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Kaolinite Synthesis. I. Crystallization Conditions at Low Temperatures and Calculation of Thermodynamic Equilibria. Application to Laboratory and Field Observations

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Clays and Clay Minerals

Abstract

The equilibrium diagrams developed for Al-hydroxide and for kaolinite by Garrels and Christ (1965) have been modified by taking into account the existence of gels. From the stability zones obtained, the “appropriate” concentrations can be deduced and utilized for synthesizing these species, provided the requirements to insure good crystal growth are observed. Among procedures to promote these crystallizations, homogeneous precipitation processes (La Iglesia et al., 1974, 1976) appear to be particularly adequate.

The theoretical considerations provide an explanation for most of the processes observed until now, both successful and unsuccessful syntheses, and also give an explanation for many field observations. The crystallizations, however, remain poorly reproducible, indicating that many factors are still poorly known. Some points requiring further investigation include (i) better values for ΔGr0, (ii) the influence of organic complexes, (iii) the effect of preexisting crystalline phases, (iv) those involving dehydration processes in these systems.

Абстракция

Диаграммы равновесия, построенные Гаррелсом и Кристом /1965/ для гидроокиси А1 и каолинита, были модифицированы с учетом существования гелей. На основе полученных стабильных зон,“надлежащая” концентрация может быть определена и использована для синтезирования этих видов, при условии, что соблюдаются условия, обеспечивающие хороший рост кристаллов. Среди процедур, обеспечивающих такую кристаллизацию, процесс гомогенного осаждения /Ла Игле-сия и др. 1974–1976/ представляется особенно подходящим.

Теоретические исследования обеспечивают объяснения большинства процессов, наблюдавшихся до настоящего времени, как успешные так и безуспешные синтезы, а также дают объяснения многим полевым наблюдениям. Кристаллизация, однако, остается плохо воспроизводимой, указывая, что многие факторы еще недостаточно известны. Некоторые вопросы, требующие дальнейших исследований, включают 1) более точные значения для ДС°, 2) влияние органических соединений, 3) воздействие первоначально существовавших кристаллических фаз, 4) вопросы, включающие дегидратационные процессы в этих системах.

Zusammenfassung

Die Gleichgewichtsdiagramme, welche von Garreis und Christ (1965) für Aluminiumhydroxyd und für Kaolinit entwickelt wurden, wurden umgeändert, indem die Existenz von Gelen in Betracht gezogen wurde. Von den erhaltenen Stabilisierungszonen konnten die geeigneten Konzentrationen abgeleitet und zur Synthese benutzt werden, vorausgesetzt, daß die Bedingungen für die Züchtung von guten Kristallen eingehalten werden. Von denen Methoden, die Kristallisation fördern, erscheint das homogene Ausfällungsverfahren (La Iglesia et al., 1974–1976) besonders angemessen. Die theoretischen Erwägungen geben eine Erklärung für die meisten Verfahren ab, die bis jetzt untersucht wurden und erklären auch viele Beobachtungen im Felde. Die Kristallisationen dagegen bleiben schlecht reproduzierbar, was darauf hindeutet, daß viele Faktoren noch nicht ganz verstanden werden. Einige Punkte, welche weitere Untersuchungen verlangen, sind (i)bessere Werte für ΔGr0,(ii)die Beeinflußung von organischen Komplexen,(iii) der Effekt von präexistierenden kristallinen Phasen,(iv) und die Dehydratationsverfahren in diesen Systemen.

Résumé

Les diagrammes d’équilibre développés pour l’hydroxide d’Al et pour la kaolinite par Garrels et Christ (1965) ont été modifiés en prenant en considération l’existence de gels. Les concentrations “appropriées” peuvent être déduites des zones de stabilité obtenues et utilisées pour la synthétisation de ces espèces à condition que les exigences pour une bonne croissance de cristaux soient remplies. Parmi les procédés employés pour induire ces cristallisations, ceux de précipitation homogène semblent particulièrement appropriés (La Iglesia et al., 1974–1976).

Les considérations théoriques donnent une explication à la plupart des procédés observés jusqu’à présent, à la fois aux synthèses réussies et ratées, et donnent aussi une explication à beaucoup d’observations sur le terrain. Les cristallisations restent cependant mal reproduisibles, indiquant que de nombreux facteurs sont encore mal connus. Certains points demandant une investigation plus profonde sont(i) de meilleures valeurs pour ΔG°,(ii) l’influence des complexes organiques, (iii) l’effet de phases cristal-r lines pré-existentes, (iv) celles impliquant des procédés de déshydratation dans ces systèmes.

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La Iglesia, A., Van Oosterwyck-Gastuche, M.C. Kaolinite Synthesis. I. Crystallization Conditions at Low Temperatures and Calculation of Thermodynamic Equilibria. Application to Laboratory and Field Observations. Clays Clay Miner. 26, 397–408 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1978.0260603

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