Summary
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors which have active moieties excreted mainly in urine require adjustment of either the dose or the interval between doses in patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction or severe congestive heart failure. Those agents such as temocapril (CS 622) and fosinopril, excreted both in urine and bile, may not require such adjustment. Renal clearance of ACE inhibitors may be reduced and some accumulation may occur in elderly patients with mild renal dysfunction or congestive heart failure. The bioavailability of ACE inhibitors is reduced by concomitant food or antacids which may slow gastric emptying and raise gastric pH.
Pharmacokinetic interactions with ACE inhibitors are unlikely in patients receiving thiazide or loop diuretics. When ACE inhibitors are given hyperkalaemia may occur in patients with renal insufficiency, those taking potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics, and in diabetic patients with mild renal impairment. While no pharmacokinetic interaction precludes use of this combination, the pharmacokinetics of some ACE inhibitors are subject to greater variability when patients also receive β-blockers. Calcium antagonists and ACE inhibitors have additive antihypertensive effects and pharmacokinetic interactions between these agents are unlikely. One report exists of a significant effect of coadministered hydralazine on the pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of lisinopril. Data on interactions between ACE inhibitors and digitalis are contradictory. There is no evidence that the concomitant use of ACE inhibitors and digoxin is associated with an increased risk of digitalis toxicity.
ACE inhibitors are mainly excreted by glomerular filtration and renal tubular secretion. Possible interactions between ACE inhibitors and probenecid have been noted, with renal and total body clearance of ACE inhibitors being potentially reduced in the presence of probenecid. Probenecid pretreatment may enhance the pharmacodynamic response of ACE inhibitors.
Few but contradictory data exist on the effects of H2-blockers on ACE inhibitor pharmacokinetics and little information is available on interactions between ACE inhibitors and hypo-glycaemic drugs. Some case reports link ACE inhibitors with the induction of lithium toxicity. Coadministration of lithium should be undertaken with caution, and frequent monitoring of lithium concentrations is recommended with all ACE inhibitors.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may attenuate the haemodynamic actions of ACE inhibitors. NSAIDs reduce renal excretion of ACE inhibitors, with a corresponding increase in circulating drug concentrations. There is little information available on the pharmacokinetic interaction with ACE inhibitors and cyclosporin, but caution should be employed when they are used together. Rifampicin (rifampin) may reduce the plasma ACE inhibitor concentrations and decrease the area under their plasma concentration-time curves, by enhancing the clearance of ACE inhibitors or altering their apparent volume of distribution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achari R, Maurath C, Laddu A. Combination therapy of terazosin and captopril in the treatment of essential hypertension. Abstract. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 29: 847, 1989
Ahmad S. Indomethacin-enalapril interaction: an alert. Southern Medical Journal 84: 411–412, 1991
Ajayi AA, Campbell BC, Meredith PA, Kelman AW, Reid JL. The effect of captopril on the reflex control heart rate: possible mechanisms. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 20: 17–25, 1985
Allon M, Pasque CB, Rodriguez M. Interaction of captopril and ibuprofen on glomerular and tubular function in humans. American Journal of Physiology 259: F233–F238, 1990a
Allon M, Pasque CB, Rodriguez M. Sodium and water excretion in nephrotic patients: effects of changes in renal hemodynamics. Clinical Science 79: 123–129, 1990b
Antonaccio MJ, Kerwin L. Pre- and postjunctional inhibition of vascular sympathetic function by captopril in SHR: implication of vascular angiotensin-II in hypertension and antihypertensive actions of captopril. Hypertension 3 (Suppl. 1): 154–162, 1981
Arauz-Pacheco C, Ramirez LC, Rios JM, Raskin P. Hypoglycemia induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes receiving sulfonylurea therapy. American Journal of Medicine 89: 811–813, 1990
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. Innovace: ABPI data sheet compendium 1988–1989, pp. 947–949, Data-pharm Publications, London, 1988
Atkinson AB, Brown JJ, Lever AF. Neurological dysfunction in two patients receiving captopril and cimetidine. Lancet 2: 36. 1980
Baba T, Tomiyama T, Takebe K. Enhancement by an ACE inhibitor of first-dose hypotension caused by an alpha 1-blockcr. New England Journal of Medicine 322: 1237, 1990
Baez MA, Woo-Ming RB, Garg DC, Shapse DB, Deitch MW, et al. Dose-ranging study to delineate the additive antihypertensive effect of guanabenz and captopril. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31: 312–317, 1991
Bainbridge AD, MacFadyen RJ, Lees KR, Reid JL. A study of the acute pharmacodynamic interaction of ramipril and felodipine in normotensive subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31: 148–153, 1991
Baldwin CM, Safferman AZ. A case of lisinopril-induced lithium toxicity. DICP: Annals of Pharmacotherapy 24: 946–947, 1990
Beermann B. Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril. American Journal of Medicine 85 (Suppl. 3B): 25–30, 1988
Bellet M, Sassano P, Guyenne T, Corvol P, Menard J. Converting-enzyme inhibition buffers the counter-regulatory response to acute administration of nicardipine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24: 465–472, 1987
Belz GG, Breithaupt K, Erb K, Kleinbloesem CH, Wolf GK. Influence of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril, the beta-blocker propranolol and their combination on haemodynamics in hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 7: 817–824, 1989
Belz GG, Essig J, Kleinbloesem CH, Hoogkamer JFW, Wiegand UW, et al. Interactions between cilazapril and propranolol in man; plasma drug concentrations, hormone and enzyme responses, haemodynamics, agonist dose-effect curves and baroreceptor reflex. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26: 547–556, 1988
Bentdsen F, Henriksen JH. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lisinopril and enalapril, alone and in combination with propranolol. Journal of Human Hypertension 3 (Suppl. 1): 139–145, 1989
Berne C. Metabolic effects of ACE inhibitors. Journal of Internal Medicine 229 (Suppl. 2): 119–125, 1991
Biour M, Jeunne C, Hugues FC, Cheymol G. Diclofenac et toux induite par les inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion. Thérapie 43: 122–123, 1988
Braunwald E. ACE inhibitors — a cornerstone of the treatment of heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 325: 351–353, 1991
Brouwer RML, Bolli P, Erne P, Conen D, Kiowski W, et al. Antihypertensive treatment using calcium antagonists in combination with captopril rather than diuretics. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 7 (Suppl. 1): s88–s91, 1985
Brown CL, Backjouse CI, Grippat JC, Santoni JPh. The effect of perindopril and hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination on blood pressure and on the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive subjects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 39: 327–332, 1990
Burnier M, Biollaz J. Pharmacokinetic optimisation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 22: 375–384, 1992
Captopril-Digoxin Multicenter Research Group. Comparative effects of therapy with captopril and digoxin in patients with mild to moderate heart failure. Journal of the American Medical Association 259: 539–544, 1988
Captopril Multicenter Research Group. A placebo-controlled trial of captopril in refractory chronic congestive heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2: 755–763, 1983
Cleland JGF. ACE inhibitors in mild heart failure: first-line or second-line therapy? European Heart Journal 11 (Suppl. D): 53–57, 1990
Cleland JGF, Dargie HJ, Hodsman GP, Ball SG, Robertson JIS, et al. Captopril in heart failure: a double-blind control trial. British Heart Journal 52: 530–535, 1984
Cleland JGF, Dargie HJ, Pettigrew A, Gillen G, Robertson JIS. The effects of captopril on serum digoxin and urinary urea and digoxin clearances in patients with congestive heart failure. American Heart Journal 112: 130–135, 1986
Cleland JGF, Henderson E, McLenachan J, Findlay IN, Dargie HJ. Effect of captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in patients with angina pectoris and heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17: 733–739, 1991
Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Cobb F, Francis G, et al. Comparison of enarapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 325: 303–310, 1991
Conrad AJ. ACE inhibitors and lithium toxicity. Biological Therapies in Psychiatry 11: 43, 1988
CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study [CONSENSUS]. New England Journal of Medicine 316: 1429–1435, 1987
Costa FV, Borghi C, Boschi S, Ambrosioni E. Differing dosages of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension: long-term effects on metabolic values and intracellular electrolytes. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 7 (Suppl. 1): s70–s76, 1985
Curtis JJ, Luke RG, Whelchel JD, Diethelm AG, Jones P, et al. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme in renal-transplant recipients with hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 308: 377–381, 1983
Dahlöf B, Pennert K, Hansson L. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients: a metaanalysis of 109 treatment studies. American Journal of Hypertension 5: 95–110, 1992
Daly P, Mettauer B, Rouleau JL, Cousineau D, Burgess JH. Lack of reflex increase in myocardial sympathetic tone after captopril: potential antianginal effect. Circulation 71: 317–325, 1985
Dargie HJ, Ray SG. The effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on coronary blood flow and infarct size limitation. Journal of Human Hypertension 3 (Suppl. 1): I–101–I–106, 1989
Debusmann ER, Pujadas JO, Lahn W, Irmisch R, Jane F, et al. Influence of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of ramipril (HOE 498). American Journal of Cardiology 59: 70D–78D, 1987
De Lepeleire I, Van Hecken A, Verbesselt R, Kaiser G, Barner A, et al. Interaction between furosemide and the converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 34: 465–468, 1988
Doering W, Maass L, Irmisch R, Konig E. Pharmacokinetic interaction study with ramipril and digoxin in healthy volunteers. American Journal of Cardiology 59: 60D–64D, 1987
Donnelly R, Elliott HL, Meredith PA. Counter-regulatory effects of combined ACE inhibition and calcium antagonist. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 25: 525, 1988
Donnelly R, Elliott HL, Meredith PA, Reid JL. Enalapril in essential hypertension: The comparative effects of additional placebo, nicardipine and chlorthalidone. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24: 842–845, 1987
Donnelly R, Elliott HL, Reid JL. Nicardipine combined with enalapril in patients with essential hypertension. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22: 283s–287s, 1986
Douste-Blazy P, Blanc M, Montastruc JL, Conte D, Cotonat J, et al. Is there any interaction between digoxin and enalapril? British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22: 752–753, 1986a
Douste-Blazy P, Rostin M, Livaek B, Tordjman E, Montastruc JL, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and lithium treatment. Lancet 1: 1448, 1986b
Drouet A, Bouvet O. Lithium et inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion. L’Encéphale 16: 51–52, 1990
Duchin KL, McKinstry DN, Cohen AI, Migdalof BM. Pharmacokinetics of captopril in healthy subjects and patients with cardiovascular diseases. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 14: 241–259, 1988
Duchin KL, Singhvi SM, Willard DA, Migdalof BH, McKinstry DN. Captopril kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 32: 452–458, 1982
Dzau VJ. Circulating versus local renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation 77 (Suppl. 1): I–4–I–13, 1988
Editorial. Guidelines for the management of mild hypertension: memorandum from a WHO/ISH Meeting. Journal of Hypertension 7: 689–693, 1989
Fahmy NR, Gavras HP. Impact of captopril on hemodynamic and humoral effects of nitroprusside. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 7: 869–874, 1985
Fernere M, Lachkar H, Richard JL, Bringer J, Orsetti A, et al. Captopril and insulin sensitivity. Annals of Internal Medicine 102: 134–135, 1985
Ferry JJ, Centnarowski AB, Sedman AJ, Thomas RW, Horvath AM. Multiple-dose cimctidine administration does not influence the single dose pharmacokinetics of quinapril and its active metabolite (CI-928). Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28: 48–51, 1988
Ferry JJ, Sedman AJ, Hengy H, Horvath AM. Blake DS, et al. Concomitant multiple dose quinapril administration does not alter the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Abstract. Pharmacological Research 4: s98, 1987
Foult J-M, Tavolaro O, Antony I, Nitenberg A. Direct myocardial and coronary effects of enalaprilat in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: assessment by a bilateral intracoronary infusion technique. Circulation 77: 337–344, 1988
Gennari C, Nami R, Pavese G, Gragnani S, Bianchini C, et al. Calcium-channel blockade (nitrendipine) in combination with ACE inhibition (captopril) in the treatment of mild to mod-crate hypertension. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 3: 319–325, 1989
Gomez HJ, Cirillo VJ, Irvin JD. Enalapril: a review of human pharmacology. Drugs 30 (Suppl. 1): 13–24, 1985
Griffin JH, Hahn SM. Lisinopril-induced lithium toxicity. DICP: Annals of Pharmacotherapy 25: 101, 1991
Guazzi MD, De Cesare N, Galli C, Salvioni A, Tramontana C, et al. Calcium-channel blockade with nifedipine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with captopril in the therapy of patients with severe primary hypertension. Circulation 70: 279–284, 1984
Hakas JF, O’Hollaren MT, Porter GA. Topical capsaicin induces cough in patient receiving ACE inhibitor. Annals of Allergy 65: 322–323, 1990
Hall D, Zeitler H, Schwarz A, Rudolph W. In congestive heart failure, aspirin counteracts the beneficial hemodynamic effects of enalapril. Abstract. Circulation 82 (Suppl. 3): 111–317, 1990
Hansen JF, Hesse B, Christensen NJ. Enhanced sympathetic nervous activity after intravenous propranolol in ischemic heart disease. Plasma adrenaline, splanchnic blood flow and mixed venous oxygen saturation at rest and during exercise. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 8: 31–36, 1978
Hawkins MM, Seelig CB. A case of acute renal failure induced by the co-administration of NSAIDs and captopril. North Carolina Medical Journal 51: 291–291, 1990
Helgeland A, Strommen R, Hagelund C, Tretuli S. Enalapril, atenolol, and hydrochlorothiazide in mild to moderate hypertension. Lancet 1: 872–875, 1986
Hirakata H, Onoyama K, Iseki K, Kumagai H, Fujimi S, Omae T. Worsening of anemia induced by long-term use of captopril in haemodialysis patients. American Journal of Nephrology 4: 355–360, 1984
Horvath AM, Blake DS, Ferry JJ, Sedman AJ, Colburn WA. Propranolol does not influence quinapril pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Abstract. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 719, 1987a
Horvath AM, Ferry JJ, Sedman AJ, Colburn WA. Lack of a quinapril-hydrochlorothiazide pharmacokinetic drug interaction in healthy volunteers. Abstract. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 720, 1987b
Horvath AM, Pilon D, Gaille G, Colburn WA, Ferry JJ, et al. Multiple-dose propranolol administration does not influence single dose pharmacokinetics of quinapril and its active metabolite (quinaprilat). Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition 11: 191–196, 1990
Hricik DE, Browning PJ, Kopelman R, Goorno WE, Madias NE, et al. Captopril-induced functional renal insufficiency in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or renal-artery stenosis in a solitary kidney. New England Journal of Medicine 308: 373–376, 1983
Ikram H, Low CJS, Shirlaw T, Webb CM, Richards AM, et al. Antianginal, hemodynamic and coronary vascular effects of captopril in stable angina pectoris. American Journal of Cardiology 66: 164–167, 1990
Johns DW, Ayers CR, Williams SC. Dilation of forearm blood vessels after angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition by captopril in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 6: 545–550, 1984
Johnson BF, Wilson J, Johnson J, Flemming J. Digoxin pharmacokinetics and spirapril, a new ACE inhibitor. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31: 527–530, 1991
Johnson VG, Romanoff ME, Flacke JW. Case conference. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 5: 175–180, 1991
Johnsson G, Regårdh CC. Clinical pharmacokinetics of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1: 233–263, 1976
Joint National Committee. The 5th report on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Archives of Internal Medicine 153: 154–183, 1993
Kandiah D, Penny WJ, Fraser AG, Lewia MJ. A possible drug interaction between rifampicin and enalapril. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 35: 431–432, 1988
Kannel WB. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor: the Framingham experience. Journal of Hypertension 9 (Suppl. 2): s3–s9, 1991
Kirch W, Stroemer K, Hoog-Kamer JFW, Kleinbloesem CH. The influence of prostaglandin inhibition by indomethacin on blood pressure and renal function in hypertensive patients treated with cilazapril. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27 (Suppl. 2): 297s–301s, 1989
Kleinbloesem CH, van Brummelen P, Francis RJ, Wiegand U-W. Clinical pharmacology of cilazapril. Drugs 41 (Suppl. 1): 3–10, 1991
Kloke HJ, Huysmans FThM, Wetzeis JFM, Sluiter HE, Kleinbloesem CH, et al. Antihypertensive effects of nitrendipine and cilazapril alone, and in combination in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 289s–296s, 1989
Koch KM, Hichens M, Cirillo VJ, Gress MH, Gomez HJ, et al. The effect of probenecid on enalapril pharmacokinetics. Abstract. Pharmacological Research 5 (Suppl): S176, 1988
Kochak GM, Rakhit A, Thompson TN, Hurley ME. Pentopril-cimetidine interaction caused by a reduction in hepatic blood flow. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28: 222–227, 1988
Koopmans PP, van Megen T, Thien T, Gribnau FWJ. The influence between indomethacin and captopril or enalapril in healthy volunteers. Journal of Internal Medicine 226: 139–142, 1989
Kripalani KJ, Mckinstry DN, Singhvi SM, Willard DA, Vukovich RA, et al. Disposition of captopril in normal subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 27: 636–641, 1980
Kromer EP, Eisner D, Riegger GAJ. Digoxin, converting-enzyme inhibition (quinapril), and the combination in patients with congestive heart failure function class II and sinus rhythm. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 16: 9–14, 1990
Kubo SH, Cody RJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 10: 377–391, 1985
Leary WP, Reyes AJ. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitors and the renal excretion of urate. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 1: 29–38, 1987
Lees KR, Meredith PA, Reid JL. A clinical pharmacological study of nifedipine and lisinopril alone and in combination. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 10 (Suppl. 10): sl05–sl07, 1987
Lees KR, Reid JL. Lisinopril and nifedipine: no acute interaction in normotensives. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 25: 307–313, 1988
Lcijten PAAA, Willard DA, Manning J, Ivashkiv E, Jemal M. Absence of pharmacokinetic interaction between captopril and digoxin in healthy subjects, in press, 1988; cited in Duchin et al., Clinical Pharmacokinetics 14: 241–259, 1988
Levinson B, Sugerman AA, McKown J. Lack of kinetic interaction of captopril and procainamide (PA) in healthy subjects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 25: 460, 1985
Levinson B, Sugerman AA, Stern M, Waclawski A, Manning J. Lack of kinetic interaction of captopril and allopurinol in healthy subjects. Abstract. In Proceedings of the American Society of Hypertension (New York), p. 129, American Society of Hypertension, New York, 1987
Litter C, McConachie I, Healy TEJ. Interaction between enalapril and propofol. Anesthesia and Intensive Care 17: 514–515, 1989
MacDonald TM, Craig K, Watson ML. Frusemide, ACE inhibition, renal dopamine and prostaglandins: acute interactions in normal man. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28: 683–694, 1989
MacDonald TM, Jeffrey RF, Freestone S, Lee MR. A single dose study of the effects of fenoldopam and enalapril in mild hypertension. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 40: 231–236, 1991
Magelli C, Bassein L, Ribani MA, Liberatore S, Ambrosioni E, et al. Lack of effect of captopril on serum digoxin in congestive heart failure. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 36: 99–100, 1989
Magrini F, Shimizu M, Roberts N, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC, et al. Converting enzyme inhibition and coronary blood flow. Circulation 75 (Suppl. 1): I–168–I–174, 1987
Mahieu M, Houvenagel E, Leduc JJ, Choteau P. Lithium-inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion: une association à éviter? Presse Médicale 17: 281, 1988
Malini PL, Strocchi E, Ambrosioni E. Simvastatin and enalapril in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic hypertensive patients. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 53 (Suppl. 1): 190, 1989
Mäntylä R, Männistö PT, Vuorela A, Sundberg S, Ottoila P. Impairment of captopril bioavailability by concomitant food and antacid intake. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Therapy and Toxicology 22: 626–629, 1984
Matsukawa T, Gotoh E, Minamisawa K, Kihara M, Ueda S, et al. Effects of intravenous infusions of angiotensin II on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. American Journal of Physiology 261: R690–R696, 1991
Matsukawa T, Gotoh E, Miyajima E, Yamada Y, Shionoiri H, et al. Angiotensin II inhibits baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity and the heart rate in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 6 (Suppl. 4): s501–s504, 1988
McConachie I, Healy TEJ. ACE inhibitors and anesthesia. Postgraduate Medical Journal 65: 273–274, 1989
McKenzie AJ. Possible interaction between SPPS and enalapril. Anesthesia and Intensive Care 18: 124–126, 1990
McLean AJ, Drummer OH, Smith HJ, Froomes P, McNeil JJ. Comparative pharmacokinetics of enalapril and lisinopril, alone and with hydralazine. Journal of Human Hypertension 3: 147–151, 1989
Mehta N, Modi N. ACE inhibitors in pregnancy. Lancet 2: 96, 1989
Minamisawa K, Shionoiri H, Sugimoto K, Ueda S, Ashino K, et al. Depressor effects and pharmacokinetics of single and consecutive doses of delapril in hypertensive patients with normal or impaired renal function. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 4: 1417–1424, 1990
Miyakawa T. Shionoiri H, Takasaki I, Kobayashi K, Ishii M. The effect of captopril on pharmacokinetics of digoxin in patients with mild congestive heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 17: 576–580, 1991
Miyazaki N. Shionoiri H, Uneda S, Yasuda G, Gotoh E, et al. Blood concentration and urinary excretion of captopril (SQ 14225), angiotensin converting activity and R-A-A system after administration of captopril in patients with chronic renal failure compared with essential hypertension. Japanese Journal of Nephrology 24: 421–428, 1982
Mollace V, Salvemini D, Sessa WC, Vane JR. Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by endothelium-derived relaxing factor, sodium nitroprusside or iloprost is potentiated by captopril and reduced thiols. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 258: 820–823, 1991
Muhlberg W, Weiser K, Jakob S, Mutschier E, Platt D. Der Ein-fluss von Hydrochlorothiazide auf die Pharmakokinetik und Pharmakodynamik von Enalapril bei geriatrischen Patienten. Abstract. Klinische Wochenschrift 69 (Suppl. 23): 163, 1991
Murray BM, Venuto RC, Kohli R, Cunningham EE. Enalapril-associated acute renal failure in renal transplants: possible role of cyclosporine. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 16: 66–69, 1990
Nabel EG, Topol EJ, Galeana A, Ellis SG, Bates ER, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of combined early intravenous captopril and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17: 467–473, 1991
Navis GJ, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw. Volume homeostasis, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, and lithium therapy. American Journal of Medicine 86: 621, 1989
Nicholls MG, Gilchrist NL. Sulindac and cough induced by converting enzyme inhibitors. Lancet 1: 872, 1987
Nilsen OG, Sellevold OFM, Romfo OS, Smedsrud A, Grynne B, et al. Pharmacokinetics and effects on renal function following cilazapril and hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 323s–328s, 1989
Noormohamed FH, McNabb WR, Lant AF. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic actions of enalapril in humans: effect of probenecid pretreatment. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 253: 362–368, 1990
Nuttall A, Snow HM. The cardiovascular effects of ICI 118587: a beta-1 adrenoceptor partial agonist. British Journal of Pharmacology 77: 381–388, 1982
Oguchi H, Miyasaka M, Koiwai T, Tokunaga S, Hora S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of temocapril and enalapril in patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 24: 421–427, 1993
Öhman PK, Kågedal B, Larsson R, Karlberg BE. Pharmacokinetics of captopril and its effects on blood pressure during acute and chronic administration and in relation to food intake. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 7 (Suppl. 1): s20–s24, 1985
Ohyama Y, Shionoiri H, Takasaki I, Ebina T, Sugimoto K, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of the effects of short-term treatment with SQ29,852 on cardiac function in patients with essential hypertension. Asian-Pacific Symposium on ACE Inhibitors, Hong Kong, February 17–20, 1993. Abstract, p. 69, 1993
Ondetti MA, Rubin B, Cushman DW. Design of specific inhibitors on angiotensin-converting enzyme: new class of orally active antihypertensive agents. Science 196: 441–444, 1977
Onoyama K, Hirakata H, Iseki K, Fujimi S, Omae T, et al. Blood concentration and urinary excretion of captopril (SQ 14,225) in patients with chronic renal failure. Hypertension 3: 456–459, 1981
Onoyama K, Sanai T, Motomura K, Fujishima M. Worsening of anemia by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and its prevention by antiestrogenic steroid in chronic haemodialysis patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 13 (Suppl. 3): s27–s30, 1989
Oochi N, Onoyama K, Inenaga T, Hirakata H, Oh Y, et al. The effect of a new antiestrogenic steroid, mepitiostane, on anemia in maintenance haemodialysis patients. Current Therapeutic Research 42: 17–24, 1987
Opie LH. Reperfusion injury and its pharmacological modification. Circulation 80: 1049–1062, 1989
Opie LH. ACE inhibitors: specific agents and pharmacokinetics. In Opie (Ed.) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, pp. 149–193, Author’s Publishing House, New York. 1992
Packer M. Vasodilator and inotropic drugs for the treatment of chronic heart failure: distinguishing hype from hope. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 12: 1299–1317, 1988
Packer M, Kukin ML, Neuberg GW, Pinky DJ, Penn J, et al. The current status of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the management of patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of Hypertension 7 (Suppl. 5): 33–36, 1989
Packer M, Medina N, Yushak M, Meller J. Hemodynamic patters of response during long-term captopril therapy for severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 68: 803–812, 1983
Parving H-H, Hommel E, Smidt UM. Protection of kidney function and decrease in albuminuria by captopril in insulin dependent diabetics with nephropathy. British Medical Journal 297: 1086–1091, 1988
Pasnisi F, Elliott HL, Reid JL. Vascular and aldosterone responses to angiotensin II in normal humans: effects of nicardipine. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 7: 1171–1175, 1985
Pennell DJ, Nunan TO, O’Doherty MJ, Croft DN. Fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome in a patient on captopril and allopurinol. Lancet 1: 463, 1984
Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L. Brown Jr EJ, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 327: 669–677, 1992
Pfeffer MA, Lamas GA, Vaughan DE, Parisi AF, Braunwald E. Effect of captopril on progressive ventricular dilatation after anterior myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 319: 80–86, 1988
Pollare T, Lithel H, Berne C. A comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 321: 868–873, 1989
Pouleur H, Hanet C, Rousseau MF. The efficacy and safety of chronic oral administration of xamoterol to patients with severe heart failure with ACE-inhibitors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28: 82s–83s, 1989
Pouleur H, Rousseau MF, Oakly C, Rydén L, for the Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group. Difference in mortality between patients treated with captopril or enalapril in the Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure study. American Journal of Cardiology 68: 71–74, 1991
Pulik M, Lida H. Interaction lithium-inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion. Presse Médicale 17: 755, 1988
Radley AS, Fitzpatrick RW. An evaluation of the potential interaction between enalapril and amiloride. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy Therapeutics 12: 319–323, 1987
Rakhit A, Kochak GM, Tipnis V, Hurley ME. Inhibition of renal clearance of furosemide by pentopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 580–586, 1987
Raskin R. How to treat hypertension in diabetic patients. Postgraduate Medicine 83: 213–232, 1988
Rett K, Wicklmayr M, Dietze GJ. Hypoglycemia in hypertensive diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas, biguanides, and captopril. New England Journal of Medicine 319: 1609, 1988
Richer C, Bah M, Cadilhac M, Thuillez C, Giudicelli JF. Cimetidine does not alter free unchanged captopril pharmacokinetics and biological effects in healthy volunteers. Pharmacologie (Paris) 17: 338–342, 1986
Rouleau JL, Chatterjee K, Benge W, Parmley WW, Hiramatsu B. Alterations in left ventricular function and coronary hemodynamics with captopril, hydralazine, and prazosin in chronic ischemic heart failure: a comparative study. Circulation 65: 671–678, 1982
Rousseau MF, Rouleau JL, Vincent MF. Effects of a cardioselective beta-1 partial agonist (Corwin) with previous myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 51: 1267–1274, 1983
Sahloul MZ, al-Kiek R, Ivanovich P, Mujais SK. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antihypertensives. Nephron 56: 345–352, 1990
Salvetti A, Innocenti PF, Iardella M, Pambianco F, Saba GC, et al. Captopril and nifedipine interactions in the treatment of essential hypertensives: a crossover study. Journal of Hypertension 5 (Suppl. 4): S139–S142, 1987
Samanta A, Burden AC. Fever, myalgia, and arthralgia in a patient on captopril and allopurinol. Lancet 1: 679, 1984
Sato T, Takeshi M, Baba S, Miyashita H. The interactions of digitalis-calcium antagonists and digitalis-angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). Abstract. Japanese Journal of Medicine 27: 481, 1988
Scanferla F, Toffoletto PP, Roncali D, Bazzato G. Associated effect of hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase + angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on the progression of renal failure in hypertensive subjects. American Journal of Hypertension 4: 868, 1991
Schwartz JB, Taylor A, Abernethy D, O’Meara M, Farmer J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enalapril in patients with congestive heart failure and patients with hypertension. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 7: 767–776, 1985
Schwartz JI, Moura RL. Severe depersonalization and anxiety associated with indomethacin. Southern Medical Journal 76: 679–680, 1983
Sedman AJ. Cimetidine drug interaction. American Journal of Medicine 76: 109–114, 1984
Seelig CB, Maloley PA, Campbell JR. Nephrotoxicity associated with concomitant ACE inhibitor and NSAID therapy. Southern Medical Journal 83: 1144–1148, 1990
Sessano P, Chatellier G, Billaud E, Corvol P, Menard J. Comparison of increase in the dose and addition of hydrochrolothiazide as second-step treatment of hypertensive patients not controlled by enalapril alone. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 13: 314–319, 1989
Shionoiri H, Gotoh E, Miyazaki N, Yasuda G, Takagi N, et al. Serum concentration and effects of a single dose of enalapril maleate in patients with essential hypertension. Japanese Circulation Journal 49: 46–51, 1985a
Shionoiri H, Gotoh E, Takagi N, Takeda K, Yabana M, et al. Antihypertensive effects and pharmacokinetics of single and consecutive doses of cilazapril in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 11: 242–249, 1988
Shionoiri H, Iino S, Inoue S. Glucose metabolism during captopril mono- and combination therapy in diabetic hypertensive patients. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension Part A 9: 675–679, 1987a
Shionoiri H, Ikeda Y, Kimura K, Miyakawa T, Kaneko Y. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of single-dose ramipril in hypertensive patients with various degrees of renal function. Current Therapeutic Research 40: 78–85, 1986a
Shionoiri H, Minamisawa K, Sugimoto K, Takasaki I, Yasuda G, et al. Effects of combination therapy with ACE inhibitor and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on hemodynamics and metabolism of lipid and glucose in hypertensive patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Third International Symposium on ACE Inhibition, Amsterdam, March 19–23, 1993. Abstract 8A.1, 1993
Shionoiri H, Minamisawa K, Ueda S, Abe Y, Ebina T, et al. Pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effects of lisinopril in hypertensivc patients with normal and impaired renal function. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 16: 594–600, 1990a
Shionoiri H, Miyakawa T, Takasaki I, Ishikawa Y, Hiroto S, et al. Glucose tolerance during chronic captopril therapy in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 9: 160–164, 1987b
Shionoiri H, Miyazaki N, Yasuda G, Sugimoto K, Uneda S, et al. Blood concentration and urinary excretion of enalapril in patients with chronic renal failure. Japanese Journal of Nephrology 27: 1291–1297, 1985b
Shionoiri H, Sugimoto K, Minamisawa K, Ueda S, Ebina T, et al. Glucose and lipid metabolism during long-term treatment with cilazapril in hypertensive patients with or without impaired glucose metabolism. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 15: 933–938, 1990b
Shionoiri H, Ueda S, Gotoh E, Ito T, Ogihara T. Glucose and lipid metabolism during long-term lisinopril therapy in hypertensive patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 16: 905–909, 1990c
Shionoiri H, Ueda S, Minamisawa K, Minamisawa M, Takasaki I, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of benazepril in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 20: 348–357, 1992
Shionoiri H, Yasuda G, Abe Y, Yoshimura H, Kaneko Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and acute effect on the renin-angiotensin system of delapril in patients with chronic renal failure. Clinical Nephrology 27: 65–70, 1987c
Shionoiri H, Yasuda G, Ikeda A, Ohta T, Miyajima E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and depressor effect of delapril in patients with essential hypertension. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 74–79, 1987d
Shionoiri H, Yasuda G, Sugimoto K, Miyazaki N, Miyakawa T, et al. The antihypertensive effect and the pharmacokinetic profile of captopril retard (CS-522-R) in patients with essential hypertension. Japanese Journal of Nephrology 28: 73–78, 1986b
Shionoiri H, Yasuda G, Takagi N, Oda H, Young SC, et al. Renal haemodynamics and comparative effects of captopril in patients with benign- or malignant-essential hypertension, or with chronic renal failure. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension Part A 9: 543–549, 1987c
Sica DA, Cutler RE, Parmer RJ, Ford NF, Comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetics of fosinopril, lisinopril and enalapril in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 20: 420–427, 1991
Singer DRJ, Markandu ND, Shore AC, MacGregor GA. Captopril and nifedipine in combination for moderate to severe essential hypertension. Hypertension 9: 629–633, 1987
Singhvi SM, Duchin KL, Willard DA, McKinstry DN, Migdalof BH. Renal handling of captopril: effect of probenecid. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 32: 182–189, 1982a
Singhvi SM, McKinstry DN, Shaw SM, Willard DA, Migdalof BH. Effect of food on the bioavailability of captopril in healthy subjects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22: 135–140, 1982b
SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enarapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 325: 293–302, 1991
Soubrier F, Alhenc-Gelas F, Hubert C, Allegrini J, John M, et al. Two putative centers in human angiotensin I-converting enzyme revealed by molecular cloning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85: 9386–9390, 1988
Sugimoto K. Kumagai Y, Tateishi T, Seguchi H, Ebihara A. Effects on autonomie function of a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 13 (Suppl. 3): s40–s45. 1989
Suzuki H. Kawaratani T, Shioya H, Uji Y, Saruta T. Study on pharmacokinetics and blood pressure lowering effects of a biliary excreted angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, CS-622: seven days serial administration study. Rinsho Iyaku 8: 271–279, 1992
Suzuki H, Kawaratani T, Shioya H, Uji Y, Saruta T. Study on pharmacokinetics of a nre biliary excreted oral angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, temocapril (CS-622) in humans. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition 14: 41–51, 1993
Taguma Y, Kitamoto Y, Futaki G, Ueda H, Monma H, et al. Effect of captopril on heavy proteinuria in azotemic diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 313: 1617–1620, 1985
Takasaki I, Shionoiri H, Hiroto S, Yasuda G, Gotoh E, et al. Long-term captopril therapy with no effect on glucose metabolism in patients with essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1: 217s–220s, 1988
Takasaki I, Shionoiri H, Ohyama Y, Ebina T, Sugimoto K, et al. Effects of SQ29,852 on pharmacokinetics, hemodynamics and renal function in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 21: 572, 1993
Todd PA, Heel RC. Enalapril: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in hypertension and congestive heart failure. Drugs 31: 198–246, 1986
Toussaint C, Masselink A, Gentges A, Wambach G, Boenner G. Interference of different ACE-inhibitors with the diuretic action of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide. Klinische Wochenschrift 67: 1138–1146, 1989
Townsend R, Holland OB. Combination of converting enzyme inhibitor with diuretic for the treatment of hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine 150: 1175–1183, 1990
VA Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Captopril: evaluation of low doses, twice daily doses, and the addition of diuretic for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Clinical Science 63: 443s–445s, 1982
Vandenburg MJ, Kelly JG, Wiseman WT, Mannering D, Long C, et al. The effect of lisinopril on digoxin pharmacokinetics in patients with congestive heart failure. Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society, London, January 6–8, 1988, Abstract, pp. 656–657, 1988a
Vandenburg MJ, Morris F, Marks C, Kelly JG, Dews IM, et al. A study of the potential pharmacokinetic interaction of lisinopril and digoxin in normal volunteers. Xenobiotica 18: 1179–1184, 1988b
Vandenburg MJ, Stephens JD, Dews IM, Robinson P, Resplandy G, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between digoxin and perindopril after chronic treatment of patients with congestive heart failure. Abstract. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30: 858, 1990
van der Woude FJ, van Son WJ, Tegzess AM, Donker AJ, Slooff MJ, et al. Effect of captopril on blood pressure and renal function in patients with transplant renal artery stenosis. Nephron 39: 184–188, 1985
van Gilst WH, de Graeff PA, de Leeuw MJ, Scholtens E, Wesseling H. Converting enzyme inhibitors and the role of the sulfhydryl group in the potentiation of exo- and endogenous nitrovasodilators. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 18: 429–436, 1991
Van Hecken AM, Verbesselt R, Buntinx A, Cirillo VJ, De Schepper PJ. Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between enalapril and frusemide. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 23: 84–87, 1987
Verho M, Malerczyk V, Groetsch H, Zenbil I. Absence of interaction between ramipril, a new ACE-inhibitor, and phenprocoumon, an anticoagulant agent. Pharmacotherapeutica 5: 392–399, 1989
Weber MA. Overview of fosinopril: a novel ACE inhibitor. Drug Investigation 3 (Suppl. 4): 3–11, 1991
Weinberger MH. Influence of an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor on diuretic-induced metabolic effects in hypertension. Hypertension 5 (Suppl. III): 132–138, 1983
Weinberger MH. Blood pressure and metabolic responses to hydrochlorothiazide, captopril, and the combination in black and white mild to moderate hypertensive patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 7: 552–555, 1985
Weinberger MH. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors enhance the antihypertensive efficacy of diuretics and blunt or prevent adverse metabolic effects. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 13 (Suppl. 3): s1–s4, 1989
Wing LMH, Chalmers JP, West MJ, Russell AE, Morris MJ, et al. Enalapril and atenolol in essential hypertension: attenuation of hypotensive effects in combination. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension Part A 10: 119–133, 1988
Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group. Xamoterol in severe heart failure. Lancet 336: 1–6, 1990
Yasuda G, Shionoiri H, Kubo T, Misu Y. Presynaptic angiotensin II receptors and captopril-induced adrenergic transmission failure probably not via converting enzyme inhibition in guinea-pig pulmonary arteries. Journal of Hypertension 5 (Suppl. 2): s39–s45, 1987
Young K. Enalapril and SPPS. Anesthesia and Intensive Care 18: 583, 1990
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shionoiri, H. Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with ACE Inhibitors. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 25, 20–58 (1993). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199325010-00003
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199325010-00003