Abstract
Plant breeding is well recognized as one of the most important means to meet food security challenges caused by the ever-increasing world population. During the past three decades, plant breeding has been empowered by both new knowledge on trait development and regulation (e.g., functional genomics) and new technologies (e.g., biotechnologies and phenomics). Gene editing, particularly by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) and its variants, has become a powerful technology in plant research and may become a game-changer in plant breeding. Traits are conferred by coding and non-coding genes. From this perspective, we propose different editing strategies for these two types of genes. The activity of an encoded enzyme and its quantity are regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional, as well as translational and post-translational, levels. Different strategies are proposed to intervene to generate gene functional variations and consequently phenotype changes. For non-coding genes, trait modification could be achieved by regulating transcription of their own or target genes via gene editing. Also included is a scheme of protoplast editing to make gene editing more applicable in plant breeding. In summary, this review provides breeders with a host of options to translate gene biology into practical breeding strategies, i.e., to use gene editing as a mechanism to commercialize gene biology in plant breeding.
概要
人口不断增长给世界粮食安全带来了严峻的挑 战,植物育种是应对这一挑战的最重要手段之 一。过去三十年来,性状形成和调控的新知识(如 功能基因组学)和新技术(如生物信息学和表型 组学)极大地支持了植物育种的发展。基因编辑, 特别是基于CRISPR/Cas 技术和其衍生技术,已 成为强有力的植物研究技术,可能直接改变植物 育种的方法和策略。植物表型性状受编码基因和 非编码基因的控制,在本文中,我们提出了编辑 这两类基因的不同策略。对于编码基因,其编码 蛋白的活性和数量可在转录和转录后水平以及 翻译和翻译后水平加以调节,我们由此提出了创 造基因功能性变异从而改变性状表型的基因编 辑策略。对于非编码基因,则可以采用基因编辑 技术对其转录水平或对靶基因的目标序列加以 改造,达到产生新的性状的目的。此外,我们还 提出了一种基于原生质体的基因编辑方案,使基 因编辑技术更适合于植物育种。总之,本文提出 了一系列可供植物育种者选择的将基因生物学 知识转化为实用育种策略的方案,即基因编辑技 术成为将基因生物学知识用于植物育种的技术。
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We thank Dr. Jen SHEEN (Department of Molecular Biology in Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, USA) for sharing her working progress on the protoplast editing in lettuce, Arabidopsis, and tobacco.
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Yuan-yuan TAN, Hao DU, Xia WU, Yan-hua LIU, Meng JIANG, Shi-yong SONG, Liang WU, and Qing-yao SHU declare that they have no conflict of interest.
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of authors.
Project supported by the Zhejiang Provincial S&T Project on Breeding Agricultural (Food) Crops (No. 2016C02050-2) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31701394)
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Tan, Yy., Du, H., Wu, X. et al. Gene editing: an instrument for practical application of gene biology to plant breeding. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 21, 460–473 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1900633
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1900633