Abstract
CoCrMo alloy was deposited on a metallic substrate using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™)–a laser-based additive manufacturing technique. Several samples with five layers of deposit were fabricated at different combinations of laser power, powder feed rate, and scan velocity to study their influence using L4 Orthogonal array. The deposits were evaluated for their microstructure, hardness, wear resistance, and electrochemical performance. Grey relational grade analysis and analysis of variance were applied to identify optimum process parameters. The x-ray diffraction and microstructural analysis of the deposits showed uniform and fine microstructural features. Our experimental results revealed that the coatings fabricated using high laser power (350 W), low powder feed rate (5 g/min), and high scan velocity (20 mm/s) provide the highest hardness (446 ± 2.87 Hv) and wear resistance (1.80 ± 0.0007 mm3/Nm). However, the corrosion resistance was observed to be high for the deposits fabricated using low laser power (200 W), low powder feed rate (5 g/min), and low scan velocity (10 mm/s).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H.C. Amstutz and P. Grigoris: Metal on metal bearings in hip arthroplasty. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 329S, 11 (1996).
Y. Liao, R. Pourzal, P. Stemmer, M.A. Wimmer, J.J. Jacobs, A. Fischer, and L.D. Marks: New insights into hard phases of CoCrMo metal-on-metal hip replacements. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 12, 39 (2012).
J.V. Giacchi, C.N. Morando, O. Fornaro, and H.A. Palacio: Microstructural characterization of as-cast biocompatible Co–Cr–Mo alloys. Mater. Charact. 62, 53 (2011).
L.C. Julian and A. Munoz: Influence of microstructure of HC CoCrMo biomedical alloys on the corrosion and wear behavior in simulated body fluids. Tribol. Int. 44, 318 (2011).
R.A. Gil and A.I. Muñoz: Influence of the sliding velocity and the applied potential on the corrosion and wear behavior of HC CoCrMo biomedical alloy in simulated body fluids. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4, 2090 (2011).
F.A. España, V.K. Balla, S. Bose, and A. Bandyopadhyay: Design and fabrication of CoCrMo based novel structures for load bearing implants using laser engineered net shaping. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 30(1), 50 (2010).
G.D.J. Ram, C.K. Esplin, and B.E. Stucker: Microstructure and wear properties of LENS deposited medical grade CoCrMo. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 19, 2105 (2008).
B.V. Krishna, W. Xue, S. Bose, and A. Bandyopadhyay: Functionally graded Co-Cr-Mo coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy structures. Acta Biomater. 4(3), 697 (2008).
S. Dittrick, V.K. Balla, N.M. Davies, S. Bose, and A. Bandyopadhyay: In vitro wear rate and Co ion release of compositionally and structurally graded CoCrMo-Ti6Al4V structures. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 31(4), 809 (2011).
M. Das, V.K. Balla, T.S. Sampath Kumar, and I. Manna: Fabrication of biomedical implants using laser engineered net shaping (LENSTM). Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc. 72(3), 169 (2013).
J. Mazumder, A. Schifferer, and J. Choi: Direct materials deposition: Designed macro and microstructure. Mater. Res. Innovations 3(3), 118 (1999).
S. Bontha, N.W. Klingbeil, P.A. Kobryn, and H.L. Fraser: Thermal process maps for predicting solidification microstructure in laser fabrication of thin-wall structures. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 178, 135 (2006).
W. Hofmeister, M. Griffith, M. Ensz, and J. Smugeresky: Solidification in direct metal deposition by LENS processing. JOM 53(9), 30 (2001).
M. Gäumann, S. Henry, F. Cleton, J.D. Wagniere, and W. Kurz: Epitaxial laser metal forming: Analysis of microstructure formation. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 271, 232 (1999).
W. Kurz, C. Bezencon, and M. Gäumann: Columnar to equiaxed transition in solidification processing. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2, 185 (2001).
F.A. España, V.K. Balla, and A. Bandyopadhyay: Laser processing of bulk Al-12Si alloy: Influence of microstructure on thermal properties. Philos. Mag. 91(4), 574 (2011).
M. Das, V.K. Balla, D. Basu, I. Manna, T.S. Sampath Kumar, and A. Bandyopadhyay: Laser processing of in-situ synthesized TiB-TiN reinforced Ti6Al4V alloy composite coatings. Scr. Mater. 66(8), 578 (2012).
V.K. Balla, P.P. Bandyopadhyay, S. Bose, and A. Bandyopadhyay: Compositionally graded yttria-stabilized zirconia coating on stainless steel using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™). Scr. Mater. 57, 861 (2007).
J.A. Ortega-Saenz, M.A.L. Hernandez-Rodriguez, V. Ventura-Sobrevilla, R. Michalczewski, J. Smolik, and M. Szczerek: Tribological and corrosion testing of surface engineered surgical grade CoCrMo alloy. Wear 271, 2125 (2011).
S. Roy and P. Sahoo: Potentiodynamic polarization behavior of electroless Ni-P-W coatings. ISRN Corros. 2012, 914867 (2012).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
One of the authors (Kedar Mallik Mantrala) sincerely thanks the Director, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata for providing necessary permission to carry out some of the experimental work at CSIR-CGCRI. The financial support received from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi to establish LENS™ facility at CSIR-CGCRI is greatly acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mantrala, K.M., Das, M., Balla, V.K. et al. Laser-deposited CoCrMo alloy: Microstructure, wear, and electrochemical properties. Journal of Materials Research 29, 2021–2027 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.163
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.163