Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are considered to possess protective activity in plants exposed to various stresses. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) on salt stressed summer squash cv. Eskandrani seedlings, whether it can alleviate the deleterious effects of salt stress in growing seedlings or not. For this, summer squash seeds were germinated in solidified half strength MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of EBL (0, 5, 10 and 20 μM) and NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM). The different concentrations (5, 10, 20 μM) of EBL significantly increased germination percentage and seedling growth capacity and the greatest increase was observed at 10 μM EBL. EBL application significantly increased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, the relative water content and the uptake of K and Ca. However, the different concentrations (50, 100 and 150 mM) of NaCl significantly decreased the above-mentioned attributes. The different concentrations (50, 100 and 150 mM) of NaCl significantly increased the electrolyte leakage, the lipid peroxidation and the Na uptake, but the interaction between EBL and NaCl significantly decreased these parameters. The results of this study proved that the application of 24-epibrassinolide to growing squash seedlings under salt stress conditions reduced the deleterious effects of salt stress and increased the tolerance of seedlings to its detrimental effects.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Adem, G. D., Roy, S. J., Zhou, M., Bowman, J. P., Shabala, S. (2014) Evaluating contribution of ionic, osmotic and oxidative stress components towards salinity tolerance in barley. BMC Plant Biol. 14, 1–13.
Agami, R. A. (2013) Alleviating the adverse effects of NaCl stress in maize seedlings by pretreating seeds with salicylic acid and 24-epibrassinolide. South African J. Bot. 88, 171–177.
Ali, A. A., Abdel-Fattah, R. I. (2006) Osmolytes-antioxidant behaviour in Phaseolus vulgaris and Hordeum vulgare with brassinosteroid under salt stress. J. Agron. 5, 167–174.
Anuradha, S., Rao, S. S. R. (2003) Effect of brassinosteroids on salinity stress induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Growth Regul. 33, 151–153.
Arnon, D. I. (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24, 1–15.
Arora, N., Bhardwaj, R., Sharma, P., Arora, H. K. (2008) 28-Homobrassinolide alleviates oxidative stress in salt treated maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Braz J. Plant Physiol. 20, 153–157.
Asghari, M., Zahedipour, P. (2016) 24-Epibrassinolide acts as a growth-promoting and resistance-mediating factor in strawberry plants. Plant Growth Regul. 35, 722–729.
Azooz, M. M. (2009) Salt stress mitigation by seed priming with salicylic acid in two faba bean genotypes differing in salt tolerant. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 11, 343–350.
Bajguz, A. (2000) Effect of brassinosteroids on nucleic acids and protein content in cultured cells of Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38, 209–215.
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P., Teare, I. D. (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil 29, 205–207.
Behnamnia, M., Kalantari, K. H. M., Rezanejad, F. (2009) Exogenous application of brassinosteroid alleviates drought-induced oxidative stress in Lycopersicon esculentum L. General Appl. Plant Physiol. 35, 22–34.
Bjornson, M., Dandekar, A. M., Chory, J., Dehesh, K. (2016) Brassinosteroid’s multi-modular interaction with the general stress network customizes stimulus-specifc responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Sci. 250, 165–177.
Clouse, S. D., Sasse, J. M. (1998) Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol. 49, 427–451.
Çoban, Ö., Baydar, N. G. (2016) Brassinosteroid effects on some physical and biochemical properties and secondary metabolite accumulation in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under salt stress. Ind. Crops Prod. 86, 251–258.
Dubios, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Reberes, P. A., Smith, F. (1956) Colometric method for determination of sugar and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28, 350–356.
Fariduddin, Q., Yusuf, M., Hayat, S., Ahmad, A. (2009) Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on antioxidant capacity and photosynthesis in Brassica juncea plants exposed to different levels of copper. Env. Exp. Bot. 66, 418–424.
Galal, A. (2017) Physico-chemical changes in karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seedlings responding to salt stress. Acta Biol. Hung. 68, 73–87.
Hayat, S., Hasan, S., Am, Yusuf, M., Hayat, Q., Ahmad, A. (2010) Effect of 28-homobrassinolide on photosynthesis, fuorescence and antioxidant system in the presence or absence of salinity and temperature in Vigna radiata. Env. Exp. Bot. 69, 105–112.
Heath, R. L., Packer, L. (1969) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 125, 189–198.
Hepler, P. K., Wayne, R. O. (1985) Calcium and plant development. Annual Rev. Plant Physiol. 36, 391–397.
Houimli, S. I. M., Denden, M., Mouhandes, B. D. (2010) Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on growth, chlorophyll, electrolyte leakage and proline by pepper plants under NaCl-stress. EurAsian J. BioSci. 4, 96–104.
Jain, M., Mathar, G., Koul, S., Sarin, N. B. (2001) Ameliorative effects of proline on salt stress-induced lipid peroxidation in cell lines of groundnut (Arachis hypogeal L.). Plant Cell Rep. 20), 463–468.
Jiang, Q. O., Deng, X. Z., Zhan, J. Y., Yan, H. M. (2011) Impacts of economic development on ecosystem risk in the Yellow River Delta. Procedia Env. Sci. 5, 208–218.
Kamel, M. (2007) Osmotic adjustment in three succulent species of Zygophyllaceae. Afr. J. Eco. 46, 96–104.
Katerji, N., Van Hoorn, J. W., Hamdy, A., Mastrorilli, M., Mou Karzel, E. (1997) Osmotic adjustment of sugar beets in response to soil salinity and its infuence on stomatal conductance, growth and yield. Agric Water Manage 34, 57–69.
Kavi Kishor, P. B., Sangam, S., Amruth, R. N., Sri Laxmi, P., Naidu, K. R., Rao, K. R. S. S., Sreenath Rao Reddy, K. J., Theriappan, P., Sreenivasulu, N. (2005) Regulation of proline biosynthesis, degradation, uptake and transport in higher plants: its implications in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Cur. Sci. 88, 424–438.
Kaya, C., Tuna, A. L., Ashraf, M., Altunlu, H. (2007) Improved salt tolerance of melon (Cucumis melo L.) by the addition of proline and potassium nitrate. Environ. Exp. Bot. 60, 397–403.
Li, L., Xu, J., Xu, Z. H., Xue, H. W. (2005) Brassinosteroids stimulate plant tropisms through modulation of polar auxin transport in Brassica and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 17, 2738–2753.
Lutts, S., Kinet, J. M., Bouharmont, J. (1996) NaCl induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Ann Bot. 78, 389–398.
Ma, H. Y., Song, L. R., Shu, Y. J. (2012) Comparative proteomic analysis of seedling leaves of different salt tolerant soybean genotypes. J. Proteomics 75, 1529–1546.
Mazliak, P. (1983) Plant membrane lipids: changes and alterations during aging and senescence. In: Lieberman, M. (ed.), Post-Harvest Physiology and Crop Preservation, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 123–140.
Munns, R., James, R. A., Xu, B. (2012) Wheat grain yield on saline soils is improved by an ancestral Na+ transporter gene. Nature Biotechnol. 30), 360–364.
Murashige, T., Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for a rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497.
Mussig, C., Shine, G. H., Altman, T. (2003) Brassinosteroids promote root growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 133, 1261–1271.
Nakashita, H., Yasuda, M., Nitta, T., Asami, T., Fujikoa, S., Arai, Y., Sekimata, K., Takatsuto, S., Yamaguchi, I., Yoshida, S. (2003) Brassinosteroids functions in a broad range of disease resistance in tobacco and rice. Plant Journal, 33, 887–898.
Ogweno, J. O., Song, X. S., Shi, K., Hu, W. H., Mao, W. H., Zhou, Y. H., Yu, J. Q., Nogues, S. (2008) Brassinosteroids alleviate heat-induced inhibition of photosynthesis by increasing carboxylation effciency and enhancing antioxidant systems in Lycopersicon esculentum. Plant Growth Regul. 27, 49–57.
Ozdemir, F., Bor, M., Demiral, T., Turkan, I. (2004) Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on seed germination, seedling growth, lipid peroxidation, proline content and anti-oxidative system of rice (Oriza sativa L.) under alinity stress. Plant Growth Regul. 42, 203–211.
Rajewska, W., Talarek, M., Bajguz, A. (2016) Brassinosteroids and response of plants to heavy metals action. Front Plant Sci. 7, 629–633.
Sairam, R. K., Rao, K. V., Srivastava, G. C. (2005) Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Sci. 163, 1037–1046.
Shahid, M. A., Pervez, M. A., Balal, R. M., Mattson, N. S., Rashid, A., Ahmad, R., Ayyub, C. M., Abba, T. (2011) Brassinosteroid (24-epibrassinolide) enhances growth and alleviates the deleterious effects induced by salt stress in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Aust. J. Crop Sci. 5, 500–510.
Soares, C., deSousa, A., Pinto, A., Azenha, M., Teixeira, J., Azevedo, R. A. (2016) Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on ROS content, antioxidantsystem, lipid peroxidation and Ni uptake in Solanum nigrum L. under Ni stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 122, 115–125.
Vardhini, B. V., Rao, S. S. R. (2003) Amelioration of osmotic stress by brassinosteroids on seed germination and seedling growth of three varieties of sorghum. Plant Growth Regul. 41, 25–31.
Voigt, E. L., Caitano, R. F., Maia, J. M., Ferreira-Silva, S. L., De Macêdo, C. E. C., Silveira, J. A. G. (2009) Involvement of cation channels and NH4+ sensitive K+ transporters in Na+ uptake by cowpea roots under salinity. Biol. Plant. 53, 764–768.
Wang, S. M., Wan, C. G., Wang, Y. R., Chen, H., Zhou, Z. Y., Fu, H., Sosebee, R. E. (2004) The characteristics of Na+, K+ and free proline distribution in several drought-resistant plants of the Alxa Desert. China J. Arid Environ. 56, 525–539.
Yamasaki, S., Dillenburg, L. R. (1999) Measurements of leaf relative water content in Araucaria angustifolia. Revista Brasilleira de Fisiologia Vegetal, 11, 69–75.
Yildirima, E., Taylorb, A. G., Spittlerb, T. D. (2006) Ameliorative effects of biological treatments on growth of squash plants under salt stress. Scientia Horticul. 111, 1–6.
Yu, J. Q., Huang, L. F., Hu, W. H., Zhou, Y. H., Mao, W. H., Ye, S. F., Nogues, S. (2004) A role for brassinosteroids in the regulation of photosynthesis in Cucumis sativus. J. Exp. Bot. 55, 1135–1143.
Zhabinskii, V. N., Khripach, N. B., Khripach, V. A. (2015) Steroid plant hormones: effects outside plant kingdom. Steroids 97, 87–97.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Galal, A. 24-Epibrassinolide Application Enhances Growth and Biochemical Aspects of Squash Under Salt Stress Conditions. BIOLOGIA FUTURA 69, 182–196 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1556/018.69.2018.2.7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/018.69.2018.2.7