Abstract
Mechanisms involved in salt tolerance urge exploration and investigation of genotypic variation to assist future breeding programs. Comparative examination of ten wheat cultivars for salt tolerance and their response towards proline-seed-priming was performed. Exposure of wheat seedlings to salinity resulted in prominent reduction in root and shoot growth attributes of all cultivars. Furthermore, decrease in the chlorophyll contents was evident although this varied among cultivars. Wheat seedlings grown from proline pre-treated seeds exhibited improved photosynthetic pigments, besides this response was also cultivar and concentration dependent. Generally, salt stressed plants exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activities. Proline priming significantly influenced antioxidant activities, however, its magnitude varied. The peroxidase activity varied among wheat cultivars that were evident from the analysis of POD activity on Native-PAGE gel. Salinity caused the accumulation of Na+ in the roots and the magnitude of Na+ translocation to the shoot was cultivar dependent. Similarly, K+ uptake and its distribution among root and shoot varied. Priming treatments affected ion distribution of Na+ and K+ but inter-cultivar variations were evident. Conclusively, all the cultivars investigated exhibited differential response to salinity and proline seed pre-treatments. However, the proline-priming mediated improvements in growth and antioxidant enzyme activities contributed to stress tolerance which partly relied on the ability of the plant to uptake sodium and its partitioning in the roots. Of the cultivars tested, Faisalabad-08 and Bhakhar-2002 were ranked as relatively salt tolerant and the cvs. AARI-10, MH-97 and Auqab-2000 as relatively salt sensitive.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aebi, H. 1984. Catalase. In: L. Packer (ed.), Methods in enzymology, Academic Press.Orlando, FL, USA. 105:121–126.
Alscher, R.G., Erturk, N., Heath, L.S. 2002. Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress. J. Exp. Bot. 53:1331–1341.
Apel, K., Hirt, H. 2004. Reactive oxygen species, metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Ann. Review Plant Biol. 55:373–399.
Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24:1–10.
Averinaa, N.G., Gritskevicha, E.R., Vershilovskayaa, I.V., Usatovb, A.V., Yaronskaya, E.B. 2010. Mechanisms of salt stress tolerance development in barley plants under the influence of 5-amino-levulinic acid. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 57:792–798.
Chance, B., Maehly, A.C. 1955. Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Meth. Enzymol. 2:764–775.
Daliakopoulos, I.N., Tsanis, I.K., Koutroulis, A., Kourgialas, N.N., Varouchakis, A.E., Karatzas, G.P., and Ritsema, C.J. 2016. The threat of soil salinity: A European scale review. Sci. Total Environ. 573:727–739.
Dhanda, S.S., Sethi, G.S., Behl, R.K. 2004. Indices of drought tolerance in wheat genotypes at early stages of plant growth. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 190:6–12.
FAO 2008. FAO land and plant nutrition management service. https://doi.org/www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/spush.
Forni, C., Duca, D., Glick, B.R. 2017. Mechanisms of plant response to salt and drought stress and their alteration by rhizobacteria. Plant Soil. 410:335–356.
Giannopolitis, C.N, Ries, S.K. 1977. Superoxide dismutases, purification and quantitative relationship with water-soluble protein in seedlings. Plant Physiol. 59:315–318.
Hernández, J., Jimenez, A., Mullineaux, P., Sevilla, F. 2000. Tolerance of pea plants (Pisum sativum) to long term salt stress is associated with induction of antioxidant defenses. Plant Cell Environ. 23:853–862.
Hernandez, M., Garcia, N.F., Vivancos, P.D., Olmos, E. 2009. A different role for hydrogen peroxide and the antioxidative system under short and long salt stress in Brassica oleracea roots. J. Exp. Bot. 61:521–535.
Iqbal, M., Ashraf, M. 2013. Gibberellic acid mediated induction of salt tolerance in wheat plants: Growth, ionic partitioning, photosynthesis, yield and hormonal homeostasis. Environ. Exp. Bot. 86:76–85.
Koevoets, I.T., Venema, J.H., Elzenga, J.T.M., Testerink, C. 2016. Roots withstanding their environment: exploiting root system architecture responses to abiotic stress to improve crop tolerance. Frontiers Plant Sci. 1–7.
Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685.
Miller, G., Honig, A., Stein, H., Suzuki, N., Mittler, R., Zilberstein, A. 2009. Unraveling delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C)/proline cycle in plants by uncoupled expression of proline oxidation enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 284:26482–26492.
Mittler, R. 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 7:405–410.
Mittler, R. 2006. Abiotic Stress, the field environment and stress combination. Trends Plant Sci. 11:15–19.
MSTAT Development Team 2013. MSTAT User’s Guide: A Microcomputer Program for the Design Management and Analysis of Agronomic Research Experiments. Michigan State University. East Lansing, MC, USA.
Munns, R, James, R.A. 2003. Screening methods for salinity tolerance: A case study with tetraploid wheat. Plant Soil 253:201–218.
Munns, R, Tester, M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant. Biol. 59:651–681.
Munns, R. 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25:239–250.
Munns, R., James, R.A., Xu, B., Athman, A., Conn, S.J., Jordans, C., Byrt, C.S., Hare, R.A., Tyerman, S.D., Tester, M., Plett, D., Gilliham, M. 2012. Wheat grain yield on saline soils is improved by an ancestral Na+ transporter gene. Nature Biotech. 30:360–364.
Murtaza, B., Murtaza, G., Sabir, M., Owens, G., Abbas, G., Imran, M., Shah, G.M. 2017. Amelioration of saline–sodic soil with gypsum can increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice–wheat cropping system. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 63:1267–1280.
Raza, S.H., Athar, H.R., Ashraf, M., Hameed, A. 2007. Glycine betaine-induced modulation of antioxidant enzymes activities and ion accumulation in two wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Environ. Exp. Bot. 3:368–376.
Raza, S.H., Ahmad, M.B., Ashraf, M.A., Shafiq, F. 2014. Time-course changes in growth and biochemical indices of mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes under salinity. Braz. J. Bot. 37:429–439.
Robin, A.H.K., Matthew, C., Uddin, M.J., Bayazid, K.N. 2016. Salinity-induced reduction in root surface area and changes in major root and shoot traits at the phytomer level in wheat. J. Exp. Bot. 67:3719–3729.
Roy, S., Negrao, S., Tester, M. 2014. Salt resistant crop plants. Curr. Opinion Biotech. 26:115–124.
Schleiff, U. 2008. Analysis of water supply of plants under saline soil conditions and conclusions for research on crop salt tolerance. J. Agron. Crop. Sci. 194:1–8.
Sileshi, A.A., Kibebew, K. 2016. Status of salt affected soils, irrigation water quality and land suitability of Dubti/Tendaho area, North Eastern Ethiopia. Doctoral dissertation, Haramaya University. Alemaya, Ethiopia.
Szabados, L.S., Savoure, A. 2009. Proline, a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci. 15:89–97.
Ueda, A., Yamamoto-Yamane, Y., Takabe, T. 2007. Salt stress enhances proline utilization in the apical region of barley roots. Biochem. Biophysics Res. Commun. 355:61–66.
Van Loon, L.C. 1971. Tobacco polyphenoloxidase: A specific staining method indicating non-identify with peroxidases. Phytochem. 10:503–507.
Wolf, B.A. 1982. Comprehensive system of leaf analysis and its use for diagnosing crop nutrients status. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 13:1035–1059.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by A. Pécsváradi
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Shafiq, F., Raza, S.H., Bibi, A. et al. Influence of Proline Priming on Antioxidative Potential and Ionic Distribution and its Relationship with salt Tolerance of Wheat. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 46, 287–300 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1556/0806.46.2018.10
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/0806.46.2018.10