Abstract
High-strength conductive Cu alloys play an essential role in high-speed railways, 5G networks, and power transmission. The compound precipitates of alloying elements such as Cr, Zr, Fe, and Si in Cu alloys significantly regulate the microstructure and properties of these alloys. They can ensure that the alloys have high strength without damaging conductivity seriously, which is usually a difficult problem in the development of Cu alloys. This paper systematically expounds on the microstructure and concerned factors of compound precipitates in high-strength conductive Cu alloys such as Cu−Cr−Zr, Cu−Zr, Cu−Ni−Si, and Cu−Fe−P. In particular, factors affecting the precipitates are summarized from the perspectives of composition and process to guide the regulation of properties. Some new, promising, high-performance Cu alloys, including Cu−Co−Si, Cu−Co−Ti, and Cu−Fe−Ti, are described. Finally, we look at the research prospects for precipitation-strengthened Cu alloys.
概要
铜合金是高铁接触线的关键材料,同时在通信、电气工业等领域也发挥着极其重要的作用。高强度和高导电是提高铜合金综合性能的两个关键因素,析出强化（沉淀强化）是一种有效获得高强高导铜合金的方法。本文旨在探讨近几年在高强高导铜合金上关于析出相的研究进展,从析出相的角度总结归纳高强高导铜合金的研究现状,并结合本课题组近几年的实验工作,提出具备开发前景的合金体系,提炼在该方向的研究视角和方法。
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Atapek SH, Pantelakis S, Polat S, et al., 2020. Fatigue behavior of precipitation strengthened Cu−Ni−Si alloy modified by Cr and Zr addition. International Journal of Structural Integrity, 11(6):861–873. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSI-11-2018-0080
Batawi E, Morris DG, Morris MA, 1990. Effect of small alloying additions on behaviour of rapidly solidified Cu−Cr alloys. Materials Science and Technology, 6(9):892–899. https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1990.6.9.892
Batra IS, Laik A, Kale GB, et al., 2005. Microstructure and properties of a Cu−Ti−Co alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 402(1–2):118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.04.015
Caldatto Dalan F, de Lima Andreani GF, Travessa DN, et al., 2022. Effect of ECAP processing on distribution of second phase particles, hardness and electrical conductivity of Cu−0.81Cr−0.07Zr alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 32(1):217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65789-8
Cao GM, Zhang S, Chen J, et al., 2021. Microstructure and precipitate evolution in Cu−3.2Ni−0.75Si alloy processed by twin-roll strip casting. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30(2):1318–1329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05371-y
Chbihi A, Sauvage X, Blavette D, 2011. Atomic scale investigation of Cr precipitation in Cu and related mechanical properties. Solid State Phenomena, 172–174:291–296. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.172-174.291
Chen JQ, Su YH, Li Q, et al., 2021. Recent progress and perspective on copper alloy contact wire for high-speed electrified railways. Modern Transportation and Metallurgical Materials, 1(5): 11–16 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2097-017X.2021.05.003
Chen W, Hu XN, Guo W, et al., 2019. Effects of C addition on the microstructures of As-cast Cu−Fe−P alloys. Materials, 12(17):2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172772
Cheng TL, Wen YH, 2021. Phase-field model of precipitation processes with coherency loss. NPJ Computational Materials, 7(1):36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-021-00503-x
Donoso E, Zúñiga A, Diánez MJ, et al., 2010. Nonisothermal calorimetric study of the precipitation processes in a Cu−1Co−0.5Ti alloy. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 100(3):975–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0642-y
Du YB, Zhou YJ, Song KX, et al., 2020. Investigation of the retained austenite orientation in iron precipitates of martensitic transformation. Materials Letters, 280:128556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128556
Du YB, Zhou YJ, Song KX, et al., 2021. Zr-containing precipitate evolution and its effect on the mechanical properties of Cu−Cr−Zr alloys. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 14:1451–1458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.020
Faizova SN, Aksenov DA, Faizov IA, et al., 2021. Unusual kinetics of strain-induced diffusional phase transformations in Cu−Cr−Zr alloy. Letters on Materials, 11(2):218–222. https://doi.org/10.22226/2410-3535-2021-2-218-222
Feng GB, Yu FX, Cheng JY, et al., 2019. Re-aging behaviour and precipitated phase characteristics of high-performance Cu−Ni−Co−Si alloy. Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment, 40(8):76–83 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2019-0122
Fine ME, Isheim D, 2005. Origin of copper precipitation strengthening in steel revisited. Scripta Materialia, 53(1): 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.02.034
Gao LQ, Yang X, Zhang XF, et al., 2019. Aging behavior and phase transformation of the Cu−0.2 wt%Zr−0.15 wt%Y alloy. Vacuum, 159:367–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.10.054
Geng YF, Li X, Zhou HL, et al., 2020a. Effect of Ti addition on microstructure evolution and precipitation in Cu−Co−Si alloy during hot deformation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 821:153518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153518
Geng YF, Ban YJ, Wang BJ, et al., 2020b. A review of microstructure and texture evolution with nanoscale precipitates for copper alloys. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(5):11918–11934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.055
Goto M, Han SZ, Yakushiji T, et al., 2008. International Journal of Fatigue, 30:1333–1344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2007.11.001
Goto M, Yamamoto T, Han SZ, et al., 2019. Microstructure-dependent fatigue behavior of aged Cu−6Ni−1.5Si alloy with discontinuous/cellular precipitates. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 747:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.057
Goto M, Yamamoto T, Han SZ, et al., 2021. Simultaneous increase in electrical conductivity and fatigue strength of Cu−Ni−Si alloy by utilizing discontinuous precipitates. Materials Letters, 288:129353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129353
Han LT, Liu JW, Tang HG, et al., 2019. Preparation and properties of ultra-fine-grained and nanostructured copper alloy with the addition of P. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 221:322–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.09.048
Han SZ, Ahn JH, You YS, et al., 2018. Discontinuous precipitation at the deformation band in copper alloy. Metals and Materials International, 24(1):23–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-017-6626-8
Hatakeyama M, Toyama T, Nagai Y, et al., 2008. Nanostructural evolution of Cr-rich precipitates in a Cu−Cr−Zr alloy during heat treatment studied by 3 dimensional atom probe. Materials Transactions, 49(3):518–521. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.MBW200736
Hatakeyama M, Toyama T, Yang J, et al., 2009. 3D-AP and positron annihilation study of precipitation behavior in Cu−Cr−Zr alloy. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 386–388: 852–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.12.266
Hocker S, Rapp D, Schmauder S, 2017. Molecular dynamics simulations of strengthening due to silver precipitates in copper matrix. Physica Status Solidi (B), 254(5):1600479. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201600479
Holzwarth U, Stamm H, 2000. The precipitation behaviour of ITER-grade Cu−Cr−Zr alloy after simulating the thermal cycle of hot isostatic pressing. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 279(1):31–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(99)00285-8
Hu T, Chen JH, Liu JZ, et al., 2013. The crystallographic and morphological evolution of the strengthening precipitates in Cu−Ni−Si alloys. Acta Materialia, 61(4):1210–1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.031
Izawa K, Ozawa A, Kita K, et al., 2014. Influence of Co on strength and microstructure of Cu−Ni−Co−Si alloy. Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan, 63(5):401–408 (in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.2472/jsms.63.401
Jha K, Neogy S, Kumar S, et al., 2021. Correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties in the age-hardenable Cu−Cr−Zr alloy. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 546:152775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152775
Jia SG, Liu P, Ren FZ, et al., 2007. Sliding wear behavior of copper alloy contact wire against copper-based strip for high-speed electrified railways. Wear, 262(7–8):772–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.08.020
Jiang L, Fu HD, Wang CS, et al., 2020. Enhanced mechanical and electrical properties of a Cu−Ni−Si alloy by thermomechanical processing. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 51(1):331–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05507-3
Kawakatsu I, Suzuki H, Kitano H, 1967. Properties of high Zr, Cu-Zr-Cr alloys and the phase diagram at the Cu-rich corner. Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals and Materials, 31:1253–1257.
Kermajani M, Raygan S, Hanayi K, et al., 2013. Influence of thermomechanical treatment on microstructure and properties of electroslag remelted Cu−Cr−Zr alloy. Materials & Design, 51:688–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.062
Kim Y, Lee K, Cho YH, et al., 2016. Fatigue safety evaluation of newly developed contact wire for eco-friendly high speed electric railway system considering wear. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 3(4):353–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-016-0044-0
Krupińska B, Rdzawski Z, Krupiński M, et al., 2020. Precipitation strengthening of Cu−Ni−Si alloy. Materials, 13(5): 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051182
Lai ZM, Mai YJ, Song HY, et al., 2022. Heterogeneous microstructure enables a synergy of strength, ductility and electrical conductivity in copper alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 902:163646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163646
Lei CH, Yang HY, Zhao F, et al., 2021. Effect of Co addition on hardness and electrical conductivity of Cu−Si alloys. Journal of Materials Science, 56(26):14821–14831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06251-z
Li J, Huang GJ, Mi XJ, et al., 2019. Influence of the Ni/Co mass ratio on the microstructure and properties of quaternary Cu−Ni−Co−Si alloys. Materials, 12(18):2855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12182855
Liu Y, Liu XL, Tian BH, 2011. Residual stresses distribution calculation of the Cu−Cr−Zr alloy contact wire used in high-speed electrical railway. Advanced Materials Research, 189–193:2076–2080. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.189-193.2076
Liu YL, Zhou P, Liu SH, et al., 2017. Experimental investigation and thermodynamic description of the Cu−Cr−Zr system. Calphad, 59:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2017.07.002
Lockyer SA, Noble FW, 1994. Precipitate structure in a Cu−Ni−Si alloy. Journal of Materials Science, 29(1):218–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00356596
Long YQ, Liu P, Liu Y, et al., 2011. First-principle investigation of the structural stability and electronic property of precipitates on the Cu-rich side of Cu−Ni−Si alloys. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science), 16(3):266–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12204-011-1141-4
Lou MYW, Grant NJ, 1984. Identification of CuSu5Zr phase in Cu−Zr alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A, 15(7):1491–1493. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648579
Mineau L, Hamar-Thibault SJ, Allibert CH, 1993. Precipitation in Cu-rich Cu−Fe−Ti ternary alloys—a continuous process? Physica Status Solidi (A), 137(1):87–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211370106
Nagai T, Henmi Z, Sakamoto T, et al., 1973. Effect of precipitates on recrystallisation temperature in Cu−Cr, Cu−Zr and Cu−Zr−Cr alloys. Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals, 14(6):462–469. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.14.462
Nagarjuna S, Balasubramanian K, Sarma DS, 1997. Effect of prior cold work on mechanical properties and structure of an age-hardened Cu−1.5wt% Ti alloy. Journal of Materials Science, 32(13):3375–3385. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018608430443
Nagarjuna S, Balasubramanian K, Sarma DS, 1999. Effect of prior cold work on mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and microstructure of aged Cu−Ti alloys. Journal of Materials Science, 34(12):2929–2942. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004603906359
Nagarjuna S, Sharma KK, Sudhakar I, et al., 2001. Age hardening studies in a Cu−4.5Ti−0.5Co alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 313(1–2):251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01834-7
Okamoto H, 2012. Cu−Zr (copper-zirconium). Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 33(5):417–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-012-0077-1
Pan XX, Jiang HC, Feng H, et al., 2021. Evolution of precipitated phases in high strength and high electrical conductivity Cu−Cr−Zr alloy during aging. Heat Treatment of Metals, 46(7):7–12 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.07.002
Papaefthymiou S, Bouzouni M, Gavalas E, 2018. Theoretical study of particle dissolution during homogenization in Cu−Fe−P alloy. Metals, 8(6):455. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8060455
Peng HC, Xie WB, Chen HM, et al., 2021. Effect of micro-alloying element Ti on mechanical properties of Cu−Cr alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 852:157004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157004
Peng LJ, Mi XJ, Xiong BQ, et al., 2015a. Microstructure of phases in a Cu−Zr alloy. Rare Metals, 34(10):706–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-014-0324-1
Peng LJ, Xie HF, Huang GJ, et al., 2015b. The phase transformation and its effects on properties of a Cu−0.12wt% Zr alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 633:28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.02.077
Raghavan V, 1998. Cu−Fe−P (Copper-Iron-Phosphorus). Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 19(3):283–284. https://doi.org/10.1361/105497198770342454
Raghavan V, 2009. Fe−Ti−Y (iron-titanium-yttrium). Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 30(4):397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-009-9554-6
Salvan C, Briottet L, Baffie T, et al., 2021. CuCrZr alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion: microstructure, nanoscale strengthening mechanisms, electrical and mechanical properties. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 826:141915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141915
Sarin VK, Grant NJ, 1979. Effect of thermomechanical treatments on powder metallurgy Cu−Zr and Cu−Zr−Cr alloys. Powder Metallurgy International, 11(4): 153–157.
Semboshi S, Sato S, Iwase A, et al., 2016. Discontinuous precipitates in age-hardening Cu−Ni−Si alloys. Materials Characterization, 115:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.03.017
Shangina DV, Bochvar NR, Morozova AI, et al., 2017. Effect of chromium and zirconium content on structure, strength and electrical conductivity of Cu−Cr−Zr alloys after high pressure torsion. Materials Letters, 199:46–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.04.039
Szajewski BA, Crone JC, Knap J, 2020. Analytic model for the Orowan dislocation-precipitate bypass mechanism. Materialia, 11:100671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100671
Szajewski BA, Crone JC, Knap J, 2021. Dislocation precipitate bypass through elastically mismatched precipitates. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 29(2):025005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-651X/abd015
van der Straten PJM, Bastin GF, van Loo FJJ, et al., 1976. Phase equilibria and interdiffusion in the cobalt-titanium system/phasengleichgewichte und diffusion im system kobalt-titan. International Journal of Materials Research, 67(3):152–157. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1976-670303
Vinogradov A, Patlan V, Suzuki Y, et al., 2002. Structure and properties of ultra-fine grain Cu−Cr−Zr alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing. Acta Materialia, 50(7): 1639–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00437-2
Wang JF, Chen JS, Guo CJ, et al., 2020. Low cycle fatigue behavior of precipitation-strengthened Cu−Cr−Zr contact wires. International Journal of Fatigue, 137:105642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105642
Wang L, Martin D, Chen WY, et al., 2021. Effect of sink strength on coherency loss of precipitates in dilute Cu-base alloys during in situ ion irradiation. Acta Materialia, 210:116812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116812
Wang QJ, Liu F, Du ZZ, et al., 2013. Hot-compression deformation behavior of Cu−Cr−Zr alloy. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 37(5):687–694 (in Chinese).
Wang W, Guo EY, Chen ZN, et al., 2018. Correlation between microstructures and mechanical properties of cryorolled CuNiSi alloys with Cr and Zr alloying. Materials Characterization, 144:532–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.08.003
Wang YP, Fu RD, Li YJ, et al., 2019. A high strength and high electrical conductivity Cu−Cr−Zr alloy fabricated by cryogenic friction stir processing and subsequent annealing treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 755: 166–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.04.004
Watanabe C, Monzen R, Tazaki K, 2008. Mechanical properties of Cu−Cr system alloys with and without Zr and Ag. Journal of Materials Science, 43(3):813–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-2159-8
Wegener T, Koopmann J, Richter J, et al., 2021. CuCrZr processed by laser powder bed fusion—processability and influence of heat treatment on electrical conductivity, microstructure and mechanical properties. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 44(9):2570–2590. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13527
Xiao JH, Yan ZQ, Shi J, et al., 2022. Effects of wheel-rail impact on the fatigue performance of fastening clips in rail joint area of high-speed railway. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 26(1):120–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1905-9
Xiao XP, Xu H, Chen JS, et al., 2019. Coarsening behavior of (Ni, Co)2Si particles in Cu−Ni−Co−Si alloy during aging treatment. Rare Metals, 38(11):1062–1069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-018-1169-9
Xie H, Jia L, Tao SP, et al., 2020. Regulation of Ni−Si intermetallics in Cu−Ni−Si alloys and its influence on electrical breakdown properties. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31(4):3137–3145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-02860-7
Yan M, Wu YC, Chen JC, et al., 2011. Microstructure evolution in preparation of Cu−Sn contact wire for high-speed railway. Advanced Materials Research, 415–417:446–451. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.415-417.446
Yang HY, Ma ZC, Lei CH, et al., 2020. High strength and high conductivity Cu alloys: a review. Science China Technological Sciences, 63(12):2505–2517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-020-1633-8
Yang HY, Bu YQ, Wu JM, et al., 2021a. CoTi precipitates: the key to high strength, high conductivity and good softening resistance in Cu−Co−Ti alloy. Materials Characterization, 176:111099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111099
Yang HY, Li KQ, Bu YQ, et al., 2021b. Nanoprecipitates induced dislocation pinning and multiplication strategy for designing high strength, plasticity and conductivity Cu alloys. Scripta Materialia, 195:113741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.113741
Yang HY, Bu YQ, Wu JM, et al., 2022. Nanocompound-induced anti-softening mechanisms: application to CuCr alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 841:143038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143038
Yang Y, Wang L, Snead L, et al., 2018. Development of novel Cu-Cr-Nb-Zr alloys with the aid of computational thermodynamics. Materials & Design, 156:370–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.07.003
Zaitsev AI, Zaitseva NE, Alexeeva JP, et al., 2003. Thermodynamics and amorphization of the copper-zirconium alloys. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 5(19):4185–4196. https://doi.org/10.1039/B305089K
Zeng KJ, Hämäläinen M, 1995. A theoretical study of the phase equilibria in the Cu−Cr−Zr system. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 220(1–2):53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(94)06029-0
Zhang JL, Lu ZL, Jia L, et al., 2019. Hot deformation behavior of Cu-Ni-Si alloy at elevated temperature. Materials Research Express, 6(8):086590. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1fb9
Zhang Y, Lu MM, Hu YY, et al., 2014. Development and study of Cu−Ni−Si alloy for lead frame. Shanghai Nonferrous Metals, 35(4):177–182 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.13258/j.cnki.snm.2014.04.009
Zhang Y, Sun HL, Volinsky AA, et al., 2017. Small Y addition effects on hot deformation behavior of copper-matrix alloys. Advanced Engineering Materials, 19(12):1700197. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201700197
Zhang ZC, Wang RC, Peng CQ, et al., 2021. Effect of elevated-temperature annealing on microstructureand properties of Cu-0.15Zr alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 31(12):3772–3784. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65763-1
Zhao DM, Dong QM, Liu P, et al., 2003a. Aging behavior of Cu−Ni−Si alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 361(1–2):93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00496-9
Zhao DM, Dong QM, Liu P, et al., 2003b. Structure and strength of the age hardened Cu−Ni−Si alloy. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 79(1):81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00451-0
Zhao F, Lei CH, Zhao QK, et al., 2022. Predicting the property contour-map and optimum composition of Cu−Co−Si alloys via machine learning. Materials Today Communications, 30:103138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103138
Zhao QK, Yang HY, Liu JB, et al., 2021. Machine learning-assisted discovery of strong and conductive Cu alloys: data mining from discarded experiments and physical features. Materials & Design, 197:109248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109248
Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Tian BH, et al., 2019. Co effects on Cu−Ni−Si alloys microstructure and physical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 797:1327–1337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.135
Zhou M, Peng YH, An L, 2022. Technical advances, innovation and challenges of developing high-speed rail in China. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineering, 175(2):79–86. https://doi.org/10.1680/jcien.21.00149
Zhou SH, Napolitano RE, 2010. Phase stability for the Cu−Zr system: first-principles, experiments and solution-based modeling. Acta Materialia, 58(6):2186–2196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.004
Zhu J, Lin Y, Liu S, et al., 2021. Electropulsing aging treatment of Cu−Ni−Si sheet for microforming. Advanced Engineering Materials, 23(8):2100249. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100249
Zou J, Lu L, Lu DP, et al., 2016. Effect of boron and cerium on corrosion resistance of Cu−Fe−P alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 25(3):1062–1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-1918-6
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 92266202, 51827810, and 51977193).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Author contributions
Jian YU wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Feng ZHAO and Huiya YANG helped supplement the content of Section 4. Feng ZHAO, Huiya YANG, and Jiabin LIU helped organize the manuscript. Youtong FANG and Jien MA helped revise the manuscript. Jiabin LIU revised and edited the final version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, J., Zhao, F., Yang, H. et al. Progress in research on nanoprecipitates in high-strength conductive copper alloys: a review. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 24, 206–225 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2200398
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2200398