Skip to main content
Log in

Novel Drug Delivery Systems

An Overview of Their Impact on Clinical Pharmacokinetic Studies

  • Leading Article
  • Published:
Clinical Pharmacokinetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Belchetz PE, Plant TM, Nakai Y, Keogh EJ, Knobil E. Hypophyseal responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Science 202: 631–633, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bem JL, Mann RD, Coulson R. Fatal gastrointestinal damage associated with the use of osmotic minipump indomethacin (Osmosin). Pharmaceutical Medicine 3: 35–43, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Berardi RR, Dressman JB, Elta GH, Szpunar GJ. Elevation of gastric pH with ranitidine does not affect the release characteristics of sustained release ibuprofen tablets. Biopharmaceu-tics and Drug Disposition 9: 337–347, 1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkett DJ, Lines DR, Kneebone GM, Green B, Hughes HM. Effects of time of dose in relation to food on the bioavailability of Theo-Dur sprinkle at steady state in asthmatic children. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 45: 305–311, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boxenbaum H. Pharmacokinetic determinants in the design and evaluation of sustained release dosage forms. Pharmaceutical Research 2: 82–88, 1984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradbrook ID, Babiker M, Crome P, Gillies HC, Morrison PJ, et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles of single and multiple doses of a slow release Oros Oxprenolol delivery system in young normotensive and elderly subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21: 371–376, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capparelli EV, DiPersio DM, Zhao H, Kluger J, Chow MSS. Clinical pharmacokinetics of controlled-release disopyramide in patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28: 306–311, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers SG, Shoeman DW, Hignite CE, Azarnoff DL,. Correlation between plasma diphenhydramine level and sedative and antihistamine effects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23: 375–382, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright RG, Cartlidge PHT, Rutter N, Melia CD, Davis SS. Transdermal delivery of theophylline to premature infants using a hydrogel disc svstem. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 29: 533–539, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos-Baumann AO, Von Kummer R, Eckert W, Weicker H. Controlled-release levodopa/benserazide (Madopar HBS): clinical observations and levodopa and dopamine plasma con-centrations in fluctuating Parkinsonian patients. Journal of Neurology 237: 24–28, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Challenor V, Waller DG, Gruchy BS, Renwick AG, George CF, et al. The effects of food and posture on the pharmacokinetics of a biphasic release preparation of nifedipine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22: 565–570, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen LA, Slot O, Sanchez G, Boserup J, Rasmussen SN, et al. Release of 5-aminosalicylic acid from Pentosa® during normal and accelerated intestinal transit time. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 23: 365–369, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corser BC, Youngs C, Baughman RP. Prolonged toxicity following massive ingestion of sustained-release theophylline preparation. Chest 88: 749–750, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham GR, Cordero E, Thornby JI. Testosterone replacement with transdermal therapeutic systems: physiological serum testosterone and elevated dihydrotestosterone levels. Journal of the American Medical Association 261: 2525–2530, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis SS, Hardy JG, Taylor MJ, Stockwell A, Whalley DR, et al. The in-vivo evaluation of an osmotic device (Osmet) using gamma scintigraphy. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 36: 740–742, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dew MJ, Hughes PJ, Lee MG, Evans BK, Rhodes J, An oral preparation to release drugs in the human colon. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 14: 405–408, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubois JP, Sioufi A, Muller P, Mauli D, Imhof PR. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of nicotine in healthy volunteers following single and repeated administration of different doses of transdermal nicotine systems. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 11: 187–195, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drewe J, Mazer N, Abisch E, Krummen K, Keck M. Differential effect of food on kinetics of bromocriptine in a modified release capsule and a conventional formulation. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 35: 535–541, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elkayam R, Friedman M, Stabholz A, Soskolne AW, Sela MN, et al. Sustained release device containing minocycline for local treatment of periodontal disease. Journal of Controlled Release 7: 231–236, 1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott HL, Vincent J, Meredith PA, Reid JL. Relationship between plasma prazosin concentrations and α-antagonism in humans: comparison of conventional and rate-controlled (Oros) formulations. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43: 582–587, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferry JJ, Forbes KK, Vander Lugt JT, Szpunar GJ. Influence of tretinoin on the percutaneous absorption of minoxidil from an aqueous topical solution. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 47: 439–446, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Figge HL, Figge J, Souney PF, Sacks FM, Shargel L, et al. Comparison of excretion of nicotinuric acid after ingestion of two controlled release nicotinic acid preparations in man. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28: 1136–1140, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerardin A, Wantiez D, Jaouen A. An incremental method for the study of the absorption of drugs whose kinetics are described by a two-compartment model: estimation of the microscopic rate constants. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Bio-pharmaceulics 11: 401–424, 1983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman P. Rate-controlled drug delivery. New England Journal of Medicine 307: 286–290, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordin A, Pohto P, Sundberg S, Nykanen S, Haataja H, et al. Pharmacokinetics of slow-release diltiazem and its effect on atrioventricular conduction in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31: 423–426, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, Cherry DA, Gaukroger P, et al. The transdermal administration of fentanyl in the treatment of postoperative pain: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects. Pain 37: 193–202, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graves DA, Rotenberg KS. Pseudoephedrine absorption from controlled release formulations: absorption rate constant estimation methods. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition 10: 127–136, 1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg MR, Jack DB, Smith SR, Kendall MJ. The pharmacokinetics of Oxprenolol following oral and rectal dosing — a comparison of delivery systems and routes of administration. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 12: 91–99, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey JA, Zobitz MM, Pak CYC. Bioavailability of citrate from two different preparations of potassium citrate. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 29: 338–341, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendeles L, Bighley L, Richardson RH, Hepler CD, Carmichael J. Frequent toxicity from IV aminophylline infusions in critically ill patients. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 11: 12–18, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirtz J. Problems of bioavailability with new drug delivery systems. Pharmacy International 7: 21–25, 1986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurwitz A, Karim A, Burns TS, Theophylline absorption from sustained-release products: comparative steady-state bioavailability of once-daily Theo-Dur, Theo-24 and Uniphyl. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 855–861, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein Z, Bialer M, Friedman M, Raz I. Pharmacokinetic analysis of sustained-release dosage forms of theophylline in humans: comparison of single and multiple dose studies. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition 8: 427–435, 1987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jack DB, Kendall MJ, Laugher SJ, Smith SR. Reproducibility of Oxprenolol plasma concentrations in young female volunteers following oral administration of an Oxprenolol Oros dosage form. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 19: I85S–190S, 1985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • John VA, Smith SE. Influence of food intake on plasma Oxprenolol concentrations following oral administration of conventional and Oros preparations. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 19: 191S–195S, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonkman JHG, Food interactions with sustained-release theophylline preparations. A review. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 16: 162–179, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonkman JHG, Steinjans VW, Beier W, Van Der Boon WJV, Crasmeijer G. Sustained release properties of the once daily theophylline capsule BY912 as compared with Theo-24® capsules. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition 10: 213–224, 1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karim A, Burns T, Janky D, Hurwitz A. Food-induced changes in theophylline absorption from controlled-release formulations: part II. Importance of meal composition and dosing time relative to meal intake in assessing changes in absorption. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38: 642–647, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson S, Luhrmann B, Bahner ML, Schulz H-U. Comparison of steady state serum theophylline concentrations in healthy volunteers after dosing with Euphyllin® retard and Pulmi-Dur®. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Therapy and Toxicology 25: 342–346, 1987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly JG, Kinney CD, Devane JG, Mulligan S, Colgan BV. Pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy of once-daily sustained-release naproxen. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 36: 383–388, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinbloesem CH, Van Harten J, De Leede LGJ, Van Brummelen P, Breimer DD. Nifedipine kinetics and dynamics during rectal infusion to steady state with an osmotic system. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36: 396–401, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koup JR, Walker SB, Shapiro GG, Howald WN, Pierson WE, et al. Application of stable isotope methodology in the evaluation of suslained-release theophylline dosage forms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 78: 752–754, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamont H, Pauwels R, Van Der Straeten M. The effect of dosing time on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a ‘once-a-day’ sustained release theophylline preparation. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24: 735–742, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langenbucher F. Numerical convolution/deconvolution as a tool for correlating in vitro with in vivo drug availability. Pharmazeutische Industrie 44: 1166–1172, 1982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin JG, Melellan A, Munday A, Sutherland M, Butler E. et al. A double-blind comparison of conventional and controlled-release carbamazepine in healthy subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 313–322, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ling TL, Yee JP, Cohen A, Hsiao C, Gonzalez MA. et al. A multiple-dose pharmacokinetic comparison of naproxen as a oncedailv controllcd-releasc tablet and a twice-daily conventional tablet. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 325–329, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loo JCK, Riegelman S. A new method for calculating intrinsic absorption rales of drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 57: 918–928, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor TR, Matzek KM, Keirns JJ, Van Wayjen RGA, Van Den Ende A. et al. Pharmacokinetics of transdermally delevered clonidine. Clinical Pharmacologv and Therapeutics 38: 278–284, 1985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macheras P, Symillides M, Georgiacodis M. A new approach for the in vivo evaluation of sustained release dosage forms. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 52: 249–253, 1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maesen FPV, Smeets JJ. Comparison of a controlled-release tablet of salbutamol given twice daily with a standard tablet given four times daily in the management of chronic obstructive lung disease. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31: 431–436, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May T, Rambeck B. Fluctuations of carbamazepine concentrations during the day for two slow-release preparations. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 11: 21–24, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McAllister A, Mosberg H, Settlage JA, Steiner JA. Plasma levels of nitroglycerin generation by three nitroglycerin patch preparation, Nitradisc. Transderm-Nitro and Nitro-Dur and one ointment formulation. Nitrobid. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21: 365–369, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCrea JD, Telford A-M, Kaye CM, Boyd MWJ. A comparison of plasma and synovial fluid profiles of standard and controlled-release formulations of ketoprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 10: 73–81, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merkus FWHM. Controlled and rate-controlled drug delivery: principal characteristics, possibilities and limitations. In Struyker-Boudier (Ed.) Rate-controlled drug administration and action. pp. 15–47, CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Metelitsa VI, Martsevich SY, Piotrovskii VK, Ryabokon OS, Blagodatskikh SV. New transdermal and transmucosal nitroglycerin delivery systems in patients with ischaemic heart disease. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 32: 5–10, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer BR, Kreis W, Eschbach J, O’Mara V, Rosen S. et al. Successful transdermal administration of therapeutic doses of a polypeptide to normal human volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 44: 607–612, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miser AW, Narang PK, Dothage JA, Young RC, Sindelar W. et al. Transdermal fentanyl for pain control in patients with cancer. Pain 37: 15–21, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moe G, Armstrong PW, Influence of skin site on bioavailability of nitroglycerin ointment in congestive heart failure. American Journal of Medicine 81: 765–770, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mojaverian P, Rocci ML, Conner DP, Abrams WB, Vlasses PH. Effect of food on the absorption of enteric-coated aspirin: correlation with gastric residence time. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 11–17, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molgaard H, Bjerregaard P, Jorgensen HS, Klifgaard NA. 24-Hour antiarrhythmic effect of conventional and slow-release verapamil in chronic atrial fibrillation. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33: 447–453, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negro RD, Turco P, Pomari C, Monici-Preti P. Effect of various disease states on theophylline plasma levels and on pulmonary function in patients with chronic airway obstruction treated with a sustained release theophylline preparation. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacologv Therapv and Toxicology 25: 401–405, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosterhuis B, Jonkman JHG, Kerkhof FA. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of a new controlled-release formulation of metoprolol with a traditional slow-release formulation. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33 (Suppl.): S15–S18. 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plezia PM, Kramer TH, Linford J, Hameroff SR. Transdermal fentanyl: pharmacokinetics and preliminary clinical evaluation. Pharmacotherapy 9: 2–9, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollak PT, Freeman DJ, Carruthers SG. Mean apical concentration and duration in the comparative bioavailability of slowly absorbed and eliminated drug preparations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 77: 477–480, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pozo ED, Schluter K, Nuesch E, Rosenthaler J, Kerp L. Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting bromocriptine preparation (Parlodel LA) and its effect on release of prolactin and growth hormone. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 29: 615–618, 1986

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rocci ML, Mojaverian P, Davis RJ, Ferguson RK, Vlasses PH. Food-induced gastric retention and absorption of sustained-release procainamide. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 42: 45–49, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers A, Bateman DN, Woodhouse KW. Is diurnal variation in absorption of slow-release aminophylline an age-related phenomenon. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacologv 33: 593–597, 1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roux A, Klein C, Ducreuset C, Gobert C, Advenier C. et al. Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release ketoprofen after daily administration in elderly subjects. Current Therapeutic Research 45: 435–446, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter PC, Murphy F, Dudley HAF. Morphine: controlled trial of different methods of administration for postoperative pain relief. British Medical Journal 280: 12–13, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg A, Blomqvist I, Jonsson UE, Lundberg P. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a new controlled-release formulation of metoprolol: a comparison with conventional tablets. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33 (Suppl.): S9–S14. 1988a

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg A, Ragnarsson G, Jonsson UE, Sjogren J. Design of a new multiple-unit controlled-release formulation of metoprolol — metoprolol CR. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33 (Suppl.): S3–S7. 1988b

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savarese JJ, Goldenheim PD, Thomas GB, Kaiko RF. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of controlled-release oral morphine sulphate in healthy subjects. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 11: 505–510, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefers M, Richter O, Reinhardt D, Becker B. The relationship between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in asthmatic children receiving a sustained-release formulation of theophylline. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Therapy and Toxicology 22: 406–415, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenkel L, Barlier D, Riera M, Barner A. Transdermal absorption of estradiol from different body sites is comparable. Journal of Controlled Release 4: 195–201, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah VP, Skelly JP. Regulatory considerations in transdermal drug delivery systems in the United Slates. In Chien (Ed.) Transdermal controlled systemic medications, pp. 399–410, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw JE, Prevo ME, Amkraut AA. Testing of controlled-release transdermal dosage forms. Archives of Dermatology 123: 1548–1556, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestri TM, Wills RJ, Pharmacokinetics of diazepam during multiple dosing of a 6-mg controlled-release capsule once daily. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 10: 64–68, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skelly JP, Barr WH, Regulatory assessment. In Robinson & Lee (Eds) Controlled drug delivery: fundamentals and applications. pp. 293–334, Marcel Dekker, New York. 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelly JP, Barr WH, Benet LZ, Doluisio JT, Goldberg AH. et al. Report of the workshop on controlled-release dosage forms: issues and controversies. Pharmaceutical Research 4: 75–77, 1987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinhoj A, Bechgaard H, Chasseaud LF, Brodie RR, Sharman JM, et al. The influence of food and repeated dosing on the bioavailability of indomethacin from a multiple-units con-trolled-release formulation. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Therapy and Toxicology 22: 557–561, 1984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smolensky MH, Scott PH, Kramer WG. Clinical significance of day-night differences in serum theophylline concentration with special reference to Theo-Dur. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 78: 716–722, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sournac M, Maublant J-C, Aiache JM, Veyre A, Bougaret J. Scintigraphic study of the gastrointestinal transit and correlations with the drug absorption kinetics of a sustained release theophylline tablet I: administration in fasting state. Journal of Controlled Release 7: 139–146, 1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staib AH, Beermann D, Harder S, Fuhr V, Liermann D. Absorption differences of ciprofloxacin along the human gastrointestinal tract determined using a remote-control drug delivery device (HF-capsule). American Journal of Medicine 87 (Suppl. 5A): 66S–69S, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinijans VW, Schulz H-U, Bohm A, Beier W. Absolute bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-release formulation using different intravenous reference infusions. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33: 523–526, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struyker-Boudier HAJ. Rate-controlled drug administration and action. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Tada H, Ishikawa M, Sato E, Suzuki T, Unno K, et al. Influence of food on bioavailability from two controlled-release granules of theophylline. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 14: 145–151, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theeuwes F, Drug delivery systems. In Rowland & Tucker (Eds) Pharmacokinetics: theory and methodology, pp. 237–279, Pergamon Press, New York, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Theeuwes F, Bayne W. Dosage form index: an objective criterion for evaluation of controlled-release drug delivery systems. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 66: 1388–1392, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toon S, Hopkins KJ, Aarons L, Rowland M. Rate and extent of absorption of Clonidine from a transdermal therapeutic system. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 41: 17–21, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urquhart J, Fara JW, Willis K.L. Rate-controlled delivery systems in drug and hormone research. Annual Review of Pharmacology 24: 199–236, 1984

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USP Subcommittee on Biopharmaceutics. In-vitro/in-vivo correlation for extended-release oral dosage forms, Pharmacopeial Forum pp. 4160–4161, 1988

  • Vallner JJ, Honigberg IL, Kotzan JA, Stewart JT. A proposed general protocol for testing bioequivalence of controlled-release drug products. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 16: 47–55, 1983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan LM, Milavetz G, Weinberger MM, Smith GD, Harris JB. Oral bioavailability of slow-release theophylline from unencapsulated beads in preschool children with chronic asthma. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 10: 395–400, 1988a

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan LM, Milavetz G, Weinberger MM, Smith GD, Merrick JG. Evaluation of passively absorbed saliva for determination of oral slow-release theophylline bioavailability in children. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 22: 684–687, 1988b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner JG, Nelson E. Per cent absorbed time plots derived from blood level and/or urinary excretion data. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 52: 610–611, 1963

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson RGP, Bastain W, Larkin KA, Hayes JR, McAinsh JA, et al. A comparative pharmacokinetic study of conventional propranolol and a long acting preparation of propranolol in patients with cirrhosis and normal controls. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24: 527–535, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson CG, Washington N. Assessment of disintegration and dissolution of dosage forms in vivo using gamma scintigraphy. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 14: 211–281, 1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolen RL. The application of stable isotopes to studies of drug bioavailability and bioequivalence. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26: 419–424, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodworth JR, Dennis SRK, Hinsvark ON, Amsel LP, Rotenberg KS. Bioavailability evaluation of a controlled-release dextromethorphan liquid. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 133–138, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaoka K, Nakagawa T, Uno T. Statistical moments in pharmacokinetics. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 6: 547–558, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh KC. Pharmacokinetic overview of indomethacin and sustained-release indomethacin. American Journal of Medicine 79 (Suppl. 4C): 3–12, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaffaroni A. Therapeutic systems: the key to rational drug therapy. Drug Metabolism Reviews 8: 191–221, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Banerjee, P.S., Robinson, J.R. Novel Drug Delivery Systems. Clin Pharmacokinet 20, 1–14 (1991). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199120010-00001

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199120010-00001

Keywords

Navigation