Abstract
An attempt was made to predict the macroscopic plastic flow of a high-performance pipeline steel, consisting of dual constituent phases (soft ferrite and hard bainite), by performing nanoindentation experiments on each microphase with two spherical indenters that have different radii (550 nm and 3.3 μm). The procedure is based on the well known concepts of indentation stress-strain and constraint factor, which make it possible to relate indentation hardness to the plastic flow of the phases. Additional consideration of the indentation size effect for sphere and application of a simple “rule-of-mixture” led us to a reasonably successful estimation of the macroscopic plastic flow of the steel from the microphases properties, which was verified by comparing the predicted stress-strain curve with that directly measured from the conventional tensile test of a bulky sample.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
N. Sanderson, R.K. Ohm, and M. Jacobs: Study of X100 linepipe costs point to potential saving. Oil Gas J. 97, 54 (1999).
A. Glover, J. Zhou, D. Horsley, N. Suzuki, S. Endo, and J. Takehara: Design, application and installation of an X100 pipeline, in Proceeding of OMAE 2003 (22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Cancun, Mexico, 2003), Art. No. OMAE2003–37429.
N. Ishikawa, M. Okatsu, S. Endo, and J. Kondo: Design concept and production of high deformability linepipe, in Proceeding of IPC 2006 (6th International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, Canada, 2006), Art. No. IPC2006–10240.
N. Ishikawa, S. Endo, and J. Kondo: High performance UOE linepipes. JFE Technical Report 7, 20 (2006).
D-H. Seo, C-M. Kim, J-Y. Yoo, and K-B. Kang: Microstructure and mechanical properties of X80/X100 grade plate and pipes, in Proceeding of ISOPE 2007 (7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 2007), p. 3301.
N. Suzuki and M. Toyoda: Critical compressive strain of linepipes related to workhardening parameters, in Proceeding of OMAE 2002 (21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Oslo, Norway, 2002), Art. No. OMAE2003–28253.
N. Suzuki, R. Muraoka, A. Glover, J. Zhou, and M. Toyoda: Local buckling behavior of X100 linepipes, in Proceeding of OMAE 2003 (22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Cancun, Mexico, 2003), Art. No. OMAE2003–37145.
S. Endo and M. Nagae: Ferrite-martensite dual phase anti-erosion steel. ISIJ Int. 36, 95 (1996).
T. Hüper, S. Endo, N. Ishikawa, and K. Osawa: Effect of volume fraction of constituent phase on the stress-strain relationship of dual phase steels. ISIJ Int. 39, 288 (1999).
Y. Tomota and I. Tamura: Mechanical behavior of steels consisting of two ductile phases. Trans. ISIJ 22, 665 (1982).
Y. Tomota, M. Umemoto, N. Komatsubara, A. Hiramatsu, N. Nakajima, A. Moriya, T. Watanabe, S. Nanba, G. Anan, K. Kunishige, Y. Higo, and M. Miyahara: Prediction of mechanical properties of multi-phase steels based on stress-strain curve. ISIJ Int. 32, 343 (1992).
Rudiono and Y. Tomota: Application of the secant method to prediction of flow curves in multi-microstructure steels. Acta Mater. 45, 1923 (1997).
P.J. Jacques, J. Ladriere, and F. Delannay: On the influence of interactions between phases on the mechanical stability of retained austenite in transformation-induce plasticity multiphase steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 32, 2759 (2001).
P.J. Jacques, Q. Furnémont, F. Lani, T. Pardoen, and F. Delannay: Multiscale mechanics of TRIP-assisted multiphase steels: I. Characterization and mechanical testing. Acta Mater. 55, 3681 (2007).
F. Lani, Q. Furnémont, T. Van Rompaey, F. Delannay, P.J. Jacques, and T. Pardoen: Multiscale mechanics of TRIP-assisted multiphase steels: II. Micromechanical modeling. Acta Mater. 55, 3695 (2007).
W.C. Oliver and G.M. Pharr: An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564 (1992).
W.C. Oliver and G.M. Pharr: Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology. J. Mater. Res. 19, 3 (2004).
Y-T. Cheng and C-M. Cheng: Scaling, dimensional analysis, and indentation measurements. Mater. Sci. Eng., R 44, 91 (2004).
N.X. Randall, C. Julia-Schmutz, J.M. Soro, J. von Stebut, and G. Zacharie: Novel nanoindentation method for characterising multiphase materials. Thin Solid Films 308–309, 297 (1997).
M. Göken and M. Kempf: Microstructural properties of superalloys investigated by nanoindentations in an atomic force microscope. Acta Mater. 47, 1043 (1999).
Y. Choi, W.Y. Choo, and D. Kwon: Analysis of mechanical property distribution in multiphase ultra-fine-grained steels by nanoindentation. Scr. Mater. 45, 1401 (2001).
Q. Furnémont, M. Kempf, P.J. Jacques, M. Göken, and F. Delannay: On the measurement of the nanohardness of the constitutive phases of TRIP-assisted multiphase steels. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 328, 26 (2002).
G.B. Viswanathan, E. Lee, D.M. Maher, S. Banerjee, and H.L. Fraser: Direct observation and analyses of dislocation substructures in the α phase of an α/β Ti-alloy formed by nanoindentation. Acta Mater. 53, 5101 (2005).
M. Delincé, P.J. Jacques, and T. Pardoen: Separation of size-dependent strengthening contribution in fine-grained Dual Phase steels by nanoindentation. Acta Mater. 54, 3395 (2006).
D. Tabor: Hardness of Metals (Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1951).
K.L. Johnson: Contact Mechanics (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1985).
J.S. Field and M.V. Swain: A simple predictive model for spherical indentation., J. Mater. Res. 8, 297 (1993).
J.G. Swadener, B. Taljat, and G.M. Pharr: Measurement of residual stress by load and depth-sensing indentation with spherical indenters. J. Mater. Res. 16, 2091 (2001).
A.G. Atkins and D. Tabor: Plastic indentation in metals with cones. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 13, 149 (1965).
Y.V. Milman, B.A. Galanov, and S.I. Chugunova: Plasticity characteristic obtained through hardness measurement. Acta Metall. Mater. 41, 2523 (1993).
S. Jayaraman, G.T. Hahn, W.C. Oliver, C.A. Rubin, and P.C. Bastias: Determination of monotonic stress-strain curve of hard materials from ultra-low-load indentation tests. Int. J. Solids Struct. 35, 365 (1998).
S. Shim, J-I. Jang, and G.M. Pharr: Extraction of flow properties of single-crystal silicon carbide by nanoindentation and finite element simulation. Acta Mater. 56, 3823 (2008).
H. Hertz: Miscellaneous Papers, edited by D.E. Jones and G.H. Schott (Macmillan, London, 1896).
E.G. Herbert, W.C. Oliver, and G.M. Pharr: On the measurement of yield strength by spherical indentation. Philos. Mag. 86, 5521 (2006).
J-I. Jang, Y. Choi, J-S. Lee, Y-H. Lee, D. Kwon, M. Gao, and R. Kania: Application of instrumented indentation technique for enhanced fitness-for-service assessment of pipeline crack. Int. J. Fract. 131, 15 (2005).
Y.P. Cao and J. Lu: A new method to extract the plastic properties of metal materials from an instrumented spherical indentation loading curve. Acta Mater. 52, 4023 (2004).
A. Sreeranganathan, A. Gokhale, and S. Tamirisakandala: Determination of local constitutive properties of titanium alloy matrix in boron-modified titanium alloys using spherical indentation. Scr. Mater. 58, 114 (2008).
J.G. Swadener, E.P. George, and G.M. Pharr: The correlation of the indentation size effect measured with indenters of various shapes. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50, 681 (2002).
Y.Y. Lim and M.M. Chaudhri: The effect of the indenter load on the nanohardness of ductile metals: An experimental study on polycrystalline work-hardened and annealed oxygen-free copper. Philos. Mag. 79, 2979 (1999).
I.J. Spary, A.J. Bushby, and N.M. Jennett: On the indentation size effect in spherical indentation. Philos. Mag. 86, 5581 (2006).
K. Durst, M. Göken, and G.M. Pharr: Indentation size effect in spherical and pyramidal indentations. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41, 074005 (2008).
K.L. Johnson: The correlation of indentation experiments. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 18, 115 (1970).
T.T. Zhu, A.J. Bushby, and D.J. Dunstan: Size effect in the initiation of plasticity for ceramics in nanoindentation. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 56, 1170 (2008).
T.T. Zhu, X.D. Hou, A.J. Bushby, and DJ. Dunstan: Indentation size effect at the initiation of plasticity for ceramics and metals. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41, 074004 (2008).
H.W. Swift: Plastic instability under physics of solids. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1, 1 (1952).
J.H. Hollomon: Tensile deformation. Trans. AIME 162, 268 (1945).
Y.M. Kim, S.K. Kim, Y.J. Lim, and N.J. Kim: Effect of microstructure on the yield ratio and low temperature toughness of linepipe steels. ISIJ Int. 42, 1571 (2002).
S.K. Kim, Y.M. Kim, Y.J. Lim, and N.J. Kim: Relationship between yield ratio and the material constant of the swift equation. Met. Mater. Int. 12, 131 (2006).
W.D. Nix and H. Gao: Indentation size effects in crystalline materials: A law for strain gradient plasticity. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46, 411 (1998).
J-I. Jang, S. Shim, S. Komazaki, and T. Honda: A nanoindentation study on grain-boundary contributions to strengthening and aging degradation mechanisms in advanced 12 Cr ferritic steel. J. Mater. Res. 22, 175 (2007).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, BW., Seo, DH., Yoo, JY. et al. Predicting macroscopic plastic flow of high-performance, dual-phase steel through spherical nanoindentation on each microphase. Journal of Materials Research 24, 816–822 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0109
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0109