Skip to main content
Log in

Mechanism of Volatile Hydride Formation and Their Atomization in Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

  • Reviews
  • Published:
Analytical Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The mechanism of volatile hydride generation (HG) and the formation of analyte atoms in the quartz cell atomizer used in the determination of hydride-forming elements (As, Bi, Ge, Pb, Sb, Sn, Te etc.) by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), have been critically reviewed. The nascent hydrogen mechanism failed to explain hydride generation under different experimental conditions when tetrahydroborate (THB), amineboreanes (AB) and cyanotrihydroborate (CBH) were used as reductants. Various experimental evidence suggested a non-nascent hydrogen mechanism, in which the transfer of hydrogen directly bonded to boron to an analyte takes place. In electrochemical hydride generation (EcHG), the reduction of the analyte species and subsequent hydrogenation was proposed. The mechanism of analyte atom formation in a quartz tube atomizer has been explained by the following hypotheses: thermal decomposition, oxidation by O2 and collisions by hydrogen free radicals. The free-radical mechanism satisfactorily explains most of the analytical implications. The significant variation in the experimental conditions required to generate different analyte hydrides makes it difficult to arrive at a generalized mechanism of hydride formation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. S. J. Hill, J. B. Dawson, W. J. Price, I. L. Shuttler, C. M. M. Smith, and J. F. Tyson, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1999, 14, 1245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. J. Dedina and D. L. Tsalev, “Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy”, 1995, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  3. N. M. M. Coelho, A. Cosmen da Silva, and C. Moraes da Silva, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2002, 460, 227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Eva Moreno and C. Perez-Conde, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2003, 375, 666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. H. W. Sun, J. Ha, J. M. Sun, D. Q. Zhang, and L. L. Yang, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2002, 374, 526.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. I. Ipolyi and P. Fodor, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2000, 413, 13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. M. O. Andreae, Anal. Chem., 1977, (6), 820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. J. Morda-Pineiro, M. Luisa Cervera, and Miguel de La Guardia, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, 12, 1377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. M. L. Kokot, At. Absorption Newsl, 1976, 15, 105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. W. M. Mok and C. M. Wai, Water Res., 1989, 23, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. W. M. Mok, J. A. Riley, and C. M. Wai, Water Res., 1998, 22, 769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Y. Cabon and N. Cabon, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2000, 418, 19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Guimont, M. Pichelte, and N. Rheaume, At. Absorption Newsl, 1977, 16, 53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Kuldvere, Analyst, 1989, 114, 125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Takatsa and A. Uchiumi, Analyst, 1998, 123, 73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. M. Burguera and J. L. Burgurea, Talanta, 1997, 44, 1581.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Z. Stejkovvec, J. T. Van Elteren, and U. D. Woroniccka, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2001, 443, 277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. M. E. Moreno, C. Perez-Conde, and C. Camera, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2000, 15, 680.

    Google Scholar 

  19. H. L. Kahn and J. E. Schallis, At. Absorption Newsl, 1968, 7, 5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. W. Holak, Anal. Chem., 1969, 41, 1712.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. R. E. Madsen, At. Absorption Newsl, 1971, 10, 57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. E. F. Dalton and A. J. Malanoski, At. Absorption Newsl, 1971, 10, 92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. F. J. Fernandez and D. C. Manning, At. Absorption Newsl, 1971, 10, 86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. D. C. Manning, At. Absorption Newsl, 1971, 10, 123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. E. N. Pollock and S. J. West, At. Absorption Newsl, 1971, 11, 104.

    Google Scholar 

  26. R. S. Braman, L. L. Justen, and C. C. Foreback, Anal. Chem., 1972, 44, 2195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. F. J. Schmidt and J. L. Royer, Anal. Lett., 1973, 6, 17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. E. N. Pollock and S. J. West, At. Absorption Newsl, 1973, 72, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  29. F. J. Fernandez, At. Absorption Newsl, 1973, 12, 93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. K. C. Thompson and D. R. Thomerson, Analyst, 1974, 99, 595.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Sanz-Medal, Y. Valdes-Hevia, M. C. Temprano, N. B. Gracia, and M. R. F. De La Campa, Anal. Chem., 1995, 67, 2216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. X. W. Guo and X. M. Guo, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. J. S. Busheina and J. B. Headridge, Talanta, 1982, 29, 519.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. D. Yan, Z. Yan, G. S. Cheng, and A. M. Li, Talanta, 1984, 31, 133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. L. Ebdon, P. Goodal, S. J. Hill, P. Stockwell, and K. C. Thompson, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. R. E. Sturgeon, J. Liu, V. J. Boyko, and V. T. Luong, Anal. Chem., 1996, 68, 1883.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. A. S. Luna, R. E. Sturgeon, and R. C. Campos, Anal. Chem., 2000, 72, 3523.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. X. M. Guo, B. Huvang, Z. Sun, R. Ke, Q. Wang, and Z. B. Gong, Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 2000, 55, 943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. T. Matousek, J. Dedina, and M. Vobecky, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2002, 17, 52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. H. Sun, R. Suo, and Y. Lu, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2002, 457, 305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Y. L. Feng, J. W. Lam, and R. E. Sturgeon, Analyst, 2001, 126, 1833.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. J. Y. Cabon and N. Cabon, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 2000, 368, 484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. H. Wen, S. J. Ha, J. M. Sun, and D. Q. Zhang, and L. L. Yang, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 2002, 374, 526.

    Google Scholar 

  44. J. F. Chapman and L. S. Dale, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1979, 111, 137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Narasaki and M. Ikeda, Anal. Chem., 1984, 56, 2059.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. S. A. Amankwah and J. L. Fasching, Talanta, 1985, (2), 111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. A. E. Smith, Analyst, 1975, 700, 300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. A. G. Howard, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, 12, 267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. L. Tolimson, J. Electrochem. Soc, 1964, 777, 592.

    Google Scholar 

  50. H. W. Salzberg and B. Goldschmidt, J. Electrochem. Soc, 1960, 707, 348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. A. M. Espinosa, M. L. Tascon, M. D. Varyquez, and P. S. Batanero, Electrochim. Acta, 1992, 37, 1165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. D. M. Heuber and J. D. Winefordner, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, 316, 129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. F. Laborda, E. Bolea, and J. R. Castillo, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2000, 75, 103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. W. W. Ding and R. E. Sturgeon, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 57, 1325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. W. W. Ding and R. E. Sturgeon, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1996, 77, 225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. A. D’Ulivo, V. Loreti, M. Onor, E. Pitzalis, and R. Zamboni, Anal. Chem., 2003, 75, 2591.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. J. Dedina, “Flow Methods in Gas-liquid Separations” in A. Sanz-Medal (ed.), “Flow Analysis with Atomic Spectrometric Detection”, 1989, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 237–273.

  58. J. Marsh, New Edinburgh Philos. J., 1836, 229.

    Google Scholar 

  59. C. L. Bloxam, Q. J. Chem. Soc, 1861, 13, 12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. W. B. Robbins and J. A. Caruso, Anal. Chem., 1979, 57, 889A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. P. Carrero, A. Malave, J. Luis, M. Buguera, and C. Rondon, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2001, 438, 195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. X. R. Wang and R. M. Barnes, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1986, 41, 967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. F. Laborda, E. Bolea, M. T. Baranguan, and J. R. Castillo, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2002, 57, 797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. T. Wickstrom, W. Lund, and R. Bye, Analyst, 1995, 720, 2695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. T. Wickstrom, W. Lund, and R. Bye, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1998, 70, 389.

    Google Scholar 

  66. R. Bye, J. Autom. Chem., 1989, 77, 156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. D. R. Qiu, C. Vandecasteelie, K. Vermeiren, and R. Dams, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1990, 57, 439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. A. D’Ulivo, C. Baiocci, E. Pitzalis, M. Onor, and R. Zamboni, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2004, All.

  69. Narsito, J. Agterdenbos, and S. J. Santosa, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1990, 2, 189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. R. E. Mesmer and W. L. Jolly, Inorg. Chem., 1962, 1, 608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. R. E. Davis, E. Bromels, and C. L. Kibby, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1962, 84, 885.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. M. M. Kreevoy and J. E. C. Hutchins, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1972, 94, 6371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. A. D’Ulivo, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2004, 59, 793.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. F. T. Wang and W. L. Jolly, Inorg. Chem., 1972, 11, 1933.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. J. A. Gardiner and J. W. Collat, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1965, 87, 1692.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. A. D’Ulivo, M. Onor, and E. Pitzalis, Anal. Chem., 2004, (21), 6342.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. M. H. Arabab-Zaver, Analyst, 1980, 105, 744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. A. V. Shaikh and D. E. Taliman, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1978, 98, 251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. P. D. Wentzell, N. G. Sundin, and C. Hogeboon, Analyst, 1994, 119, 1403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. T. R. Rude and H. Puchelt, Fresenius Z. J. Anal. Chem., 1994, 350, 44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. S. Nielsen and E. H. Hansen, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, 343, 5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Y. Yano, T. Miyama, A. Ito, and T. Yasuda, Anal. Sci., 2000, 16, 939.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. J. Aggett and A. C. Aspell, Analyst, 1976, 101, 341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. R. S. Braman, D. L. Johnson, C. C. Foreback, J. M. Ammins, and J. L. Bricher, Anal. Chem., 1977, 49, 621.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. M. O. Andreae, Anal. Chem., 1977, 49, 820.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. A. V. Shaikh and D. E. Taliman, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1978, 98, 251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. C. Felsman, Anal. Chem., 1979, 51, 664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. M. Verlinden, J. Barrt, and H. Deelstra, Talanta, 1980, 27, 633.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. A. G. Howard and M. H. Arab-Zavar, Analyst, 1981, 106, 213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. T. A. Hinners, Analyst, 1980, 105, 751.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. M. Yamamoto, K. Urata, K. Murashige, and Y. Yamamoto, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1981, 36, 671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. S. Nakashima, Analyst, 1979, 104, 172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Y. Yamamoto and T. Kumamaru, Fresenius Z. J. Anal. Chem., 1976, 282, 355.

    Google Scholar 

  94. P. W. Vijan and G. D. Wood, Analyst, 1976, 101, 966.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. H. D. Fleming and R. G. Ide, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1976, 83, 67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. K. E. Bell and H. C. Kelly, Inorg. Chem., 1996, 35, 7225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. R. E. Mesmer and W. L. Jolly, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1962, 84, 2039.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. T. Freund, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1959, 9, 246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. W. L. Jolly and E. Mesmer, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1961, 83, 4470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. I. Wender, R. A. Friedel, and M. Orchin, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1949, 71, 1140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. P. J. Craig, D. Mennie, N. Ostah, O. F. X. Donard, and F. Martin, Analyst, 1992, 117, 823.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. T. Freund, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1991, 83, 2279.

    Google Scholar 

  103. S. A. Pergantis, W. Winnik, E. M. Heitmar, and W. R. Cullen, Talanta, 1997, 44, 1941.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. X. O. Wang, Z. X. Zhuang, P. Y. Yang, and B. L. Huang, Microchem. J., 1995, 316, 88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. W. W. Ding and R. E. Sturgeon, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 1325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. W. W. Ding and R. E. Sturgeon, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1996, 11, 225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. W. W. Ding and R. E. Sturgeon, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1996, 77, 421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. D. Schaumloffel and B. Neidhart, Fresenius Z. J. Anal. Chem., 1996, 354, 866.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. E. Bolea, F. Laborda, M. A. Bellara, and Y. R. Castillo, Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 2001, 56, 2347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. J. Sima, P. Rychlovsky, and J. Dedina, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2004, 59, 125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. I.E. Denkhaus, A. Golloch, X-M. Guo, and B. Huang, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2001, 16, 870.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. E. Denkhaus, F. Beck, P. Bueschler, R. Gerhard, and A. Gollach, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 2001, 370, 735.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. F. Beck, Chem. Ing. Tech., 1976, 48, 1096.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. W. M. Lestie and J. A. V. Butler, Trans. Faraday. Soc, 1936, 32, 989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. S. V. N. Szabo, Z. Phys. Chem., 1938, 181, 367.

    Google Scholar 

  116. K. F. Bonhoeffer, Z. Phys. Chem., 1924, 113, 199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. M. Volmer and H. Wick, Z Phys. Chem., 1932, 772, 429.

    Google Scholar 

  118. J. Tafel, Z. Phys. Chem., 1905, 50, 641.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. J. Tafel and K. Naumann, Z. Phys. Chem., 1905, 50, 713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. P. Rutschi and P. Delahay, J. Chem. Phys., 1955, 23, 195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. I. J. Heyrowski, Rec. Trav. Chim., 1927, 46, 582.

    Google Scholar 

  122. J. Horiuti and M. Ikusima, Proc. Imp. Acad., 1939, 15, 39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. G. Okamoto, J. Horiuti, and K. Hirota, Sci. Papers Inst. Chem. Res., 1936, 29, 223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. C. Boampong, I. D. Brindle, X.-C. Le, L. Pidwerbesky, and C. M. C. Ponzoni, Anal. Chem., 1988, 60, 1185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. I. D. Brindle and X.-C. Le, Anal. Chem., 1989, 61, 1175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. I. D. Brindle, X.-C. Le, and X.-F. Li, Analyst, 1988, 113, 1377.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. I. D. Brindle and X.-C. Le, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1989, 4, 227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. I. D. Brindle and X.-C. Le, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1990, 229, 239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. H. Chen, I. D. Brindle, and X.-C. Le, Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, 667.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. R. Anderson, M. Thompson, and E. Culbard, Analyst, 1986, 111, 1143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. R. Anderson, M. Thompson, and E. Culbard, Analyst, 1986, 111, 1153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. D. L. Tsalev, A. D’Ulivo, L. Lampugnai, M. Di Marco, and R. Zamboni, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1996, 11, 989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. I. D. Brindle and X.-C. Le, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1990, 229, 239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. A. G. Howard and C. Salou, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1996, 333, 89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. B. Welz and M. Sucmanova, Analyst, 1993, 118, 1425.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. A. Shraim, B. Chiswell, and H. Olszoay, Talanta, 1999, 50, 1109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. X. C. Le, W. R. Cullen, and K. J. Reimer, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 285, 277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. W. L. Jolly, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1961, 83, 335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. A. D’Ulivo, L. Lampugnai, G. Pelligrini, and R. Zamboni, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, 10, 969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. A. D’Ulivo, E. Bramanti, L. Lampugnai, and R. Zamboni, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2001, 56, 1893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. H. W. Chen, W. Yao, D. X. Wu, and I. D. Brindle, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 1829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. A. D’Ulivo, E. Bramanti, L. Lampugnai, and R. Zamboni, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2001, 56, 1893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. K. Marcucci, R. Zamboni, and A. D’Ulivo, Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 2001, 56, 393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. J. Agterdenbos, J. T. M. Van Elteren, D. Bax, and J. P. Ter Heege, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1986, 41, 303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. R. C. Chau, G. P. Barron, and P. A. W. Baumgarner, Anal. Chem., 1972, 44, 1476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. D. L. Collett, D. E. Fleming, and G. A. Taylor, Analyst, 1978, 103, 1074.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. D. E. Fleming and G. A. Taylor, Analyst, 1978, 103, 101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. J. W. Robinson, R. Gracia, G. Hindman, and P. Selvin, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1974, 69, 203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. W. H. Evans, F. J. Jackson, and D. Dellar, Analyst, 1979, 104, 16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. D. D. Siemer and L. Hagemann, Anal. Lett., 1975, 8, 323.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. A. J. Thomson and P. A. Thoresby, Analyst, 1977, 102, 9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. M. Verlinden, H. Deelstra, and E. Adriaenssens, Talanta, 1981, 28, 637.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. D. Booke Hatfield, Anal. Chem., 1987, 59, 1887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. F. D. Pierce, T. C. Lamoreaux, H. R. Brown, and R. S. Frazer, Appl. Spectrosc, 1976, 30, 38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. F. D. Pierce and H. R. Brown, Anal. Chem., 1977, 49, 1417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. R. D. Wauchope, At. Absorption Newsl., 1976, 15, 64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. B. Welz and M. Melcher, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1981, 46, 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. J. Agterdenbos, J. P. M. Van Noort, F. F. Peters, D. Bax, and J. P. Ter Heege, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1985, (3), 501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. M. Fishman and R. Spencer, Anal. Chem., 1977, 49, 1599.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. B. Welz and M. Melcher, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1981, 36, 439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. W. A. Maher, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1981, 126, 157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. M. M. McDaniel, A. D. Shendrikar, K. D. Reiszner, and P. W. West, Anal. Chem., 1976, 48, 2240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. P. N. Vijan and G. R. Wood, Talanta, 1976, 23, 89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. P. D. Goulden and P. Brooksbank, Anal. Chem., 1974, 46, 1431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. J. Dedina and I. Rubeska, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1980, 35, 119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. A. Mayer, C. Hofer, G. Tolg, S. Raptis, and G. Knapp, Fresenius Z. J. Anal. Chem., 1979, 296, 337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. D. C. Reamer, C. Veillon, and P. T. Tokousbalides, Anal. Chem., 1981, 53, 245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Narsito and J. Agterdenbos, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1987, 197, 315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. D. Bax, J. T. VanElteren, and J. Agterdenbos, Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 1986, 41, 1007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. D. Bax, F. F. Peters, J. P. M. Van Noort, and J. Agterdenbos, Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 1986, 41, 275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. B. Welz and M. Melcher, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1981, 46, 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. D. D. Siemer, P. Koteel, and V. Jariwala, Anal. Chem., 1976, 48, 836.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. J. Dedina and I. Rubeska, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1985, 35, 119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. M. McCrum, “Principles of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry”, 1999, GBC Scientific Equipment, ustralia, 44–45.

    Google Scholar 

  175. J. Dedina and B. Welz, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1992, 7, 307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. J. Dedina and A. D’Ulivo, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1997, 52, 1737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. A. D’Ulivo and J. Dedina, Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 1996, 57, 481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. J. Dedina, A. D’Ulivo, L. Lampugnani, T. Matousek, and R. Zamboni, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1998, 1111.

  179. T. Matousek, J. Dedina, and A. Selecka, Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 2002, 57, 451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. T. Matousek, J. Dedina, M. Johansson, and W. Freeh, Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 2000, 55, 151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. B. Welz and M. Melcher, Analyst, 1983, 108, 213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. S. Akman, O. Gene, and T. Balkis, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1982, (10), 903.

  183. J. Agterdenbos, J. P. Van Noort, F. F. Peters, and D. Bax, Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 1986, 41, 283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  184. J. Dedina, Anal. Chem., 1982, 54, 2097.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. A. D’Ulivo and J. Dedina, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2002, 57, 2069.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Riyazuddin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ramesh Kumar, A., Riyazuddin, P. Mechanism of Volatile Hydride Formation and Their Atomization in Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. ANAL. SCI. 21, 1401–1410 (2005). https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.21.1401

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.21.1401

Navigation