCF, Cornbleet MA, Kaye SB, Soukop M, White G, et al. Mitoxantrone versus doxorubicin in combination chemotherapy for advanced carcinoma of the breast. Journal of Clinical Oncology 5: 1056–1063, 1987
Lev L, Biran S, Chaitchik S, Brenner H, Robinson E, An Israeli National Study. Mitoxantrone, methotrexate, 5-flourouracil versus cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-flourouracil as first line therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Abstract 175. Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy 23 (Suppl.): A44, 1986
Levi JA, Gill PG, Presgrave P. A phase II study of mitoxantrone in advanced gastric cancer. Investigational New Drugs 8: 305–306, 1990
Levin M, Pandya KJ, Khandekar JD, Horton J, Glick JH, et al. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Pilot Study. Cancer Treatment Reports 68: 1511–1512, 1984
Levine S, Gherson J. Morphologic effects of mitoxantrone and a related anthracenedione on lymphoid tissues. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 8: 999–1007, 1986
Levine S, Saltzman A. Regional suppression, therapy after onset and prevention of relapses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by mitoxantrone. Journal of Neuroimmunology 13: 175–181, 1986
Leyden M, Cheng Z-M, Collins J, Russell I, Andrews J, et al. Mitoxantrone treatment in advanced breast cancer. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 54: 21–24, 1984
Link H, Freund M, Diedrich H, Wilke H, Austein J, et al. Mitoxantrone, cytosine arabinoside, and VP-16 in 36 patients with relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Haematology and Blood Transfusion 33: 322, 1990
Loeffler T, Freund W. Pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone intraperitoneal. Abstract 694. Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research 27: 175, 1986
Longueville J. Mitoxantrone: review of effectiveness and side effects. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Senology, Belgium, pp. 343–363, 1985
Lorusso V, Brandi M, Berardi F, Pellecchia A, De Lena M. Ifosfamide e mitoxantrone nella terapia di salvataggio dei linfomi non-hodgkin (NHL). Abstract 324. Tumori 75 (Suppl. 4): 104, 1989
Lown JW, Hanstock CC. High field H-NMR analysis of the 1: 1 intercalation complex of the antitumor agent mitoxantrone and the DNA duplex [d(CpGpCpG)]. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 2: 1097–1106, 1985
Lown JW, Hanstock CC, Bradley RD, Scraba DG. Interactions of the antitumor agents mitoxantrone and bisantrene with deoxyribonucleic acids studied by electron microscopy. Molecular Pharmacology 25: 178–184, 1984
Lown JW, Morgan AR, Yen S-F, Wang Y-H, Wilson WD. Characteristics of the binding of the anticancer agents mitoxantrone and ametantrone and related structures to deoxyribonucleic acids. Biochemistry 24: 4028–4035, 1985
Lu K, Savaraj N, Loo LT. Pharmacological disposition of 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis([2-[(2-hydroxymethyl)amino]ethyl]amino)-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride in the dog. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 13: 63–66, 1984
Lublin FD, Lavasa M, Viti C, Knobler RL. Suppression of acute and relapsing experimental allergic ericephalomyelitis with mitoxantrone. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 45: 122–128, 1987
Manandhar M, Cheng M, Iatropoulos MJ, Noble JF. Genetic toxicology profile of the new antineoplastic drug mitoxantrone in the mammalian test systems. Arzneimittel-Forschung Drug Research 36: 1375–1379, 1986
Marcellino LR, Bandini M, Chiappini L, Bizzarri M. Preliminary results with mitoxantrone therapy in primary liver cancer. Abstract 303. 6th Mediterranean Congress of Chemotherapy, Italy, p. 19, 1988
Marcellino LR, Bizzarri M. Mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer refractory to previous Chemotherapie treatment. Abstract 430. 6th Mediterranean Congress of Chemotherapy, Italy, p. 26,vl988 Markman M, George M, Hakes T, Reichman B, Hoskins W, et al. Phase II trial of intraperitoneal mitoxantrone in the management of refractory ovarian cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 8: 146–150, 1990
Marmor JB. Interactions of hyperthermia and chemotherapy in animals. Cancer Research 39: 2269–2276, 1979
Martoni A, Rani P, Ercolino L, Canova N, Pannuti F. Mitoxantrone, 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide in advanced breast cancer. Chemioterapia 7: 345–349, 1988
Masaoka T, Shibata H, Oguma S, Nagai K, Kitani T, et al. A phase II study of mitoxantrone in acute leukemia. Investigational New Drugs 3: 197–201,1985
Mattox DE, Clark GM, Balcerzak SP, O’Bryan RM, Oishi N, et al. Southwest Oncology Group study of mitoxantrone for treatment of patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Investigational New Drugs 2: 405–497, 1984
Mattox DE, Von Hoff DD, Balcerzak SP. Southwest Oncology Group study of mitoxantrone for treatment of patients with advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Investigational New Drugs 8: 105–107, 1990
McDonald DB, Abu-Zahra H, Yoshida S, Binder H. Mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide in advanced breast cancer: a pilot study. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl. 1): 19–22, 1984a
McDonald DB, Abu-Zahra H, Yoshida S, Binder H. Novantrone and cyclophosphamide in advanced breast cancer. Abstract. New perspectives in chemotherapy: focus on Novantrone, Feb 1984, Toronto, p. 13, 1984b
McMillan AK, Goldstone AH, Linch DC, Gribben JG, Patterson KG, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 76: 480–488, 1990
Meloni G, De Fabritiis P, Pulsoni A, Sandrelli A, Giona F, et al. Results of two different conditioning regimens followed by ABMT in refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 74: 67–70, 1989
Mergenthaler H-G, Brühl P, Ehninger G, Heidemann E. Comparative in vitro toxicity of mitoxantrone and adriamycin in human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 20: 8–12, 1987
Merkle E, Fuchs U, Bahr I, Wirtz PM, Tulusan AH, et al. Kombinationstherapie des metastasierten Mammakarzinoms mit Mitoxantron, Cyclophosphamid und 5-Fluorouracil. Tumor Diagnostik und Therapie 11: 162–166, 1990
Mertelsmann R, Fuhr HG, Burkert M, Herrmann F. Mitoxantrone and high-dose cytosine-arabinoside for remission induction in refractory and previously untreated acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Abstract. 4th International Symposium on Therapy on Acute Leukemias, Rome, p. 23, 1987
Milpied N, Gisselbrecht C, Harousseau J-L, Sebbon C, Witz F, et al. Successful treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia after relapse with prednisone, intermediate-dose cytarabine, mitoxantrone, and etoposide (PAME) chemotherapy. Cancer 66: 627–631, 1990
Mimnaugh EG, Trush MA, Ginsburg E, Gram TE. Differential effects of anthracycline drugs on rat heart and liver microsomal reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent lipid peroxidation. Cancer Research 42: 3574–3582, 1982
Miser JS, Malspeis L, Staubus AE, Guest RT, Neidhart JA. Plasma pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone in pédiatrie patients. Abstract 521. Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research, p32, 1983
Misset J-L, Metz R, Gil-Delgado M, Keiling R, Cappelaere P, et al. Mitoxantrone combined with vincristine, cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil for advanced breast cancer: a study of short-term response rate. Anticancer Research 7: 737–740, 1987
Moore JO, Olsen GA. Mitoxantrone in the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute leukemia. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl. 1): 41–46, 1984
Moules IK. Clinical tolerance of novantrone. Proceedings of the 2nd UK Novantrone Symposium, pp. 145–151, 1986
Mouridsen HT, Andersson M, Pedersen L. Combined cytotoxic and endocrine treatment of postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer: preliminary results of a phase II study of the combination of prednimustine, novantrone, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and tamoxifen. Seminars in Oncology 13 (Suppl. 1): 39–41, 1986
Mouridsen HT, Cornbleet M, Stuart-Harris R, Smith I, Coleman R, et al. Mitoxantrone as first-line chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer: results of a collaborative European study. Investigational New Drugs 3: 139–148, 1985
Mouridsen HT, Rose C, Nooy MA, van Oosterom AT. Mitoxantrone as first line cytotoxic therapy in advanced breast cancer: preliminary results of a phase II study. Cancer Treatment Reviews 10 (Suppl. B): 47–52, 1983
Muggia FM, Carter SK. Malignant diseases. In Speight TM (Ed.) Avery’s drug treatment. Principles and practice of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 3rd ed., pp. 1023–1077, ADIS Press, New Zealand, 1987
Mulder POM, Sleijfer DT, Willemse PHB, de Vries EGE, Uges DRA, et al. High-dose cyclophosphamide or melphalan with excalating doses of mitoxantrone and autologous bone marrow transplantation for refractory solid tumors. Cancer Research 49: 4654–4658, 1989
Müller H, Aigner KR. Die isolierte Beckenperfusion (IPP) zur Behandlung primär inoperabler Beckentumaren. Klinische une pharmakokinetische Ergebnisse. Tumor Diagnostik und Therapie 11: 175–179, 1990
Murdock KC, Child RG, Fabio PF, Angier RB, Wallace RE, et al. Antitumor agents. I. l,4-bis[(aminoalkyl)amino]-9,10-anthracenediones. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 22: 1024–1030, 1979
Murillo E, Moreno JA, Duque A, Guillem V, Herranz C, et al. Randomized comparison of cyclosphosphamide — mitoxantrone (CN) vs. cyclophosphamide — doxorubicin (CA) as first line therapy in advanced breast cancer. Abstract 637. 3rd European Conference Clinical Oncology and Cancer, Stockholm, p. 166, 1985
Murray M, Coppin C, MacDermaid T. Mitoxantrone as first line chemotherapy for metastatic prostate cancer: preliminary phase II results. Abstract S-l-6. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, Japan, June 23–25, p. 97, 1985
Murray EF, Wallace RE. CL 232,315 (NSC 301739) 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-ethyl]amino]9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride: a novel antitumor agent. In Anthracyclines: current status and new developments, pp. 397–402, Academic Press Inc., New York, USA, 1980
Musch E, Mackes KG, Bode U, Peiss J, Werner A. Intrapleurale Applikation von Mitoxantron zur Behandlung ausgedehnter Pleuraergüsse bei metastasiertem Mamma-Ca. Praxis Klinische Pneumologie 41: 752–753, 1987
Musch E, Mackes KG, Hartlapp JH, Peis J, Ammon J. Intrapleural mitoxantrone for treatment of malignant pleural effusion in metastatic breast cancer. Abstract 132. Blut 53: 205–206, 1986
Musch E, Paar WD, Hoffmann B, Seitzer D, Chemassani A, et al. Intrapleurale Instillation von Mitoxantron zur Palliativ-Therapie maligner Pleuraergüsse. Tumor Diagnostik und Therapie 10: 64–71, 1989
Muss HB, Bundy BN, Adcock L, Beecham J. Mitoxantrone in the treatment of advanced uterine sarcoma. A phase II trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. American Journal of Clinical Oncology — Cancer Clinical Trials 13: 32–34, 1990
Muss HB, Bundy BN, DiSaia PJ, Ehrlich CE. Mitoxantrone for carcinoma of the endometrium: a phase II trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 217–218, 1987
Muss HB, Bundy BN, Christopherson WA. Mitoxantrone in the treatment of advanced vulvar and vaginal carcinoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 12(2): 142–144, 1989
Muss HB, Ehrlich CE, Asbury R, Graham J, Bundy B. Mitoxantrone (NSC-301739) in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. A phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 7: 737–739, 1984
Muss HB, Sutton G.P, Bundy B, Hatch KD. Mitoxantrone (NSC 301739) in patients with advanced cervical carcinoma. A phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. American Journal of Clinical Oncology — Cancer Clinical Trials 8: 312–315, 1985
Nachtman JP, Roginski ET, Banning JW, Wormser HC, Abramson HN, et al. DNA binding, cardiac Superoxide production and cytotoxicity of daunomycin analogs. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 47: 73–83, 1985
Neidhart JA, Gochnour D, Roach R, Hoth D, Young D. A comparison of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin in breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 4: 672–677, 1986
Nelson EM, Tewey KM, Liu LF. Mechanism of antitumor drug action: poisoning of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II on DNA by 4′-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-anisidide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 81: 1361–1365, 1984
Neri B, Cini-Neri G, D’Alterio M. Effect of anthracyclines and mitoxantrone on oxygen uptake and ATP intracellular concentration in rat heart slices. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 125: 954–960, 1984
Nishio A, DeFeo F, Cheng CC, Uyeki EM. Sister-chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberrations by DHAQ and related anthraquinone derivatives in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutation Research 101: 77–86, 1982
Nishio A, Uyeki EM. Cellular uptake and inhibition of DNA synthesis by dihydroxyanthraquinone and two analogues. Cancer Research 43: 1951–1956, 1983
Northcott M, Sewell G, Allsopp M, Rowland CG. Pharmacokinetic studies on mitozantrone in prolonged continuous infusion regimens. Abstract. British Journal of Cancer 61: 536, 1990
Nortier JWR, Neijt JP, Bleeker PA, Meeuwissen OJATh, van Kessel D, et al. Mitoxantrone, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (MMF) in hormone-refractory advanced breast cancer. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 35: 225–231, 1989
Novak RF, Kharasch ED. Mitoxantrone: propensity for free radical formation and lipid peroxidation — implications for cardiotoxicity. Investigational New Drugs 3: 95–99, 1985
O’Brien MER, Eccles DM, Allen SG, Knight G, Rodger A, et al. Mitozantrone (M) and prednimustine (P) in advanced breast cancer (BC). Abstract. British Journal of Cancer 60: 457, 1989
Ogawa M. Phase II trials of mitoxantrone in Japan. Abstract WS-13-3. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, June 23–28, p. 57, 1985
Ohnoshi T, Hayashi K, Ueno K, Murashima M, Tada A, et al. Diffuse non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. (In Japanese) Japanese Journal of Hematology 30(8): 1201–1204, 1989
Ohnoshi T, Hayashi K, Ueoka H, Yamane T, Ueno K, et al. Salvage chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with a combination of mitoxantrone, etoposide, cisplatin, and prednisolone. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 639–641, 1987
Ohnuma T, Arkin H, Holland JF. Effects of cell density on drug-induced cell kill kinetics in vitro (inoculum effect). British Journal of Cancer 54: 415–421, 1986
OKunewick JP, Buffo MJ, Kociban DL. Comparative toxicity of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin on hematopoietic stem cells. Experimental Hematology 13 (Suppl. 16): 23–30, 1985
Osborae CK, Cowan JD, Neidhart JA, Loveless H, Von Hoff DD, et al. The Southwest Oncology Group randomized trial of Novantrone®, Adriamycin®, and bisantrene in advanced breast cancer. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Current Status of Novantrone, pp. 55–58, Mar 21–24, 1985
Osborne CK, Drelichman A, Von Hoff DD, Crawford ED. Mitoxantrone: modest activity in a phase II trial in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Treatment Reports 67: 1133–1135, 1983
Osswald H, Youssef M. Overadditive synergism between the intercalators mitoxantrone and lucanthone in advanced L 1210 and P 388 leukemia. Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 111: 137–140, 1986
Ostrowski MJ. Single agent study of novantrone in breast cancer. Proceedings of the 2nd UK Novantrone Symposium, pp. 57–63, 1986
Pacelli R, Scala S, Iaffaioli RV, Pepe S, Tagliaferri P, et al. Dati prelinari sull’attivatá in vitro dell’a2r IFN e del mitoxantrone su linee cellulane tumorali umane resistenti alia doxorubicina. Abstract 465. Tumori 75 (Suppl. 4): 158, 1989
Paciucci PA, Crown JC, Holland JF. Mitoxantrone, vincristine, and dexamethasone in patients with refractory lymphoma. American Journal of Clinical Oncology — Cancer Clinical Trials 12: 327–331, 1989
Paciucci PA, Cuttner J, Holland JF. Mitoxantrone as a single agent and in combination chemotherapy in patients with refractory acute leukemia. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl. 1): 36–40, 1984
Paciucci PA, Cuttner J, Holland JF. Sequential intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone for patients with relapsed and refractory acute myelocytic leukemia. American Journal of Hematology 35: 22–25, 1990a
Paciucci PA, Davis RB, Holland JF, Martelo O, Schiffer CA. Mitoxantrone and constant infusion etoposide for relapsed and refractory acute myelocytic leukemia. American Journal of Clinical Oncology Cancer Clinical Trials 13: 516–519, 1990b
Paciucci PA, Dutcher JP, Cuttner J, Strauman JJ, Wiernik PH, et al. Mitoxantrone and Ara-C in previously treated patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia 1: 565–567, 1987
Palmieri RN, De Sena G, Cimmino L, Gridelli C, Incoronato P, et al. Il mitoxantrone nel trattomento deU’epatocarcinoma inoperable. Abstract 93. Tumori 75 (Suppl. 4): 35, 1989
Periti P, Pannuti F, Robustelli della Cuna G, De Lena M, Pellegrini A, et al. First-line combination chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil in advanced breast cancer. In Bonadonna G (Ed.) Clinical progress with mitoxantrone. Royal Society of Medicine Services International Congress and Symposium Series 110, pp. 9–16, Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited, 1987
Periti P, Robustelli della Cuna G, Pannuti F, Mazzei T, Preti P, et al. First-line combination chemotherapy with mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide in advanced breast cancer. Investigational New Drugs 3: 167–171, 1985
Perkins WE, Schroeder RL, Carrano RA, Imondi AR. Myocardial effects of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin in the mouse and guinea pig. Cancer Treatment Reports 68: 841–847, 1984
Peters FTM, Beijnen JH, ten Bokkei Huinink WW. Mitoxantrone extravasation injury. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 992–993, 1987
Phillips JK, Spearing RL. Resistant multiple myeloma treated with mitozantrone in combination with vincristine and dexamethasone (MOD). Correspondence. European Journal of Haematology 40: 378–379, 1988
Plumbridge TW, Knight V, Patel KL, Brown JR. Mechanism of DNA-binding of some aminoalkylamino-derivatives of anthraquinone and naphthacenequinone. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 32: 78–80, 1980
Poirier TI. Mitoxantrone. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 20: 97–105, 1986
Polverini PJ, Novak RF. Inhibition of angiotensin by the anti-neoplastic agents mitoxantrone and bisantrene. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 140: 901–907, 1986
Posner LE, Dukart G, Golberg J, Bernstein T, Cartwright K. Mitoxantrone: an overview of safety and toxicity. Investigational New Drugs 3: 123–132, 1985
Possinger K, Goldmann U, Jaspers L, Sauer H, Wilmanns W. First-line treatment with vincristine (V), mitoxantrone (M) and cyclophosphamide (C) in patients with advanced breast cancer. Abstract S-65-8. 14th International Congress on Chemotherapy, Kyoto, 23–28 June, p. 228, 1985
Powles TJ, Ashley SE, Forgeson GV, O’Keeffe AP, Richards LJ, et al. Treatment of advanced breast cancer with mitomycin-C, mitoxantrone and methotrexate (3M) compared to vincristine, anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (VAC). In Bonadonna G. (Ed.) Clinical progress with mitoxantrone. Royal Society of Medicine Services International Congress and Symposium Series 110, pp. 1–7, Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited, 1987
Pratt CB, Vietti TJ, Etcubanas E, Sexauer C, Krance RA, et al. Novantrone for childhood malignant solid tumors. A pediatric oncology group phase II study. Investigational New Drugs 4: 43–48, 1986
Prentice HG, Robbins G, Ma DDF, Ho AD. Mitoxantrone in relapsed and refractory acute leukemia. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl. 1): 32–35, 1984
Presant CA, Gams R, Bartolucci A, Southeastern Cancer Study Group. Mitoxantrone in malignant melanoma. Cancer Treatment Reports 68: 903–905, 1984a
Presant CA, Gams R, Bartolucci AA, Southeastern Cancer Study Group. Treatment of metastatic sarcomas with mitoxantrone. Cancer Treatment Reports 68: 813–814, 1984b
Pronzato P, Ardizzoni A, Conte PF, Gulisano M, Lionetto R, et al. A phase II study of mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer. Chemioterapia 5: 150–153, 1986
Quigley M, Brada M, Heron C, Horwich A. Severe lung toxicity with a weekly low dose chemotherapy regimen in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Hematological Oncology 6: 319–324, 1988
Quirt I, Eisenhauer E, Bramwell V, Knowling M, Grafton C, et al. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in untreated and previously minimally treated patients with metastatic soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 1109–1110, 1987
Raghavan D, Coates A, Friedlander M, Woods RL, Levi J, et al. Mitoxantrone: progress in a phase II trial in Sydney, Australia. Abstract. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 1: 10, 1982
Rees GJG. The comparative toxicity of epirubicin and novantrone. Proceedings of the 2nd UK Novantrone Symposium, pp. 65–67, 1986
Reszka K, Hartley JA, Kolodziejczyk P, Lown JW. Interaction of the peroxidase-derived metabolite of mitoxantrone with nucleic acids. Evidence for covalent binding of l4 C-labeled drug. Biochemical Pharmacology 38: 4253–4260, 1989
Reymann A, Arps H, Dietel M, Schaefer B, Woermann C. Reduced mitoxantrone contents in a mitoxantrone-resistant gastric carcinoma cell line unrelated to the multidrug-resistance phenotype. Abstract 162. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 341 (Suppl): R41, 1990
Richardson CL, Roboz J, Holland JF. Competitive fluorescence polarization study of the binding of l,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl) amino]ethyl]amino] 9-10-anthracenedione to DNA. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 27: 497–506, 1980
Ridge SC, Sloboda AE, McReynolds RA, Levine S, Oronsky AL, et al. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by mitoxantrone. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 35: 35–42, 1985
Ritter J, Creutzig U, Henze G, Jürgens H, Bode U, et al. Hochdosiertes ARA-C in Kombination mit Mitoxantron bei der Therapie der AML im Kindesalter. Erste Ergebnisse der AML-Rezidivstudie BFM-85. Onkologie 10: 24–27, 1987
Roberts RA, Cress AE, Dalton WS. Persistent intracellular binding of mitoxantrone in a human colon carcinoma cell line. Biochemical Pharmacology 38: 4283–4290, 1989
Robertson JFR, Williams MR, Todd JH, Blarney RW. Mitoxantrone — a useful palliative therapy in advanced breast cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology — Cancer Clinical Trials 12: 393–396, 1989
Roboz J, Richardson CL, Holland JF. Comparison of the interaction of antineoplastic aminoanthraquinone analogs with DNA using competitive fluorescence polarization. Life Sciences 31: 25–30, 1982
Robustelli della Cuna G, Pavesi L, Preti P, Baroni M. Mitoxantrone in advanced solid tumors: status of the art and perspectives. New Trends in the Therapy of Leukaemia and Lymphoma 3: 77–84, 1988
Roninson IB, Chin JE, Choi K, Gros P, Housman DE, et al. Isolation of human mdr DNA sequences amplified in multidrug-resistant KB carcinoma cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 83: 4538–4542, 1986
Roos G. Mitoxantrone sensitivity of human hematopoietic cell lines. Leukemia Research 11: 519–524, 1987
Rosenberg LJ, Hittelman WN. Direct and indirect clastogenic activity of anthracenedione in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Research 43: 3270–3275, 1983
Runge H-M, Meerpohl HG, Pfleiderer A. Mitoxantrone therapy of advanced adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: a phase II trial. Onkologie 12: 102–113, 1989
Safa AR, Ballou RJ, Tseng MT. Growth and ultrastructural responses of T-47D human breast tumor cells to treatment with mitoxantrone. Cancer Detection and Prevention 8: 455–464, 1985
Safa AR, Chegini N, Tseng MT. Influence of mitoxantrone on nucleic acid synthesis on the T-47D breast tumor cell line. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 22: 111–120, 1983
Salmon SE, Meyskens Jr FL, Alberts DS, Soehnlen B, Young L. New drugs in ovarian cancer and malignant melanoma: in vitro phase II screening with the human tumor stem cell assay. Cancer Treatment Reports 65: 1–2, 1981
Samir Motawy M, Salfiti R, Khalifa F, Fayyaz S, Baker H. Experience with combinations containing mitoxantrone in the treatment of adult acute leukemias. Journal of Chemotherapy 1: 123–127, 1989
Sampi K, Honda T, Hayashi Y, Hattori M. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in patients with hematological malignancy. (In Japanese) Japanese Journal of Cancer Chemotherapy 10: 1538–1539, 1983
Sampi K, Ogawa M, Kimura I, Ohnoshi T, Yamada K, et al. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in patients with relapsed and refractory acute leukemia. (In Japanese) Japanese Journal of Cancer Chemotherapy 13: 3021–3027, 1986
Sanz MA, Martinez J, Borrego D, Martin-Aragonés G, Lorenzo I, et al. High-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone in high-risk acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Seminars in Oncology 14 (Suppl. 1): 18–20, 1987
Sarosdy MF, Lamm DL, Radwin HM, Von Hoff DD. Clonogenic assay and in vitro chemosensitivity testing of human urologic malignancies. Cancer 50: 1332–1338, 1982
Satyamoorthy K, Chitnis MP, Pradhan SG, Advani SH. Modulation of mitoxantrone cytotoxicity by verapamil in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Oncology 46: 128–131, 1989
Savaraj N, Lu K, Manuel V, Loo TL. Pharmacology of mitoxantrone in cancer patients. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 8: 113–117, 1982
Schabel Jr FM, Corbett TH, Griswold Jr DP, Laster Jr WR, Trader MW. Therapeutic activity of mitoxantrone and ametantrone against murine tumors. Cancer Treatment Reviews 10 Suppl. B): 13–21, 1983a
Schabel Jr FM, Skipper HE, Trader MW, Brockman RW, Laster Jr WR, et al. Drug control of Ara-C-resistant tumor cells. Medical and Pédiatrie Oncology (Suppl. 1): 125–148, 1982
Schabel Jr FM, Skipper HE, Trader MW, Laster Jr WR, Griswold Jr DP, et al. Establishment of cross-resistance profiles for new agents. Cancer Treatment Reports 67: 905–922, 1983b
Schlumberger M, Parmentier C. Phase II evaluation of mitoxantrone in advanced non-anaplastic thyroid cancer. Bulletin du Cancer 76: 403–406, 1989
Schneider T, Kupiec-Wezlinski JW, Towpik E, Kang BS, Durr FE, et al. Mitoxantrone — an immunosuppressive agent potentially useful in the organ transplantation. Abstract 7431. Federation Proceedings 44: 1681, 1985
Schroeder M, Donhuijsen-Ant R, Westerhausen M. 5-Fluorouracil plus mitoxantrone in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer initial experiences. Abstract 145. Blut 53: 211, 1986
Schulman P, VanEcho D, Budman D, Ferrari A, Marks S, et al. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone (DHAD NSC 301739) in blastic phase in chronic myelogenous leukemia (B-CML). Abstract 558. Blood 60 (Suppl. 1): 158A, 1982
Shenkenberg TD. Mitoxantrone and hepatic toxicity. Correspondence. Annals of Internal Medicine 105: 806, 1986
Shenkenberg TD, Von Hoff DD. Mitoxantrone: a new anticancer drug with significant clinical activity. Annals of Internal Medicine 105: 67–81, 1986a
Shenkenberg TD, Von Hoff DD. Possible mitoxantrone-induced amenorrhea. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 659, 1986b
Shepherd FA, Evans WK, Blackstein ME, Fine S, Mullis B. Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of mitoxantrone (MIT) in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCG). Abstract S-70-10. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, Japan, 23–28 June, p. 239, 1985
Shpall EJ, Jones RB, Holland JF, Bhardwaj S, Paciucci PA, et al. Intensive single-agent mitoxantrone for metastatic breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 80: 204–208, 1988
Siegal T, Melamed E, Sandbank U, Catane R. Early and delayed neurotoxicity of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin following subarachnoid injection. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 6: 135–140, 1988
Siegert W, Hiddemann W, Koppensteiner R, Büchner T, Essink M. et al. Accidental overdose of mitoxantrone in three patients. Medical Oncology and Tumor Pharmacotherapy 6: 275–278, 1989
Silver R, Case D, Jones S, Gams R, Stein R, et al. Novantrone™ mitoxantrone in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a phase II study. Abstract WS-13-7. 14th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Kyoto, Japan, 23–28 June, p. 57, 1985
Slater AJ, Green JA for the Mersey Breast Group. Mitozantrone or doxorubicin with vincristine and cyclophosphamide (VNC vs VAC) in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Abstract. British Journal of Cancer 58: 264, 1988
Sloboda AE, Oronsky AL, Kerwar SS. Studies of the effect of mitoxantrone on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 40: 236–243, 1986
Smalley R, Gams R. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group project. Cancer Treatment Reports 67: 1039–1040, 1983
Smith IE. Mitoxantrone (novantrone): a review of experimental and early clinical studies. Cancer Treatment Reviews 10: 103–115, 1983
Smith IE, Stuart-Harris R, Pavlidis N, Bozek T. Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) as single agent and in combination chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews 10 (Suppl. B): 37–40, 1983
Smyth JF, Cornbleet MA, Stuart-Harris RC, Smith IE, Coleman RE, et al. Mitoxantrone as first-line chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer: results of a European Collaborative Study. Seminars in Oncology 11 (Suppl. 1): 15–18, 1984
Smyth JF, Macpherson JS, Warrington PS, Leonard RCF, Wolf CR. The clinical pharmacology of mitozantrone. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 17: 149–152, 1986
Sonneveld P, Michiels JJ. Full dose chemotherapy in elderly patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a feasibility study using a mitoxantrone containing regimen. British Journal of Cancer 62: 105–108, 1990
Sparano BM, Gordon G, Hall C, Iatropoulos MJ, Noble JF. Safety assessment of a new anticancer compound, mitoxantrone, in beagle dogs: comparison with doxorubicin. II. Histologie and ultrastructural pathology. Cancer Treatment Reports 66: 1145–1158, 1982
Stewart DJ. A randomized comparison of cyclophosphamide, novantrone and 5-fluorouracil versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil in advanced breast cancer. Abstract. New perspectives in chemotherapy: focus on novantrone, Toronto, p. 14, February, 1984
Stewart DJ, Green RM, Mikhael NZ, Montpetit V, Thibault M, et al. Human autopsy tissue concentrations of mitoxantrone. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 1255–1261, 1986
Stewart DJ, Perrault DJ, Maroun JA, Lefebvre BM. Combined mitoxantrone plus doxorubicin in the treatment of breast cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology — Cancer Clinical Trials 10: 335–340, 1987
Stuart-Harris RC, Bozek T, Pavlidis NA, Smith IE. Mitoxantrone: an active new agent in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 12: 1–4, 1984
Stuart-Harris R, Simes RJ, Coates AS, Raghavan D, Devine R, et al. Patient treatment preference in advanced breast cancer: a randomized cross-over study of doxorubicin and mitozantrone. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 23: 557–561, 1987
Stuart-Harris RC, Smith IF. Mitoxantrone: a phase II study in the treatment of patients with advanced breast carcinoma and other solid tumours. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 8: 179–182, 1982
Su RT. Effect of l,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis(2-(2-hydroxyethylamino) ethyl amino)-9,10-anthracenedione(dihydroxyanthraquinone) on the replication of Simian virus 40 chromosome. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 103: 249–255, 1981
Suga J, Saijo N, Shinkai T, Eguchi K, Sasaki Y, et al. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 16: 147–151, 1986
Taylor WB, Cantwell BMJ, Roberts JT, Harris AL. Allergic reactions to mitoxantrone. Correspondence. Lancet 1: 1439, 1986
Taylor SA, Fleming T, Von Hoff DD, McCracken JD, Bukowski RM, et al. Phase II evaluation of mitoxantrone in advanced pancreatic carcinoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Investigational New Drugs 8: 77–80, 1990
Taylor SA, Von Hoff DD, Baker LH, Balcerzak SP. Phase II clinical trial of mitoxantrone in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer Treatment Reports 68: 919–920, 1984
tenBokkel Huinink WW, Kroes J, Dubbelman R, Franklin H, McVie JG. Intraperitoneal mitoxantrone (M) in refractory ovarian cancer, a dose finding study. Abstract. 5th NCI-EORTC Symposium, Netherlands, p. 9, 1986
Tepmongkol P, Suphaphongs N, Thansakul A, Jirapanuwat S, Skulchan V, et al. Mitoxantrone as single agent in the treatment of advanced breast cancer: clinical experience at Siriraj Hospital. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 72: 82–88, 1989
Tewey KM, Chen GL, Nelson EM, Liu LF. Intercalative anti-tumor drugs interfere with the breakage-reunion reaction of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Journal of Biological Chemistry 259: 9182–9187, 1984a
Tewey KM, Rowe TC, Yong L, Halligan BD, Liu LF. Adriamycin-induced DNA damage mediated by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Science 226: 466–468, 1984b
Tham P, Dougherty W, Iatropoulos MJ, Gordon G, James VC, et al. The effect of mitoxantrone treatment in beagle dogs previously treated with minimally cardiotoxic doses of doxorubicin. American Journal of Pathology 128: 121 -130, 1987
Thompson PI, Harvey VJ. A phase II study of mitozantrone in advanced breast cancer. Abstract. British Journal of Cancer 58: 268, 1988
Thürlimann B, Senn HJ, Jungi WF. Anthracycline-carboplatin combination in metastatic breast cancer. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 116: 13–14, 1990
Tomirotti M, Perrone S, Farina G, Cobelli S, Scanni A. Mitoxantrone in monochemioterapia neirepatocarcinoma in fase avanzata. Risultati preliminari. Abstract 121. Tumori 75 (Suppl. 4): 42, 1–989 Traganos F, Evenson DP, Staiano-Coico L, Darzynkiewicz Z, Melamed MR. Action of dihydroxyanthraquinone on cell cycle progression and survival of a variety of cultured mammalian cells. Cancer Research 40: 671–681, 1980
Tsuruo T, Iida H, Nojiri M, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y. Circumvention of vincristine and adriamycin resistance in vitro and in vivo by calcium influx blockers. Cancer Research 43: 2905–2910, 1983
Tsuruo T, Iida H, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y. Increased accumulation of vincristine and adriamycin in drug-resistant P388 tumor cells following incubation with calcium antagonists and calmodulin inhibitors. Cancer Research 42: 4730–4733, 1982
Tsuruo T, Kawabata H, Nagumo N, Iida H, Kitatani Y, et al. Potentiation of antitumor agents by calcium channel blockers with special reference to cross-resistance patterns. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 15: 16–19, 1985
Tumminello FM, Leto G, Gebbia N, Gebbia V, Russo A, et al. Acute myocardial effects of mitoxantrone in the rabbit. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 529–531, 1987
Ungerleider RS, Pratt CB, Vietti TJ, Holcenberg JS, Kamen BA, et al. Phase I trial of mitoxantrone in children. Cancer Treatment Reports 69: 403–407, 1985
Unverferth DV, Bashore TM, Magorien RD, Fetters JK, Neid-hart JA. Functional characteristics of human heart after mitoxantrone. Cancer Treatment Symposia 3: 47–53, 1984
Unverferth DV, Unverferth BJ, Balcerzak SP, Bashore TA, Neidhart JA. Cardiac evaluation of mitoxantrone. Cancer Treatment Reports 67: 343–350, 1983
Uzuka Y, Saito Y, Takahashi H, Komatsu M, Ho T, et al. Multi-agent combination chemotherapy for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia-individualized chemotherapy. (In Japanese) Japanese Journal of Cancer Chemotherapy 17: 1917–1923, 1990
Van Belle SJP, de Planque MM, Smith IE, van Oosterom AT, Schoemaker TJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone in humans following single-agent infusion or intra-arterial injection therapy or combined-agent infusion therapy. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 18: 27–32, 1986
Van Oosterom AT, Fossa SD, Mulder JH, Calciati A, de Pauw M, et al. Mitoxantrone in advanced bladder carcinoma. A phase II study of the EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 21: 1013–1014, 1985
Van Oosterom AT, Fossa SD, Pizzocaro G, Bergerat JP, Bono AV, et al. Mitoxantrone in advanced renal cancer: a phase II study in previously untreated patients from the EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 20: 1239–1241, 1984
Veenhof KHN, George M, Forni M, Tumolo S, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, et al. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in patients with recurrent and/or disseminated endometrial carcinoma. Abstract. Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Clinical Oncology and Cancer Nursing, Madrid 1987: 209, 1987
Veenhof KHN, George M, Forni M, Tumolo S, Rotmensz N, et al. Mitoxantrone in advanced and/or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Correspondence. European Journal of Cancer 26: 650, 1990
Ventura GJ, Keating MJ, Castellanos AM, Glass JP. Reversible bilateral lateral rectus muscle palsy associated with high-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone therapy. Cancer 58: 1633–1635, 1986
Vile GF, Winterbourn CC. Microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by adriamycin, epirubicin, daunorubicin and mitoxantrone: a comparative study. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 24: 105–108, 1989
Villalon AH, Tudtud DM, Machica MEG. Phase II evaluation of mitoxantrone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Philippines Journal of Internal Medicine 28: 169–176, 1990
Villani F, Galimberti M, Crippa F. Evaluation of ventricular function by echocardiography and radionuclide angiography in patients treated with mitoxantrone. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research 15: 501–506, 1989
Von Hoff DD, Chen T, Clark GM, Callahan SK, Livingston R, et al. Mitoxantrone for treatment of patients with refractory small cell carcinoma of the lung: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer Treatment Reports 67: 403–404, 1983a
Von Hoff DD, Coltman Jr CA, Forseth B. Activity of mitoxantrone in a human tumor cloning system. Cancer Research 41: 1853–1855, 1981
Von Hoff DD, Pollard E, Kuhn J, Murray E, Coltman Jr CA. Phase I clinical investigation of l,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis (( (2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl)amino))-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride (NSC 301739), a new anthracenedione. Cancer Research 40: 1516–1518, 1980
Von Hoff DD, Turner JN, McConnell KI, Coltman Jr CA. The acute toxicities of Novantrone®. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Current Status of Novantrone, March 21–24, pp. 29–34, 1985
Vorobiof DA, Iturralde M, Falkson G. Assessment of ventricular function by radionuclide angiography in patients receiving 4′-epidoxorubicin and mitoxantrone. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 15: 253–257, 1985
Vorobiof DA, Terblanche APS, Falkson CI, Falkson G. Cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine and prednisone in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Oncology 45: 378–379, 1988
Vredenburgh JJ, Mclntyre OR, Cornwell III GG, Ball ED, et al. Mitoxantrone in relapsed or refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 16: 187–189, 1988
Waldes H, Center MS. Adriamycin-induced compaction of isolated chromatin. Biochemical Pharmacology 31: 1057–1061, 1982
Wallace RE, Citarella RV, Durr FE. The inhibitory effect of 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride (CL 232315; NSC 301739D) on dividing and non dividing cells in vitro Abstract 49. Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research 20: 12, 1979a
Wallace RE, Lindh D, Durr FE. Development of resistance and characteristics of a human colon carcinoma subline resistant to mitoxantrone in vitro. Cancer Investigation 5: 417–428, 1987
Wallace RE, Murdock KC, Angier RB, Durr FE. Activity of a novel anthracenedione, l,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis(((2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl)amino))-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride, against experimental tumors in mice. Cancer Research 39: 1570–1574, 1979b
Walters RS, Kantarjian HM, Keating MJ, Plunkett WK, Estey EH, et al. Mitoxantrone and high-dose cytosine arabinoside in refractory acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 62: 677–682, 1988
Wang BS, Lumanglas AL, Silva J, Ruszala-Mallon VM, Durr FE. Effect of hyperthermia on the sensitivity of human colon carcinoma cells to mitoxantrone. Cancer Treatment Reports 71: 831–836, 1987
Wang BS, Lumanglas AL, Silva J, Ruszala-Mallon VM, Durr FE. Inhibition of the induction of alloreactivity with mitoxantrone. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 8: 967–973, 1986
Watkin SW, Green JA. CMPP chemotherapy for intermediate and high grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the elderly. Abstract. British Journal of Cancer 58: 270, 1988
Waxman J, Abel P, James N, Farah N, O’Donoghue EPN, et al. New combination chemotherapy programme for bladder cancer. British Journal of Urology 63: 68–71, 1989
Weber G. Recent advances in the design of anticancer chemotherapy. Oncology 37 (Suppl. 1): 19–24, 1980
Westendorf J, Marquardt H, Groth G, Marquardt H. Genotoxicity of the new potent cancer chemotherapeutic agent mitoxantrone. Abstract 109. Naunym Schmeideberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 329 (Suppl.): R28, 1985
Wheeler H, Woods RL, Page J, Levi J. A phase II study of mitoxantrone in advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Investigational New Drugs 8: 109–111, 1990
WHO handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment. Geneva, WHO Offset Publication No. 48, 1979
Wilkinson PM, Bevan K, Edmundson J, Lucas SB. Pharmacokinetics of mitoxantrone in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with liver metastases. Abstract 115. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncologists 5: 30, 1986
Williams SD, Birch R, Gams R, Irwin L. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in refractory germ cell tumors: a trial of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group. Cancer Treatment Reports 69: 1455–1456, 1985a
Wiliams SD, Birch R, Velez-Garcia E, Gams R. Phase II study of mitoxantrone in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Investigational New Drugs 3: 311–313, 1985b
Williams M. Preliminary results with novantrone in advanced breast cancer. Proceedings of the 2nd UK Novantrone Symposium, pp. 73–75, 1986
Wilson KS, Paterson AHG. First-line mitoxantrone chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Reports 70: 1021–1022, 1986
Wolf CR, MacPherson JS, Smyth JF. Evidence for the metabolism of mitozantrone by microsomal glutathione transferases and 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible glucuronosyl transferases. Biochemical Pharmacology 35: 1577–1581, 1986
Yamane T, Inoue T, Furukawa Y, Sasaki A, Kishida T, et al. Treatment of acute leukemia with “MB-triple V” therapy — a comparative study of “MB-triple V” therapy and B-triple V therapy. (In Japanese) Japanese Journal of Cancer Chemotherapy 16: 3729–3733, 1989
Yap H-Y, Blumehschein GR, Schell FC, Buzdar AU, Valdivieso M, et al. Dihydroxyanthracenedione: a promising new drug in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine 95: 694–697, 1981
Yoshida T, Okazaki N, Yoshino M, Ohkura H, Miyamoto K, et al. Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 24: 1897–1898, 1988
Zamboglou N, Schmidt C, Pape H, Fürst G, Schmitt G. Aspekte der kombinierten Radio- und Chemotherapie bei fortgeschrittenen Kopf-Hals-Tumoren. Tumor Diagnostik und Therapie 9: 35–40, 1988
Zbinden G, Beilstein AK. Comparison of cardiotoxicity of two anthracenediones and doxorubicin in rats. Toxicology Letters 11:289–297, 1982
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Various sections of the manuscript reviewed by: J Blanz, Departments of Haematology and Oncology, Medizinische Universitätsklinik, and Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany; G. Bonadonna, Division of Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy; M.A. Chaudary, Hedley Atkins Breast Unit, Imperial Cancer Research Fund Clinical Oncology Unit, Guy’s Hospital, London, England; G. Ehninger, Departments of Haematology and Oncology, Medizinische Universitätsklinik, and Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany; E. Heidemann, Abteilung Innere Medizin II, Diakonissenkrankenhaus, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany; I.C. Henderson, Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; P.O.M. Mulder, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Gröningen, The Netherlands; T. Ohnoshi, Department of Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan; C.L. Shapiro, Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Faulds, D., Balfour, J.A., Chrisp, P. et al. Mitoxantrone. Drugs 41, 400–449 (1991). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199141030-00007
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199141030-00007