Abstract
Non-standard experimental conditions can often enhance organocatalytic reactions considerably. The current study explores the effectiveness of a range of non-standard reaction conditions for the asymmetric organocatalytic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a nitrone with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. The influence of ionic liquids, high-pressure conditions, ultrasound, microwave irradiation and ball-milling was tested as well as the flow process. Because of the low reactivity of the nitrone and unsaturated aldehydes in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, cycloadducts were isolated in only moderate yields from the majority of experiments. However, high diastereo- and enantioselectivities were observed in ionic liquids under solvent-free conditions and in the flow reactor.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ballini, R., Marcantoni, E., & Petrini, M. (1992). A nitrone-based approach to the enantioselective total synthesis of (−)-anisomycin. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 57, 1316–1318. DOI: 10.1021/jo00030a051.
Bruckmann, A., Krebs, A., & Bolm, C. (2008). Organocatalytic reactions: effects of ball milling, microwave and ultrasound irradiation. Green Chemistry, 10, 1131–1141. DOI: 10.1039/b812536h.
Chauhan, P., & Chimni, S. S. (2012). Mechanochemistry assisted asymmetric organocatalysis: A sustainable approach. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 8, 2132–2141. DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.240.
Chow, S. S., Nevalainen, M., Evans, C. A., & Johannes, C. W. (2007). A new organocatalyst for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrones to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Tetrahedron Letters, 48, 277–280. DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.11.029.
Chua, P. J., Tan, B., Yang, L., Zeng, X., Zhu, D., & Zhong, G. (2010). Highly stereoselective synthesis of indanes with four stereogenic centers via sequential Michael reaction and [3 + 2] cycloaddition. Chemical Communications, 46, 7611–7613. DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01577f.
Cravotto, G., & Cintas, P. (2006). Power ultrasound in organic synthesis: moving cavitational chemistry from academia to innovative and large-scale applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 35, 180–196. DOI: 10.1039/b503848k.
Du, W., Liu, Y. K., Yue, L., & Chen, Y. C. (2008). Organocatalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones to nitroolefins. Synlett, 2997–3000. DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1087300.
Gioia, C., Fini, F., Mazzanti, A., Bernardi, L., & Ricci, A. (2009). Organocatalytic asymmetric formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition with in situ-generated N-carbamoyl nitrones. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131, 9614–9615. DOI: 10.1021/ja902458m.
Gribble, G. W., & Barden, T. C. (1985). Stereocontrolled total syntheses of (−)-hobartine and (+)-aristoteline via an intramolecular nitrone-olefin cycloaddition. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 50, 5900–5902. DOI: 10.1021/jo00350a103.
Hernández, J. G., & Juaristi, E. (2012). Recent efforts directed to the development of more sustainable asymmetric organocatalysis. Chemical Communications, 48, 5396–5409. DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30951c.
James, S. L., Adams, C. J., Bolm, C., Braga, D., Collier, P., Friscic, T., Grepioni, F., Harris, K. D. M., Hyett, G., Jones, W., Krebs, A., Mack, J., Maini, L., Orpen, A. G., Parkin, I. P., Shearouse, W. C., Steed, J. W., & Waddell, D. C. (2012). Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 413–447. DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15171a.
Jen, W. S., Wiener, J. J. M., & MacMillan, D. W. C. (2000). New strategies for organic catalysis: the first enantioselective organocatalytic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122, 9874–9875. DOI: 10.1021/ja005517p.
Jiao, P., Nakashima, D., & Yamamoto, H. (2008). Enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones with ethyl vinyl ether: The difference between Brønsted and Lewis acid catalysis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47, 2411–2413. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705314.
Karlsson, S., & Högberg, H. E. (2002). Catalytic enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones to cyclopent-1-enecarbaldehyde. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 13, 923–926. DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00231-8.
Karlsson, S., & Högberg, H. E. (2003). Organocatalysts promote enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrones with 1-cycloalkene-1-carboxaldehydes. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2003, 2782–2791. DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200300172.
Kobayashi, S., & JÖrgensen, A. K. (2002). Cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley.
Lemay, M., Trant, J., & Ogilvie, W. W. (2007). Hydrazide-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar nitrone cycloadditions. Tetrahedron, 63, 11644–11655. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.110.
Mečiarová, M., Mojzesová, M., & Šebesta, R. (2013). Methyltrioxorhenium-catalysed oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones in ionic liquids. Chemical Papers, 67, 51–58. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-012-0208-5.
Najera, C., & Sansano, J. M. (2009). 1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions: applications to the synthesis of antiviral agents. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 7, 4567–4581. DOI: 10.1039/b913066g.
Pagoti, S., Dutta, D., & Dash, J. (2013). A magnetoclick imidazolidinone nanocatalyst for asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 355, 3532–3538. DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300624.
Pellissier, H. (2007). Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Tetrahedron, 63, 3235–3285. DOI: 10.41016/j.tet.2007.01.009.
Pellissier, H. (2012). Asymmetric organocatalytic cycloadditions. Tetrahedron, 68, 2197–2232. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.103.
Puglisi, A., Benaglia, M., Cinquini, M., Cozzi, F., & Celentano, G. (2004). Enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of unsaturated aldehydes promoted by a poly(ethylene glycol)-supported organic catalyst. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2004, 567–573. DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200300571.
Puglisi, A., Benaglia, M., & Chiroli, V. (2013). Stereoselective organic reactions promoted by immobilized chiral catalysts in continuous flow systems. Green Chemistry, 15, 1790–1813. DOI: 10.1039/c3gc40195b.
Raimondi, W., Lettieri, G., Dulcere, J. P., Bonne, D., & Rodriguez, J. (2010). One-pot asymmetric cyclocarbohydroxylation sequence for the enantioselective synthesis of function alised cyclopentanes. Chemical Communications, 46, 7247–7249. DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01940b.
Rios, R., Ibrahem, I., Vesely, J., Zhao, G. L., & Córdova, A. (2007). A simple one-pot, three-component, catalytic, highly enantioselective isoxazolidine synthesis. Tetrahedron Letters, 48, 5701–5705. DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.05.176.
Selim, K. B., Beauchard, A., Lhoste, J., Martel, A., Laurent, M. Y., & Dujardin, G. (2012). Organocatalytic enantio- and diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between alanine-derived ketonitrones and E-crotonaldehyde: efficiency and full stereochemical studies. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 23, 1670–1677. DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.11.010.
Shen, Z. L., Goh, K. K. K., Wong, C. H. A., Loo, W. Y., Yang, Y. S., Lu, J., & Loh, T.. (2012). Synthesis and application of a recyclable ionic liquid-supported imidazolidinone catalyst in enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Chemical Communications, 48, 5856–5858. DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31830j.
Stanley, L. M., & Sibi, M. P. (2008). Enantioselective copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Chemical Reviews, 108, 2887–2902. DOI: 10.1021/cr078371m.
Tan, B., Zhu, D., Zhang, L., Chua, P. J., Zeng, X., & Zhong, G. (2010). Water-more than just a green solvent: a stereoselective one-pot access to all-chiral tetrahydronaphthalenes in aqueous media. Chemistry — A European Journal, 16, 3842–3848. DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902932.
Thorwirth, R., Stolle, A., & Ondruschka, B. (2010). Fast copper-, ligand- and solvent-free Sonogashira coupling in a ball mill. Green Chemistry, 12, 985–991. DOI: 10.1039/c000674b.
Toma, Š., Šebesta, R., & Mečiarová, M. (2011). Organocatalytic reactions under unusual condition. Current Organic Chemistry, 15, 2257–2281. DOI: 10.2174/138527211796150723.
Turro, N. J., Okamoto, M., Gould, I. R., Moss, R. A., Lawrynowicz, W., & Hadel, L. M. (1987). Volumes of activation for the cycloaddition reactions of phenylhalocarbenes to alkenes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 109, 4973–4976. DOI: 10.1021/ja00250a035.
Vesely, J., Rios, R., Ibrahem, I., Zhao, G. L., Eriksson, L., & Córdova, A. (2008). One-pot catalytic asymmetric cascade synthesis of cycloheptane derivatives. Chemistry — A European Journal, 14, 2693–2698. DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701918.
Weseliński, Ł., Stępniak, P., & Jurczak, J. (2009). Hybrid diamines derived from 1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine and α-amino acids as organocatalysts for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of aromatic nitrones to (E)-crotonaldehyde. Synlett, 2261–2264. DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1217808.
Weseliński, Ł., Słyk, E., & Jurczak, J. (2011). The highly enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkyl glyoxylate-derived nitrones to E-crotonaldehyde catalyzed by hybrid diamines. Tetrahedron Letters, 52, 381–384. DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.11.015.
Weseliński, Ł., Kalinowska, E., & Jurczak, J. (2012). The asymmetric organocatalytic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkyl pyruvate-derived nitrones and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 23, 264–270. DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.02.003.
Xing, Y., & Wang, N. X. (2012). Organocatalytic and metalmediated asymmetric [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 256, 938–952. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.01.002.
Zhao, D., & Ding, K. (2013). Recent advances in asymmetric catalysis in flow. ACS Catalysis, 3, 928–944. DOI: 10.1021/cs300830x.
Zhu, D., Lu, M., Dai, L., & Zhong, G. (2009). Highly stereoselective one-pot synthesis of bicyclic isoxazolidines with five stereogenic centers by an organocatalytic process. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48, 6089–6092. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901249.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mojzesová, M., Mečiarová, M., Almássy, A. et al. Assessment of non-standard reaction conditions for asymmetric 1,3-dipolar organocatalytic cycloaddition of nitrone with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Chem. Pap. 69, 737–746 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2015-0020
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2015-0020