Abstract
The use of multivariate data analysis combined with sensors with partially overlapping selectivities has become a very powerful tool in measurement technology. These systems are often referred to as artificial senses, because they function in a way similar to the human senses. One such system is the electronic nose. This article focuses on similar concepts as the electronic nose, but for use in aqueous solutions. Because these systems are related to the human sense of taste in the same way the electronic nose is related to olfaction, they have been termed taste sensors, or “electronic tongues.” Various measurement principles that can be used in electronic tongues are described and discussed in this article. These include electrochemical techniques such as potentiometry, voltammetry, and conductometry. Also, optical techniques based on light absorption at specific wavelengths or the use of surface plasmon resonance are described. Mass-sensitive devices based on piezoelectric crystals have also been used and are described here. A special emphasis is given to the voltammetric electronic tongue.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Winquist, C. Krantz-Rülcker, and I. Lundström, in Sensors Update, Chapter 2.2, edited by H. Baltes, G.K. Fedder, and J.G. Korvink (Wiley-VHC, Weinheim, Germany, 2003).
J.W. Gardner and P.N. Bartlett, Sens. Actuators, B 18-19 (1994) p. 211.
F. Winquist, H. Sundgren, and I. Lundström, in Biosensors for Food Analysis, edited by A.O. Scott (Royal Society of Chemistry, Athenaeum Press, Gateshead, UK, 1998).
K. Toko, Mater. Sci. Eng., C 4 (1996) p. 69.
A. Legin, A. Rudnitskaya, Y. Vlasov, C. Di Natale, F. Davide, and A. D’Amico, in Tech. Dig. Eurosensors X (Leuven, Belgium, 1996) p. 427.
F. Winquist, P. Wide, and I. Lundström, Anal. Chim. Acta 357 (1997) p. 21.
K. Toko, Sens. Actuators, B 64 (2000) p. 205.
K. Toko, Meas. Sci. Technol. 9 (1998) p. 1919.
Taste Sensing System SA401, Anritsu Corp., Japan.
Astree Liquid & Taste Analyzer, Alpha M.O.S., Toulouse, France.
SensET AB, Skärblacka, Sweden.
A.J. Bard and L.R. Faulkner, in Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980).
J. Wang, in Analytical Electrochemistry (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1994).
P.T. Kissinger and W.R. Heineman, in Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2nd ed. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996).
A. Riul, R.R. Malmegrim, F.J. Fonseca, and L.H.C. Mattoso, Biosens. Bioelectron. 18 (11) (2003) p. 1365.
H. Nanto, Y. Hamaguchi, M. Komura, Y. Takayama, and T. Kobayashi, Sens. Mater. 14 (2002) p. 1.
R. Lucklum and P. Hauptmann, Sens. Actuators, B 70 (2000) p. 30.
K. Toko, K. Hayashi, M. Yamanaka, and K. Yamafuji, in Tech. Dig. 9th Sens. Symp. (1990) p. 193.
K. Hayashi, M. Yamanaka, K. Toko, and K. Yamafuji, Sens. Actuators, B 2 (1990) p. 205.
K. Toko, Biomimetic Sensor Technology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000).
K. Toko, Bios. Bioelectron. 13 (1998) p. 701.
T. Imamura, K. Toko, S. Yanagisawa, and T. Kume, Sens. Actuators, B 37 (1996) p. 179.
H. Yamada, Y. Mizota, K. Toko, and T. Doi, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 5 (1997) p. 41.
T. Fukunaga, K. Toko, S. Mori, Y. Nakabayashi, and M. Kanda, Sens. Mater. 8 (1) (1996) p. 47.
A. Taniguchi, Y. Naito, N. Maeda, Y. Sato, and H. Ikezaki, Sens. Mater. 11 (7) (1999) p. 437.
C. Di Natale, F. Davide, A. D’Amico, A. Legin, A. Rudnitskaya, B.L. Selezenev, and Y. Vlasov, in Tech. Dig. Eurosensors X (Leuven, Belgium, 1996) p. 1345.
C. Di Natale, A. Macagnano, F. Davide, A. D’Amico, A. Legin, Y. Vlasov, A. Rudnitskaya, and B.L. Selezenev, Sens. Actuators, B 44 (1997) p. 423.
A. Legin, A. Rudnitskaya, L. Lvova, Y. Vlasov, C. Di Natale, and A. D’Amico, Anal. Chim. Acta 484 (2003) p. 33.
A. Legin, A. Rudinitskaya, Y. Vlasov, C. Di Natale, E. Mazzone, and A. D’Amico, Electroanalysis 11 (10-11) (1999) p. 814.
A. Legin, A. Smirnova, A. Rudinitskaya, L. Lvova, E. Suglobova, and Y. Vlasov, Anal. Chim. Acta 385 (1999) p. 131.
J. Mortensen, A. Legin, A. Ipatov, A. Rudinitskaya, Y. Vlasov, and K. Hjuler, in Anal. Chim. Acta 403 (2000) p. 273.
P. Bergveld, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-19 (1970).
Y. Kanai, M. Shimizu, H. Uchida, H. Nakahara, C.G. Zhou, H. Maekawa, and T. Katsube, Sens. Actuators, B 20 (1994) p. 175.
Y. Sasaki, Y. Kanai, H. Uchida, and T. Katsube, Sens. Actuators, B 24-25 (1995) p. 819.
M. George, W. Parak, and H. Gaub, Sens. Actuators, B 69 (2000) p. 266.
Y. Murakami, T. Kikuchi, A. Yamamura, T. Sakaguchi, K. Yokoyama, Y. Ito, M. Takiue, H. Uchida, T. Katsube, and E. Tamiya, Sens. Actuators, B 53 (1998) p. 163.
F. Winquist, C. Krantz-Rülcker, P. Wide, and I. Lundström, Meas. Sci. Technol. 9 (1998) p. 1937.
U. Koller, M. Hemmingsson, K. &stergren, F. Winquist, and C. Krantz-Rülcker, “The Electronic Tongue as an On-Line Sensor in the Dairy Industry” (2004) unpublished.
P. Ivarsson, S. Holmin, N.-E. Höjer, C. Krantz-Rülcker, and F. Winquist, Sens. Actuators, B 76 (2001) p. 449.
C. Krantz-Rülcker, M. Stenberg, F. Winquist, and I. Lundström, Anal. Chim. Acta 426 (2001) p. 217.
P. Ivarsson, Y. Kikkawa, F. Winquist, C. Krantz-Rülcker, N.E. Höjer, K. Hayashi, K. Toko, and I. Lundström, Anal. Chim. Acta 49 (2001) p. 59.
E. Rydberg, F. Winquist, C. Krantz-Rülcker, and I. Lundström, “Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil by Use of a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue” (2004) unpublished.
C. Soderstrom, A. Rudnitskaya, A. Legin, and C. Krantz-Rulcker, “Differentiation of Four Aspergillus Species and One Zygosaccharomyces with Two Electronic Tongues Based on Different Techniques” (2004) unpublished.
F. Winquist, S. Holmin, C. Krantz-Rulcker, P. Wide, and I. Lundstrom, Anal. Chim. Acta 406 (2000) p. 147.
F. Winquist, E. Rydberg, S. Holmin, C. Krantz-Rulcker, and I. Lundstrom, Anal. Chim. Acta 471 (2000) p. 159.
A. Carlsson, C. Krantz-Rulcker, and F. Winquist, “An Electronic Tongue as a Tool for Wet-End Control,” submitted to Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal (2004).
C. Soderstrom, H. Boren, F. Winquist, and C. Krantz-Rulcker, “Analysis of Mold Growth in Liquid Media with an Electronic Tongue,” unpublished.
F. Winquist, R. Bjorkland, C. Krantz-Rulcker, I. Lundstrom, K. Ostergren, and T. Skoglund, Sens. Actuators, B (2004) submitted.
M. Ferreira, A. Riul, K. Wohnrath, F.J. Fonesca, O.N. Oliveira, and L.H.C. Mattoso, Anal. Chem. 75 (2003) p. 953.
A. Riul, A.M. G. Soto, S.V. Mello, S. Bone, D.M. Taylor, and L.H.C. Mattoso, Synth. Met. 132 (2003) p. 109.
R. Borngraber, J. Hartmann, R. Lucklum, S. Rosler, and P. Hauptmann, Sens. Actuators, B 65 (2000) p. 273.
S. Ezaki and S. Iiyama, Sens. Mater. 13 (2) (2001) p. 119.
T. Yamazaki, J. Kondoh, Y. Matsui, and S. Shiokawa, Sens. Actuators 83 (2000) p. 34.
J. Kondoh and S. Shiokawa, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33 (1994) p. 3095.
J. Kondoh and S. Shiokawa, in Tech. Dig. Transducers ’95-Eurosensors IX (Stockholm, 1995) p. 716.
A. Campitelli, W. Wlodarski, and M. Hoummady, Sens. Actuators, B 49 (1998) p. 195.
S.M. Lee, S.W. Jang, S.H. Lee, J.H. Kim, S.H. Kim, and S.W. Kang, Sens. Mater. 13 (2002) p. 11.
F. Winquist, P. Wide, T. Eklov, C. Hjort, and I. Lundstrom, J. Food Proc. Eng. 22 (1999) p. 37.
P. Wide, F. Winquist, and I. Kalaykov, in Proc. Second Int. Conf. Information Fusion, FUSION ’99 (1999) p. 1444.
C. Di Natale, R. Paolesse, A. Macagnano, A. Mantini, A. D’Amico, M. Ubigli, A. Legin, L. Lvova, A. Rudinitskaya, and Y. Vlasov, Sens. Actuators, B 69 (2000) p. 243.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Winquist, F., Krantz-Rülcker, C. & Lundström, I. Electronic Tongues. MRS Bulletin 29, 726–731 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.210
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.210