Skip to main content
Log in

Regulation of N-myristoyltransferase by novel inhibitor proteins

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

N-myristoylation ensures the proper function and intracellular trafficking of proteins. Many proteins involved in a wide variety of signaling, including cellular transformation and oncogenesis, are myristoylated. The myristoylation of proteins is catalyzed by the ubiquitously distributed eukaryotic enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). Previously, we reported that NMT activity is higher in colonic epithelial neoplasms than in normal-appearing colonic tissue and that the increase in NMT activity appears at an early stage in colonic carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we observed that NMT expression is elevated in colorectal and gallbladder carcinoma. In our laboratory, an endogenous NMT inhibitor protein (NIP71) was discovered from bovine brain that inhibited NMT activity in rat colonic tumors. Very recently we have demonstrated that the protein (HSC70). In addition, we have discovered that enolase is a potent inhibitor of NMT. Further work may elucidate the role of HSC70 and/or enolase in the regulation of NMT, which may lead to the development of a gene-based therapy of colorectal cancer. The interaction of oncoproteomic and oncogenomic data sets through powerful bioinformatics will yield a comprehensive database of protein properties, which will serve as an invaluable tool for cancer researchers to understand the progress of tumorigenesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Boring, C. C., Squires, T. S., Tong, T., and Montgomery, S. (1994) Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 44, 7–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Midgley, R. and Kerr, D. (2001) Conventional cytotoxic and novel therapeutic concepts in colorectal cancer. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 10, 1011–1019.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kellam, B., De Bank, P. A., and Shakesheff, K. M. (2003) Chemical modification of mammalian cell surfaces. Chem. Soc. Rev. 32, 327–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Whelan, S. A. and Hart, G. W. (2003) Proteomic approaches to analyze the dynamic relationships between nucleocytoplasmic protein glycosylation and phosphorylation. Circ. Res. 93, 1047–1058.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Farazi, T. A., Waksman, G., and Gordon, J. I. (2001) The biology and enzymology of protein N-myristoylation. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 39,501–39,504.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rajala, R. V., Datla, R. S., Moyana, T. N., Kakkar, R., Carlsen, S. A., and Sharma, R. K. (2000) N-myristoyltransferase. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 204, 135–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Boutin, J. A. (1997) Myristoylation. Cell Signal 9, 15–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Resh, M. D. (1999) Fatty acylation of proteins: new insights into membrane targeting of myristoylated and palmitoylated proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1451, 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Towler, D. A., Adams, S. P., Eubanks, S. R., et al. (1987) Furification and characterization of yeast myristoyl CoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 2708–2712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zha, J., Weiler, S., Oh, K. J., Wei, M. C., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (2000) Posttranslational N-myristoylation of BID as a molecular switch for targetting mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 290, 1761–1765.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Carr, S. A., Biemann, K., Shoji, S., Parmelee, D. C., and Titani, K. (1982) n-Tetradecanoyl is the NH2-terminal blocking group of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine cardiac muscle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6128–6131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Aitken, A., Cohen, P., Santikarn, S., et al. (1982) Identification of the NH2-terminal blocking group of calcineurin B as myristic acid. FEBS Lett. 150, 314–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Schultz, A. M., Tsai, S. C., Kung, H. F., Oroszlan, S., Moss, J., and Vaughan, M. (1987) Hydroxylamine-stable covalent linkage of myristic acid in G0 alpha, a guanine nucleotide-binding protein of bovine brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 146, 1234–1239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Schultz, A. M., Henderson, L. E., Oroszlan, S., Garber, E. A. and Hanafusa, H. (1985) Amino terminal myristoylation of the protein kinase p60src, a retroviral transforming protein. Science 227, 427–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Rein, A., McClure, M. R., Rice, N. R., Luftig, R. B., and Schultz, A. M. (1986) Myristoylation site in Pr65gag is essential for virus particle formation by Moloney murine leukemia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 7246–7250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Marc, D., Drugeon, G., Haenni, A. L., Girard, M., and van der Werf, S. (1989) Role of myristoylation of poliovirus capsid protein VP4 as determined by site-directed mutagenesis of its N-terminal sequence. EMBO J. 8, 2661–2668.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Resh, M. D. (2004) A myristoyl switch regulates membrane binding of HIV-1 Gag. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 417–418.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Murray, D., Ben-Tal, N., Honig, B., and McLaughlin, S. (1997) Electrostatic interaction of myristoylated proteins with membranes: simple physics, complicated biology. Structure 5, 985–989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Dunphy, W. G., Fries, E., Urbani, L. J., and Rothman, J. E. (1981) Early and late functions associated with the Golgi apparatus reside in distinct compartments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7453–7457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Quinn, P., Griffiths, G., and Warren, G. (1983) Dissection of the Golgi complex. II. Density separation of specific Golgi functions in virally infected cells treated with monensin. J. Cell Biol. 96, 851–856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schmidt, M. F. and Schlesinger, M. J. (1980) Relation of fatty acid attachment to the translation and maturation of vesicular stomatitis and Sindbis virus membrane glycoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 255, 3334–3339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Berger, M. and Schmidt, M. F. (1984) Cell-free fatty acid acylation of Semliki Forest viral polypeptides with microsomal membranes from eukaryotic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 7245–7252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Slomiany, A., Liau, Y. H., Takagi, A., Laszewicz, W., and Slomiany, B. L. (1984) Characterization of mucus glycoprotein fatty acyltransferase from gastric mucosa. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 13,304–13,308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. van't Hof, W. and Resh, M. D. (1997) Rapid plasma membrane anchoring of newly synthesized p59fyn: selective requirement for NH2-terminal myristoylation and palmitoylation at cysteine-3. J. Cell Biol. 136, 1023–1035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Resh, M. D. (1994) Myristylation and palmitylation of Src family members: the fats of the matter. Cell 76, 411–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. King, M. J. and Sharma, R. K. (1992) Demonstration of multiple forms of bovine brain myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyl transferase. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 113, 77–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Giang, D. K. and Cravatt, B. F. (1998) A second mammalian N-myristoyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 6595–6598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ntwasa, M., Egerton, M., and Gay, N. J. (1997) Sequence and expression of Drosophila myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyl transferase: evidence for proteolytic processing and membrane localisation. J. Cell Sci. 110, 149–156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. McIlhinney, R. A. and McGlone, K. (1996) Immunocytochemical characterization and subcellular localization of human myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase in HeLa cells. Exp. Cell Res. 223, 348–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rajala, R. V. and Sharma, R. K. (1995) Myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase: subcellular localization, activation and kinetic behavior in the presence of organic solvents. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 208, 617–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Magnuson, B. A., Raju, R. V., and Sharma, R. K. (1996) Distribution of myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyl transferase activity in rabbit intestine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1300, 119–124.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. King, M. J., Pugazhenthi, S., Khandelwal, R. L., and Sharma, R. K. (1993) Membrane-associated N-myristoyltransferase activity is reduced in obese (fa/fa)Zucker rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196(2), 665–670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. King, M. J., Pugazhenthi, S., Khandelwal, R. L., and Sharma, R. K. (1993) Elevated N-myristoyl transferase activity is reversed by sodium orthovanadate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1165(3), 259–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Selvakumar, P., Pasha, M. K., Ashakumary, L., Dimmock, J. R., and Sharma, R. K. (2002) Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase: a novel molecular approach for cancer therapy. Int. J. Mol. Med. 10, 493–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Price, H. P., Menon, M. R., Panethymitaki, C., Goulding, D., McKean, P. G., and Smith, D. F. (2003) Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyl-transferase, an essential enzyme and potential drug target in kinetoplastid parasites. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 7206–7214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Georgopapadakou, N. H. (2002) Antifungals targeted to protein modification: focus on protein N-myristoyltransferase. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 11, 1117–1125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Felsted, R. L., Glover, C. J. and Hartman, K. (1995) Protein N-myristoylation as a chemotherapeutic target for cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 1571–1573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Magnuson, B. A., Raju, R. V., Moyana, T. N., and Sharma, R. K. (1995) Increased N-myristoyltransferase activity observed in rat and human colonic tumors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 1630–1635.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Zhao, Y. H., Krueger, J. G., and Sudol, M. (1990) Expression of cellular-yes protein in mammalian tissues. Oncogene 5, 1629–1635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Cartwright, C. A., Mamajiwalla, S., Skolnick, S. A., Eckhart, W. and Burgess, D. R. (1993) Intestinal crypt cells contain higher levels of cytoskeletal-associated pp60c-src protein tyrosine kinase activity than do differentiated enterocytes. Oncogene 8, 1033–1039.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bolen, J. B., Veillette, A., Schwartz, A. M., DeSeau, V., and Rosen, N. (1987) Activation of pp60c-src protein kinase activity in human colon carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 2251–2255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Termuhlen, P. M., Curley, S. A., Talamonti, M. S., Saboorian, M. H., and Gallick, G. E. (1993) Site-specific differences in pp60c-src activity in human colorectal metastases. J. Surg. Res. 54, 293–298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Weber, T. K., Steele, G., and Summerhayes, I. C. (1992) Differential pp60c-src activity in well and poorly differentiated human colon carcinomas and cell lines. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 815–821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cartwright, C. A., Meisler, A. I., and Eckhart, W. (1990) Activation of the pp60c-src protein kinase is an early event in colonic carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 558–562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Park, J., Meisler, A. I., and Cartwright, C. A. (1993) c-Yes tyrosine kinase activity in human colon carcinoma. Oncogene 8, 2627–2635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pena, S. V., Melhem, M. F., Meisler, A. I., and Cartwright, C. A. (1995) Elevated c-yes tyrosine kinase activity in premalignant lesions of the colon. Gastroenterology 108, 117–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Krueger, J. G., Garber, E. A., Goldberg, A. R., and Hanafusa, H. (1982) Changes in amino-terminal sequences of pp60src lead to decreased membrane association and decreased in vivo tumorigenicity. Cell 28, 889–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cross, F. R., Garber, E. A., Pellman, D., and Hanafusa, H. (1984) A short sequence in the p60src N terminus is required for p60src myristoylation and membrane association and for cell transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4, 1834–1842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Shoji, S., Kurosawa, T., Inoue, H., Funakóshi, T., and Kubota, Y. (1990) Human cellular src gene product: identification of the myristoylated pp60c-src and blockage of its myristoyl acylation with N-fatty acyl compounds resulted in the suppression of colony formation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173, 894–901.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ward, J. M. and Ohshima, M. (1985) Comparative histogenesis and pathology of naturally-occurring human and experimentally induced large bowel cancer in the rat. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 186, 203–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Harlow, S. P., Eriksen, B. L., Poggensee, L., et al. (1991) Prognostic implications of proliferative activity and DNA aneuploidy in Astler-Coller Dukes stage C colonic adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res. 51, 2403–2409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Lev, R. and Lance, M. P. (1990) Adenomatous Polyps of the Colon: Pathological and Clinical Features, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Raju, R. V., Moyana, T. N. and Sharma, R. K. (1997) N-Myristoyltransferase overexpression in human colorectal adenocarcinomas. Exp. Cell Res. 235, 145–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Buss, J. E., Solski, P. A., Schaeffer, J. P., MacDonald, M. J., and Der, C. J. (1989) Activation of cellular p21ras by myristoylation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 17, 867–869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Cadwallader, K. A., Paterson, H., Macdonald, S. G., and Hancock, J. F. (1994) N-terminally myristoylated Ras proteins require palmitoylation or a polybasic domain for plasma membrane localization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 4722–4730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Rajala, R. V., Radhi, J. M., Kakkar, R., Dalta, R. S., and Sharma, R. K. (2000) Increased expression of n-myristoyltransferase in gallbladder carcinomas. Cancer 88, 1992–1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Henson, D. E., Albores-Saavedra, J., and Corle, D. (1992) Carcinoma of the gallbladder: histologic types, stage of disease, grade, and survival rates. Cancer 70, 1493–1497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ha, M. J., Niklinski, W. T., Lee, S. J., et al. (1994) Protein N-myristoylation as a therapeutic target in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 35, 2428.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Pasha, M. K., Selvakumar, P., Ashakumary, L., et al. (2004) Lipidic inhibitors of human N-myristoyltransferase. Int. J. Mol. Med. 13, 557–563.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. French, K. J., Zhuang, Y., Schrecengost, R. S., Copper, J. E., Xia, Z., and Smith, C. D. (2004) Cyclohexyl-octahydro-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-based inhibitors of human N-myristoyltransferase-1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 309, 340–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dimmock, J. R., Jha, A., Zello, G. A., et al. (2003) 3,5-bis(Phenylmethylene)-1-(N-arylmaleamoyl)-4-piperidones: a novel group of cytotoxic agents. J. Enzyme. Inhib. Med. Chem. 18, 325–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Dimmock, J. R., Padmanilayam, M. P., Das, U., et al. (2003) Cytotoxic Mannich bases of 1-arylidene-2-tetralones. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 18, 313–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Masubuchi, M., Ebiike, H., Kawasaki, K., et al. (2003) Synthesis and biological activities of benzofuran antifungal agents targeting fungal N-myristoyltransferase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 11, 4463–4478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Cardenas, M. E., Cruz, M. C., Del Poeta, M., Chung, N., Perfect, J. R., and Heitman, J. (1999) Antifungal activities of antineoplastic agents: saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system to study drug action. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12, 583–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Raju, R. V., Datla, R. S., Warrington, R. C., and Sharma, R. K. (1998) Effects of L-histidine and its structural analogues on human N-myristoyl-transferase activity and importance of EEVEH amino acid sequence for enzyme activity. Biochemistry 37, 14,928–14,936.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Devadas, B., Freeman, S. K., McWherter, C. A., et al. (1998) Novel biologically active nonpeptidic inhibitors of myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyl-transferase. J. Med. Chem. 41, 996–1000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Zheng, G. Q., Hu, X., Cassady, J. M., Paige, L. A., and Geahlen, R. L. (1994) Synthesis of myristoyl CoA analogues and myristoyl peptides as inhibitors of myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase. J. Pharm. Sci. 83, 233–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Gowda, S., Shrivastav, A., Selvakumar, P., Dimmock, J. R., and Sharma, R. K. (2004) A novel inhibitor protein of N-myristoyltransferase from Escherichia coli. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 314, 984–987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Shrivastav, A., Pasha, M. K., Selvakumar, P., et al. (2003) Potent inhibitor of N-myristoylation: a novel molecular target for cancer. Cancer Res. 63, 7975–7978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. King, M. J. and Sharma, R. K. (1993) Identification, purification and characterization of a membrane-associated N-myristoyltransferase inhibitor protein from bovine brain. Biochem. J. 291, 635–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Rajala, R. V., Dehm, S., Bi, X., Bonham, K., and Sharma, R. K. (2000) Expression of N-myristoyltransferase inhibitor protein and its relationship to c-Src levels in human colon cancer cell lines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273, 1116–1120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Selvakumar, P., Lakshmikuttyamma, A., Pasha, M. K. et al. (2004) N-myristoyltransferase inhibitor protein is homologous to heat shock cognate protein 70. J. Cell. Biochem. 92, 573–578.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bukau, B. and Horwich, A. L. (1998) The Hsp70 and Hsp60 chaperone machines. Cell 92, 351–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Bhattacharyya, T., Karnezis, A. N., Murphy, S. P., et al. (1995) Cloning and subcellular localization of human mitochondrial hsp70. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1705–1710.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bakkenist, C. J., Koreth, J., Williams, C. S., Hunt, N. C., and McGee, J. O. (1999) Heat shock cognate 70 mutations in sporadic breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 59, 4219–4221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sturzbecher, H. W., Chumakov, P., Welch, W. J., and Jenkins, J. R. (1987) Mutant p53 proteins bind hsp 72/73 cellular heat shock-related proteins in SV40-transformed monkey cells. Oncogene 1, 201–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Blagosklonny, M. V., Toretsky, J., Bohen, S., and Neckers, L. (1996) Mutant conformation of p53 translated in vitro or in vivo requires functional HSP90. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8379–8383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ehrhart, J. C., Duthum, A., Ullrich, S., Appella, E., and May, P. (1998) Specific interaction between a subset of the p53 protein family and heat shock proteins hsp72/hsc73 in a human osteosarcoma cell line. Oncogene 3, 595–603.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Zylicz, M., King, F. W., and Wawrzynow, A. (2001) Hsp70 interactions with the p53 tumour suppressor protein. EMBO J. 20, 4634–4638.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pujol, J.L., Quantin, X., Jacot, W., Boher, J. M., Grenier, J., and Lamy, P.J. (2003) Neuroendocrine and cytokeratin serum markers as prognostic determinants of small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 39, 131–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rajendra K. Sharma.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shrivastav, A., Selvakumar, P., Bajaj, G. et al. Regulation of N-myristoyltransferase by novel inhibitor proteins. Cell Biochem Biophys 43, 189–202 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1385/CBB:43:1:189

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/CBB:43:1:189

Index Entries

Navigation