Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Drug-Induced Gastrointestinal Disease

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Clinicians administering potent therapeutic agents must be aware of their side-effects. The gut is an important site of adverse drug reactions and drug-induced disease must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms. A careful drug history must therefore be taken in all such patients. Symptoms can often be related to drug ingestion, but late effects also occur. The presence of blood in vomitus or stool is patho-gnomonic of serious pathology which may be drug-induced and requires further investigation. Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and pseudomembranous colitis are potentially fatal manifestations of drug therapy. Gastrointestinal symptoms can often be avoided if therapy is taken with meals or in a smaller dose, but drug withdrawal is always the first line of management in patients whose symptoms may be drug-induced.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baragar, F.D. and Duthie, J.J.: Importance of aspirin as a cause of anaemia and peptic ulcer in rheumatoid arthritis. British Medical Journal 2: 1106–1108 (1960)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, J.G.; Chang, Te Wen; Gurwith, M.; Gorbach, S.L. and Onderdonk, A.B.: Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. New England Journal of Medicine 298: 531–534 (1978)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, J.W.; Croly, D.M.; Steel, R.W.; Young, F.S.H. and Hardon, L.V.: Adverse effects of orally administered ampicillin. Journal of Paediatrics 83: 106–108 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beavis, J.P.; Parsons, R.L. and Solfield, J.: Colitis and diarrhoea: a problem with antibiotic therapy. British Journal of Surgery 63: 299–304 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertarello, A.; Tulle, S.G. and Grossman, M.I.: Effect of autonomic drugs on gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology 39: 340–346 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, R.; Mayne, J.G.; Cain, J.C. and Bartholomew, L.G.: Peptic ulceration in rheumatoid arthritis, a relationship to steroid treatment. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 35: 537 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, E.; Freeman, P.C.; Goudie, A.C.; Mangen, F.R. and Thompson, M.: The role of copper in preventing gastrointestinal damage by acidic anti-inflammatory drugs. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 28: 865–868 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bramble, M.G.; Cunliffe, J. and Dellipiani, A.W.: Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease: a study of oesophageal motility and vagal function. Gut 18: 974 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brogden, R.N.; Speight, T.M. and Avery, G.S.: Amoxycillin: A review of its antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 9: 88–140 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P.; Badely, H.; Reid, A.E.; Davis, J.D. and McGarry, J.: Sclerosing peritonitis: An unusual reaction to a β-adrenergic blocking drug (practolol). Lancet 2: 1477–1481 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R.D. and Bolas, G.: Isoprenaline ulceration of the tongue: A case report. British Dental Journal 134: 336–337 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burbige, E.J. and Milligan, F.D.: Pseudomembranous colitis: Association with antibiotics and therapy with cholestyramine. Journal of the American Medical Association 231: 1157–1158 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L.E.; McNeill, C.J. and Wells, R.F.: Clindamycin associated colitis. Journal of the American Medical Association 223: 1379–1380 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conn, H.O. and Blitzer, B.L.: Non-association of adrenocorticosteroid therapy and peptic ulcer. New England Journal of Medicine 294: 473–479 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, A.R.: Drugs and peptic ulceration; in Slesinger and Fortran (Eds) Gastrointestinal Disease, p.642–656 (Saunders, Philadelphia 1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, A.R.: Drugs and gastric damage. Drugs 11: 36–44 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, A.R. and Goulston, K.: Failure of intravenous aspirin to increase gastrointestinal blood loss. British Medical Journal 3: 330–332 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coronato, A. and Glass, G.B.J.: Depression of intestinal uptake of radio vitamin B12 by cholestyramine. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 142: 1341–1344 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J.H.: Laxative abuse. Gut 15: 758–766 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darby, C.W.: Pancreatic extracts. British Medical Journal 1: 299–300 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Data Sheet Compendium 1977 (Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, London 1977)

  • Davenport, H.W.: Gastric mucosal injury by fatty and acetylsalicylic acids. Gastroenterology 46: 245–253 (1964)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport, H.W.: Fluid produced by the gastric mucosa during damage by acetic and salicylic acids. Gastroenterology 50: 487–499 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport, H.W.: Gastric mucosal haemorrhage in dogs. Effects of acid, aspirin and alcohol. Gastroenterology 56: 439–449 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, D.R. and Brightmore, T.: Idiopathic and drug induced ulceration of the small intestine. British Journal of Surgery 57: 134–135 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dilawari, J.B. and Misiewicz, J.J.: Does oral metoclopramide increase cardiac sphincter pressure? Gut 13: 856 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinsdale, R.C.W.; Ormerod, T.P. and Walker, A.E.: Lichenoid eruption due to chlorpropamide. British Medical Journal 1: 100 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbins, W.O.; Harero, B.A. and Memsbash, CM.: Morphological ulcerations associated with neomycin induced malabsorption. American Journal of Medical Science 255: 63–77 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, R.A. and Johnston, E.D.: Aspirin and chronic gastric ulcer. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 893–897 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, J.M. and Chapman, B.L.: The incidence of aspirin ingestion in patients with peptic ulcer. Medical Journal of Australia 1: 797–800 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, J.; Seegaard, E. and Naess, K.: Side effect of thiocarbamides. Lancet 1: 231–232 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Faloon, W.W.; Paes, I.C.; Wolfoak, D.; Nankin, H.; Wallace, K. and Harrow, E.N.: Effect of neomycin and kanamycin upon intestinal malabsorption. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 132: 874–887 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farquharson-Roberts, M.A.; Giddings, A.E.B. and Nunn, A.J.: Perforation of small bowel due to slow release potassium chloride (Slow-K). British Medical Journal 3: 206 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felix, R.H.; Ive, F.A. and Dahl, M.G.C.: Cutaneous and ocular reactions to practolol. British Medical Journal 4: 321–324 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George, R.H.; Symonds, J.M.; Dimock, F.; Brown, J.D.; Arabi, Y.; Shinagawa, N.; Keighley, M.R.; Alexander-Williams, J. and Burdon, D.W.: Identification of Clostridium difficile as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis. British Medical Journal 1: 695 (1978)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillies, M. and Skyring, A.: Gastric and duodenal ulcer: The association between aspirin ingestion, smoking and family history of ulcer. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 280–285 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M.J.; Skilman, J.J.; Edwards, B.G. and Sylan, W.: Effect of ethanol acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen and ferrous sulphate on gastric mucosal permeability. Surgery 76: 405–412 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goulston, S.J. and McGovern, V.J.: Pseudomembranous colitis. Gut 6: 207–212 (1965)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberger, M.J.; Ruppert, R.D. and Cuppage, F.E.: Inhibition of intestinal iron transport induced by tetracycline. Gastroenterology 53: 590–599 (1967)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, M.I.; Matsmoto, K.K. and Lichter, R.: Faecal blood loss produced by oral and intravenous administration of various salicylates. Gastroenterology 40: 383–388 (1961)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, F.D. and Matts, F.G.F.: Naproxen (Naprosyn) and gastrointestinal haemorrhage. British Medical Journal 2: 51–52 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heitmann, P. and Moller, N.: The effect of metoclopramide on the gastro-oesophageal junctional zone and distal oesophagus in man. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 5: 621–625 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, C.D.; Pittman, F.E. and Pittman, J.C.: Ultrastructural and enzyme characteristics of intestinal microvillous round bodies. Gastroenterology 66: 847 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huskisson, E.C; Wolf, D.L.; Scott, J. and Franklin, S.: Four new anti-inflammatory drugs, responses and variations. British Medical Journal 1: 1048–1049 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingelfinger, F.J.: Aspirin in the stomach; in Ingelfinger, Evert, Finland and Rellman (Eds) Controversy in Internal Medicine 2, p.509 (Saunders, Philadelphia 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingoldby, C.J.H.: Perforated jejunal diverticulum due to local iron toxicity. British Medical Journal 1: 949 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivey, K.J.; Morrison, S. and Gray, C: Effect of intravenous salicylates on the gastric mucosal barrier in man. American Journal of Digestive Diseases 17: 1055–1064 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivy, A.C.; Grossman, M.I. and Bachrach, W.H.: Clinical and constitutional aspects of pathogenesis; in Peptic Ulcer, p.606–657 (Blakiston, Philadelphia 1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe, I.A.: Effects of penicillamine on the kidney and on taste. Postgraduate Medical Journal 44 (Suppl.): 15–18 (Oct. 1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantrowitz, P.A.; Seagull, C.I. and Hendricks, T.R.: Differences in motility of the upper and lower oesophagus in man and its alteration by atropine. Bulletin of Johns Hopkins Hospital 118: 476–491 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappas, A.; Shinagawa, N.; Arabi, Y.; Thompson, H.; Burdon, D.W.; Dimock, F.; George, R.H.; Alexander-Williams, J. and Keighley, M.R.B.: Diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis. British Medical Journal 1: 675–678 (1978)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, L.; LaMont, J.T.; Trier, J.S.; Sonnenblick, E.B.; Rothman, S.W.; Broitman, S.A. and Rieth, S.: Experimental clindamycin associated colitis in rabbits: Evidence for toxinmediated mucosal damage. Gastroenterology 74: 246–252 (1978)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, L.W.: General and local medication problems; in Drugs and Dentistry, 2nd Ed, p.263–267 (Wright, Bristol 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Keusch, G.T. and Present, D.M.: Summary of a workshop on clindamycin colitis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 133: 578–587 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirton, V. and Wilkinson, D.S.: Contact sensitivity to toothpaste. British Medical Journal 2: 115–116 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen, E.T. and Harding, J.W.: A multicentre comparative trial of talampicillin and ampicillin in general practice. British Journal of Clinical Practice 29: 255–264 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, Y.J. and Shanbour, L.L.: Mechanism of action of aspirin on canine gastric mucosa. American Journal of Physiology 230: 762–766 (1976)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langman, M.J.S.: Aspirin and the stomach; in Ingelftnger et al. (Eds) Controversy in Internal Medicine, p.493–499 (Saunders, Philadelphia 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, H.E.; Parry, J.V.; Price, A.B.; Davies, D.R.; Dolby, J. and Tyrrell, D.A.: Undescribed toxin in pseudomembranous colitis. British Medical Journal 1: 1246–1248 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, H.E. and Price, A.B.: Pseudomembranous colitis: Presence of clostridial toxin. Lancet 2: 1312–1314 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonards, J.R. and Levy, G.: Aspirin induced occult gastrointestinal blood loss. Local versus systemic effects. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 59: 1511–1513(1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesna, M.; Hamlyn, A.N.; Venables, C.W. and Record, CO.: Chronic laxative abuse associated with pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia. Gut In press (1977)

  • Levy, M: Aspirin use in patients with major upper gastrointestinal bleeding and peptic ulcer disease. New England Journal of Medicine 290: 1158–1162 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, B.D.: The pill as an aetiologic agent in hypertrophic duodenitis. Oral Surgery 24: 333 (1967)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manashil, G.B. and Kern, J.A.: Non-specific colitis following oral lincomycin therapy. American Journal of Gastroenterology 60: 394–399 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menguy, R. and Masters, Y.F.: Effect of aspirin on gastric mucous secretion. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 120: 92–98 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menguy, R. and Desbaillets, L.: Influence of phenylbutazone on gastric secretion of mucus. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 125: 1108–1111 (1967b)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menguy, R. and Desbaillets, L.: Role of inhibition of gastric mucous secretion in the phenomenon of gastric microsomal injury by indomethacin. American Journal of Digestive Diseases 12: 862–866 (1967a)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, W.H.; McAdam, L.; Bluestone, R. and Guth, P.H.: Acute gastric mucosal injury during continuous or interrupted aspirin ingestion. American Journal of Digestive Diseases 21: 963–968 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misiewicz, J.J.: Symposium of gastro-oesophageal reflux and its complications. 4. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Gut 14: 243–246 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomerie, J.Z.; Beecroft, D.M.O.; Croxson, M.C.; Dalk, P.B. and North, J.D.K.: Herpes simplex virus infection after renal transplantation. Lancet 2: 867–871 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H.S.; Strotman, M.P. and Cooke, A.R.: Effect of several drugs on gastric potential differences in man. British Medical Journal 1: 19–21 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nothman, B.J.; Chittinand, S. and Shuster, M.M.: Reversible mesenteric vesicular occlusion associated with oral contraceptives. American Journal of Digestive Diseases 18: 361–368 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palva, I.P.; Heinivaara, O. and Mattila, M.: Drug induced malabsorption of vitamin B12. 3: Interference of PAS and folic acid in the absorption of vitamin B12. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 3: 149–153 (1966)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parke, D.V.; Lindup, W.E.; Shillingford, J.S. and Smith, M.J.: The effect of ulcerogenic and ulcer healing drugs on gastric mucosa. Gut 16: 396 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petter, J.D.; Bagenstross, A.H.; Deering, W.H. and Judd, E.S.: Post-operative pseudomembranous colitis. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 98: 546–552 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinder, R.M.; Brogden, R.N.; Sawyer, Phyllis R.; Speight, T.M.; Spencer, Rosalind and Avery, G.S.: Carbenoxolone: A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in peptic ulcer disease. Drugs 11: 245–307 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsford, K.D. and Whitehouse, M.H.: Gastric mucus effusion elicited by oral copper compounds. Potential anti-ulcer activity. Experimentia 32: 1172–1173 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, E. and Patterson, M.: Effect of neomycin on disaccharidase activity of small bowel. Clinical Research 14: 49 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, L.; Siesenger, M.J. and Miller, P.: Pseudomembranous colitis following aureomycin and chloramphenicol. Archives of Pathology 54: 39–67 (1952)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin, G.D.; Fekety, F.R.; Silva, J. and Sack, R.B.: Antibiotic-induced colitis: Implication of a toxin-neutralised by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. Lancet 2: 1103–1106 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, A.I.; Vloedman, D.A.; Bloom, E.C. and Kelsa, M.H.: Neomycin induced steatorrhoea. Journal of the American Medical Association 197: 185–190 (1966)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, J.L.A.: Deleterious effects of drugs on the gastrointestinal tract; in Gamble and Wilbur (Eds) Current Concepts of Clinical Gastroenterology, p.257 (Little Brown, Boston 1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Safaie-Shirazi, S.; Zike, W.L.; Brubacher, M. and Denbesten, L.: Effect of aspirin, alcohol and pepsin on mucosal permeability of oesophageal mucosa. Surgical Forum 25: 335–337 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheinberg, I.H.: Toxicity of penicillamine. Postgraduate Medical Journal 44 (Suppl.): 11–14 (Oct. 1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, R.: Doxycycline esophageal ulcers. Digestive Diseases 22: 805–807 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, A.J.: Nicholson, G.I. and Kerr, A.R.: Lincomycin as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis. Lancet 2: 1232–1234 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Short, C.L.; Bauer, W. and Reynolds, W.E.: Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press (1957)

  • Sperling, I.L.: Adverse reactions with long term use of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone. Lancet 2: 535–537 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiro, M.H.: Aspirin is dangerous for the peptic ulcer patient; in Ingelfinger et al. (Eds) Controversy in Internal Medicine, Vol. 2, p.500 (Saunders, Philadelphia 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B.: Effect of irritant purgatives on the myenteric plexus in man and the mouse. Gut 9: 139–143 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.B. and Willis, A.L.: Aspirin selectively inhibits prostaglandin production in platelets. Nature (New Biology) 231: 235–237 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steer, M.H.: Pseudomembranous colitis associated with clindamycin therapy. A viral colitis. Gut 16: 695–699 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, R.B.; Lee, J.D. and Scrivens, J.J.: Clindamycin associated diarrhoea. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 11: 520–523 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, D.J.B. and McDermott, F.T.: Influence of achlorhydria on aspirin induced occult gastrointestinal blood loss: Studies in Addisonian pernicious anaemia. British Medical Journal 2: 450–452 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strouthidis, T.N.; Mankickar, G.D. and Irving, R.E.: Ulceration of the mouth due to Emepronium bromide. Lancet 1: 72–73 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R.T.; Huskisson, E.C; Whitehouse, G.H.; Dudley-Hart, F. and Trapnell, D.M.: Gastric ulceration occurring during indomethacin therapy. British Medical Journal 4: 734–737 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tedesco, F.J.: Ampicillin associated diarrhoea. A prospective study. American Journal of Digestive Diseases 20: 295–297 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tedesco, F.J.; Barton, R.W. and Alpers, D.H.: Clindamycin associated colitis. Annals of Internal Medicine 81: 429–433 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, F.B.; Sallburay, D. and Greenberger, N.J.: Inhibition of iron absorption by cholestyramine. American Journal of Digestive Diseases 17: 263–269 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R.P.H. and Jackson, B.T.: Sclerosing peritonitis due to practolol. British Medical Journal 1: 1393–1395 (1977)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomkin, G.H.: Malabsorption of vitamin B2 in diabetic patients treated with phenformin in comparison with metformin. Bri tish Medical Journal 3: 673–675 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viteri, A.L.; Howard, P.H. and Duck, W.P.: The spectrum of lincomycin, clindamycin colitis. Gastroenterology 66: 1137–1144 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, D.I.; Chodos, R.B.; Maha, C.Q. and Faloon, W.W.: Mechanism of vitamin B12 malabsorption in patients receiving colchicine. New England Journal of Medicine 279: 845–850 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, R.: Ischaemic enterocolitis. An expression of the intravascular coagulation syndrome. Gut 12: 912–917 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, B. and Croxon, R.: Dysphasia caused by cardiac enlargement. Clinical Radiology 23: 147 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittle, B.J.R.: Gastric acidity and the mechanisms by which prostaglandins prevent indomethacin induced gastric erosions. British Journal of Pharmacology 55: 242–243 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gastroenterology Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary and University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, England

    M. G. Bramble &  C. O. Record

Authors
  1. M. G. Bramble
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. O. Record
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bramble, M.G., Record, C.O. Drug-Induced Gastrointestinal Disease. Drugs 15, 451–463 (1978). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-197815060-00003

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-197815060-00003

Keywords

Search

Navigation