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Hawking radiation from acoustic black holes, short distance and backreaction effects

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Abstract

Using the action principle we first review how linear density per¬turbations (sound waves) in an Eulerian fluid obey a relativistic equation: the d’Alembert equation. This analogy between propagation of sound and that of a massless scalar field in a Lorentzian metric also applies to non-homogeneous flows. In these cases, sound waves effectively propagate in a curved four-dimensional “acous¬tic” metric whose properties are determined by the flow. Using this analogy, we consider regular flows which become supersonic, and show that the acoustic metric behaves like that of a black hole. The analogy is so good that, when considering quantum mechanics, acoustic black holes should produce a thermal flux of Hawking phonons. We then focus on two interesting questions related to Hawking radiation which are not fully understood in the context of gravitational black holes due to the lack of a theory of quantum gravity. The first concerns the calculation of the modifications of Hawking radiation which are induced by dispersive effects at short distances, i.e. approaching the atomic scale when considering sound. We general¬ize existing treatments and calculate the modifications caused by the propagation near the black-hole horizon. The second question concerns backreaction effects. We return to the Eulerian action, compute second-order effects, and show that the backreaction of sound waves on the fluid’s flow can be expressed in terms of their stress-energy tensor. Using this result in the context of Hawking radiation, we compute the secular effect on the background flow.

PACS 04.62. +v - Quantum field theory in curved spacetime.

PACS 04.70.Dy - Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics.

PACS 47.40.Ki - Supersonic and hypersonic flows.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Bologna and INFN, sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126, Bologna, Italy

    R. Balbinot & S. Fagnocchi

  2. Departamento de Fisica Teórica and IFIG, Facultad de Fisica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain

    A. Fabbri

  3. Centro Enrico Fermi - Compendio Viminale, 00184, Rome, Italy

    S. Fagnocchi

  4. Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, CNRS UMR 8627, Université Paris XI, Bâtiment 210, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France

    R. Parentani

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  1. R. Balbinot
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Correspondence to R. Balbinot.

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Balbinot, R., Fabbri, A., Fagnocchi, S. et al. Hawking radiation from acoustic black holes, short distance and backreaction effects. Riv. Nuovo Cim. 28, 1–55 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1393/ncr/i2006-10001-9

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