Pseudomyxoma peritonei follows the perforation of a mucinous appendiceal or ovarian neoplasm which leads to intraperitoneal dissemination of mucinous implants that range in viscosity from purely liquid to a semisolid-like texture and that form on the peritoneal surfaces of the abdominal wall and visceral organs.1 Though the epithelial cells within the mucin proliferate and result in production of mucin, it rarely invades and hence does not metastasize into the blood stream or lymphatics. This mucinous material remains intra-abdominally and accumulates, eventually causing severe abdominal distension and anorexia from compression of the small bowel, which are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in untreated patients. The intraoperative findings of extensive carcinomatosis with mucinous implants accumulating in the pelvis and subphrenic regions are often daunting to general surgeons.2 Traditional treatments include repeated abdominal lavage of mucin, limited debulking of tumor, and systemic chemotherapy.3 However, these treatments are unable to adequately combat the reaccumulation of mucin that characterizes the failure of these treatments.

Cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy comprising hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with or without postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) has been unanimously regarded as the standard of care in specialized centers.4,5 A systematic review reporting the results of this treatment in 10 specialized institutions of 863 patients showed a 5-year survival ranging between 52 and 96% from the time of cytoreductive surgery.6 Overall survival rates of 10 years have also been reported to be about 85%.7,8 In our institution, our perioperative intraperitoneal regimen comprising HIPEC and EPIC has resulted in a 5-year survival of 75% and a median progression-free survival of 40 months.9 Further, a subgroup of the 106 patients treated has shown that perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy at the time of surgery for recurrent disease (second operation) significantly reduces subsequent risk of recurrence (third operation or death from 48 to 5%) (unpublished data). Cytoreductive surgery involves an extensive surgical debulking through a peritonectomy procedure and is followed by administering perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. This treatment has been shown to reduce disease recurrence and prolong survival compared with a policy of debulking surgery alone.10,11 Hence emphasizing the efficacious role of perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy, as first described by Sugarbaker, comprised both intraoperative instillation of a hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and a postoperative instillation of normothermic early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC). Intraoperative instillation of chemohyperthermia has been shown to have dual purpose to attain microscopic cytoreduction through the heat and the cytotoxic agent. By combining these two modalities, a synergistic effect has been shown where the cytotoxic effect is enhanced because of the heat.12 EPIC is an older technique of administering intraperitoneal chemotherapy and is normally done during the first 5 postoperative days where it is intended to target any residual microscopic tumor cells on raw peritoneal surfaces and surgical sites before the formation of adhesions.13

Through the experience of surgeons, the use of EPIC has been curtailed because of its related complications, with the preference being to administer solely HIPEC after surgical cytoreduction and proceeding to adjuvant systemic treatments as required. A comparison of these two techniques of administering intraperitoneal chemotherapy in a selected cohort of 46 patients showed that EPIC was associated with higher rates of digestive fistulas (HIPEC 0% and EPIC 26%; P = .02), a poorer overall survival (HIPEC 54% at 5 years and EPIC 28% at 5 years; P = .22), and higher rates of intraperitoneal recurrences (HIPEC 26% and EPIC 57%; P = .03), therefore indicating that HIPEC is better tolerated and more efficient than EPIC at targeting microscopic residual tumor cells.14 The relative efficacy of administering HIPEC and EPIC compared with HIPEC alone as part of the package of perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy is unknown. Given that the rationale of perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy is to target microscopic disease, it would seem unjustified if the contributing survival advantage of administering EPIC after HIPEC is ignored purely for its morbidity and the convenience of postoperative care.

We therefore propose a clinical trial to examine the relative efficacy of the individual components of perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy through randomizing patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei into an arm that receives both HIPEC (Mitomycin C 10–12.5 mg/m2) and EPIC (5FU 650 mg/m2) after surgical cytoreduction versus another arm that receives a high dose of HIPEC (Mitomycin C 35 mg/m2) only (Fig. 1). Patients will be treated similarly on protocol with survival analysis stratified according to disease histology based on low-grade [diffuse peritoneal adenomucinosis (DPAM) and peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis intermediate (PMCA-I)] and high-grade (PMCA) tumors.15 Through this trial, the relative efficacy of EPIC as part of the perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy regimen or a high dose of HIPEC alone, which was previously reported to be associated with significant risk of bone marrow toxicity, would be established as evidenced-based practice.16 Further, the morbidity associated with EPIC will also be elucidated from the results of this trial. We call upon institutions worldwide to participate in this effort to establish evidence-based standard of care for pseudomyxoma peritonei.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Clinical pathway for randomization of patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei

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