Abstract
Numerous microcapsule systems have been developed for a wide range of applications, including the sustained release of drugs, cell transplantation for therapy, cell immobilization, and other biotechnological applications. Despite the fact that microcapsule membrane is a dominant factor governing overall microcapsule performance, its characterization is challenging. We report a new method for characterizing microcapsule membranes, using the most common alginate-poly-l-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsule as an example. Our data demonstrate that genipin, a naturally derived reagent extracted from gardenia fruits, interacts with poly-l-lysine (PLL) and generates fluorescence. This fluorescence allows clear visualization and easy analysis of the PLL membrane in the APA microcapsules using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results also show that PLL binding correlates to the reaction variables during PLL coating such as PLL concentration and coating time. In addition, five other different microcapsule formulations consisting of PLL and/or chitosan membranes were examined, and the results imply that this method can be extended to characterize a variety of microcapsule membranes. These findings suggest that genipin can serve as a fluorogenic marker for rapid characterization of microcapsule membranes, a superior method that would have important implications for microcapsule research and potential in many other applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chang, T. M. S. (2005), Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4, 221–235.
Orive, G., Hernandez, R. M., Gascon, A. R., et al. (2003), Nat. Med. 9, 104–107.
Tagalakis, A. D. (2005), Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1686, 190–199.
Bloch, J., Bachoud-Levi, A. C., Deglon, N., et al. (2004), Hum. Gene. Ther. 15, 968–975.
Jones, L. M., Chen, H. M., Ouyang, W., Metz, T., and Prakash, S. (2004), J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 1, 61–69.
Visted, T. (2003), Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 3, 551–561.
de Vos, P. and Marchetti, P. (2002), Trends Mol. Med. 8, 363–366.
Umehara, Y., Hakamada, K., Seino, K., Aoki, K., Toyoki, Y., and Sasaki, M. (2001), Surgery 130, 513–520.
Vallbacka, J. J., Nobrega, J. N., and Sefton, M. V. (2001), J. Control. Release 72, 93–100.
Lim, F. and Sun, A. M. (1980), Science 210, 908–910.
Lee, K. Y., Park, W. H., and Ha, W. S. (1997), J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 63, 425–432.
Gugerli, R. (2002), J. Microencapsul. 19, 571–590.
Thu, B., Bruheim, P., Espevik, T., Smidsrod, O., Soon-Shiong, P., and Skjak-Braek, G. (1996), Biomaterials 17, 1031–1040.
Strand, B. L., Morch, Y. A., Espevik, T., and Skjak-Braek, G. (2003), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 82, 386–394.
Ma, X. J., Vacek, I., and Sun, A. (1994), Artif. Cells Blood Subst. Immobil. Biotechnol. 22, 43–69.
Juste, S. (2005), J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Pt. A 72A, 389–398.
Bartkowiak, A. and Hunkeler, D. (2000), Chem. Mater. 12, 206–212.
Gaserod, O., Sannes, A., and Skjak-Braek, G. (1999), Biomaterials 20, 773–783.
Thu, B., Bruheim, P., Espevik, T., Smidsrod, O., Soon-Shiong, P., and Skjak-Braek, G. (1996), Biomaterials 17, 1069–1079.
Rehor, A., Canaple, L., Zhang, Z. B., and Hunkeler, D. (2001), J. Biomater. Sci.-Polymer Ed. 12, 157–170.
Chen, Y. Q., Sun, D. X., Su, J., and Yang, J. (2003), Chem. J. Chin. Univ.-Chin. 24, 481–484.
Krasaekoopt, W., Bhandari, B., and Deeth, H. (2004), Int. Dairy J. 14, 737–743.
Su, J. F. (2005), J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 97, 1755–1762.
Nakagawa, K., Iwamoto, S., Nakajima, M., Shono, A., and Satoh, K. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 278, 198–205.
Schneider, S., Feilen, P. J., Slotty, V., et al. (2001), Biomaterials 22, 1961–1970.
Kim, B. S. (2005), Macromolecules 38, 5214–5222.
Lamprecht, A., Yamamoto, H., Takeuchi, H., and Kawashima, Y. (2005), Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 59, 367–371 (2005).
Zimmermann, H., Hillgartner, M., Manz, B., et al. (2003), Biomaterials 24, 2083–2096.
Rahman, N. A. and Mathiowitz, E. (2004), J. Control. Release 94, 163–175.
Lamprecht, A., Schafer, U. F., and Lehr, C.-M. (2000), Int. J. Pharm. 196, 223–226.
Schmitt, C., Sanchez, C., Lamprecht, A., et al. (2001), Colloids Surf. B: Biointerf. 20, 267–280.
Lamprecht, A., Schafer, U. F., and Lehr, C.-M. (2000), Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 49, 1–9.
Vandenbossche, G. M. R., Vanoostveldt, P., Demeester, J., and Remon, J. P., (1993), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42, 381–386.
Djerassi, C., Gray, J. D., and Kincl, F. A. (1960), J. Org. Chem. 25, 2174–2177.
Akao, t., Kobashi, K., and Aburada, M. (1994), Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17, 1573–1576.
Park, J. E. (2002), J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 6511–6514.
Touyama, R., Inoue, K., Takeda, K., et al. (1994), Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42, 1571–1578.
Touyama, R., Takeda, Y., Inoue, K., et al. (1994), Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42, 668–673.
Fujikawa, S., Nakamura, S., and Koga, K. (1988), Agric. Biol. Chem. 52, 869, 870.
Mi, F. L., Shyu, S. S., and Peng, C. K. (2005), J. Polym. Sci. Pt. A-Polym. Chem. 43, 1985–2000.
Chen, S. C., Wu, Y. C., Mi, F. L., Lin, Y.H., Yu, L. C., and Sung, H. W. (2004), J. Control. Release 96, 285–300.
Ross, C. J. D. and Chang, P. L. (2002), J. Biomater. Sci.-Polym. Ed. 13, 953–962.
Mi, F. L. (2005), Biomacromolecules 6, 975–987.
Cole, E. T., Scott, R. A., Cade, D., Connor, A. L., and Wilding, I. R. (2004), Pharmaceutical Res. 21, 793–798.
Chen, Y. S., Chang, J. Y., Cheng, C. Y., Tsai, F. J., Yao, C. H., and Liu, B. S. (2005), Biomaterials 26, 3911–3918.
Kaul, G. and Amiji, M. (2005), Pharmaceutical Res. 22, 951–961.
Thanou, M. and Duncan, R. (2003), Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 4, 701–709.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, H., Ouyang, W., Lawuyi, B. et al. A new method for microcapsule characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 134, 207–221 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:134:3:207
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:134:3:207