Background

The health benefits of sufficient physical activity (PA) and limited sedentary behaviour (SB) are well established [1,2,3]. The development of PA and SB guidelines is an important public health initiative because it can serve to promote active lifestyles at the populational level [4, 5]. As the prevalence of PA is low and the prevalence of SB is high [6, 7], many countries (e.g., Canada, the USA, Australia) as well as the World Health Organisation (WHO) have published PA and SB guidelines [1, 8,9,10]. The development of evidence-based PA and SB guidelines can inform the general public of the health benefits of PA and SB and guide in how to become more physically active and less sedentary.

Few studies have examined PA and SB levels in the People’s Republic of China. However, those studies that did examine this found generally very concerning levels of PA and SB across all age groups [11,12,13,14,15]. For example, based on the WHO guidelines, less than 13% of Chinese children and adolescents met the PA recommendations [16]. Furthermore, only 22.4% of adults adhered to the PA recommendations [13].

In response to this public health issue, PA promotion and SB reduction have been given greater attention by Chinese governments, researchers and communities. On December 29 2021, the Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines (PASBG) for Chinese People 2021 (in Chinese: 中国人群身体活动指南2021) [17] was officially published by the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) of the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. The PASBG for Chinese people aims to prevent noncommunicable diseases and foster a healthy and active society.

The development of the PAG was initialised in 2018 and led by the Guideline Development Advisory Commission (GDAC) [16]. In 2020, the GDAC systematically evaluated the scientific evidence regarding the health benefits of PA, interviewed and consulted over 50 relevant experts from China (e.g., in medicine and exercise), and summarised their comments and suggestions. This work resulted in research-driven and evidence-based guidelines.

Guideline content

The Chinese PASBG mostly aligns with international guidelines (e.g., the World Health Organisation guidelines) [1, 9]. The guidelines consist of general principles and age-specific recommendations for children under 2 years old, children from 3 to 5 years old, children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years old, adults from 18 to 64 years old, older adults over 65 years old, and people living with chronic conditions. The Chinese PASBG comprises four general principles (see Table 1), which can be understood as follows: “moving is good, moving more is better, moving appropriately and moving regularly” [17]. This simple, concise and culturally relevant message is beneficial to the dissemination of the guidelines to the general public.

Table 1 Principles of the Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Guidelines for Chinese people
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Table 2 presents the Chinese PASBG for different age groups. Their contents are consistent with those of other guidelines [1, 2, 9, 18]. Interestingly, in comparison with China’s previous guidelines (published in 2011), several noteworthy differences should be mentioned. The 2011 guidelines only focused on adults, while the new guidelines target the entire life course. The 2011 guidelines only focused on PA, while the new guidelines also focus on SB, although only for children and adolescents. Unlike the previous guidelines, the new guidelines also focus on people living with disability, pregnant women and people living with cancer, type II diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

Table 2 Specific recommendations on physical activity and sedentary behavior for Chinese people
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Importance of the guidelines

The most important role of the Chinese PASBG is that the goal will be to educate the public on how to increase PA and reduce SB, as they recommend specific types, intensity, duration, and frequency of PA or SB for populations of different ages and those living with chronic disease. These messages are also important for clinical practice and for health care service professionals.

The Chinese PASBG will also provide a foundation for the surveillance and monitoring of PA and SB. Based on the new guidelines and recommended levels, researchers can assess populational levels of PA and active play in children, as well as moderate-to-vigorous PA and muscle-strengthening activities in adults and older adults. This will be useful in updating national health data and for the development of public health policy. Surveillance data are urgently needed, as little is known about the levels of PA and SB at the populational level in China [3, 12]. As the Chinese PASBG align with the guidelines of other countries and the WHO, the PA and SB levels of the Chinese population will be comparable to those of other countries.

The development of the new Chinese PASBG represents an important contribution to the global strategy for promoting active lifestyles. The WHO has launched the Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 (GAPPA) to combat the global prevalence of insufficient PA and excessive SB [19]. As such, WHO members are urged to make serious efforts to help achieve GAPPA’s ambitious goals. The development of the new PASBG demonstrates China’s commitment to GAPPA and continuous efforts to reduce the prevalence of physical inactivity among Chinese people. It also suggests that the Chinese government has an action plan to address the public health crisis of inactive and sedentary lifestyles [20,21,22].

Importantly, the key messages and four principles of the Chinese PASBG can be summarised in just 16 Chinese characters (动则有益, 多动更好, 适度量力, 贵在坚持). A simple, easy-to-understand and culturally relevant message is very powerful within a public health context and has the potential to achieve change.

While developing and issuing the PASBG is an important step in response to the Healthy China 2030 Plan, having guidelines itself will not change population PA and SB behaviours—it is what is done to communicate and disseminate, provide opportunities and supportive environments that will make a difference. As such, it is important that Chinese Governments, at all levels and across different departments, take the next step to actively implement and disseminate the PASBG in appropriate formats tailored to different demographics across China, as well as provide the conditions that will make it easier for people to be more active and less sedentary.

Perspectives on future updates of the guidelines

While a large body of evidence has confirmed the beneficial impact of sufficient PA and limited SB on health, this evidence is mainly based on populations from Western countries [23]. Owing to cultural and genetic differences [24], it is possible that the health effects of PA and SB in Western populations cannot be fully replicated in the Chinese population [3]. As such, under ideal circumstances, the Chinese PASBG would be based on studies conducted in Chinese populations.

However, to date, we do not know on which evidence-based publications the PASBG are based. When examining the WHO [1], American [25], and Canadian [9, 26] guidelines, researchers can easily access scientific advisory reports that include the latest evidence and that form the basis for formulating the new guidelines. For example, web annex evidence profiles [23] and many research papers [1, 2, 18, 27,28,29,30,31,32] contain supportive evidence of the WHO Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines. These complementary research-driven documents help professionals, policy-makers and the public better understand the contents of the published guidelines and confirm their high quality. As such, we hope that the GDAC will publish a scientific advisory report that supports the new PASBG. In addition, although the GDAC announced that they did conduct a vigorous and systematic scientific review, we are unaware of the process that was used in developing the PASBG. Ideally, future versions or updates of the PASBG will apply a more transparent development process and consider, for example, using the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach [33], which is a framework for the adoption, adaptation, and de-novo development of trustworthy recommendations.

Only people living with cancer, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are targeted in the Chinese guidelines [17]. This means that people living with other chronic conditions may be overlooked in clinical settings. However, accumulating evidence suggests that most people, even those living with specific conditions, can participate in appropriate PA [34]. As such, we hope that future editions of the PAG can provide specific recommendations for people living with other diseases, in line with information provided by the WHO guidelines (e.g., hypertension, HIV) [8].

Finally, while it is promising that the Chinese PASBG addresses limiting SB in children and adolescents, it is unclear why the PASBG does not include recommendations on SB for adults, which is inconsistent with the WHO [8] and Canadian guidelines [35]. The limited evidence available indicates that Chinese adults are exposed to prolonged SB [13], as such this gap should be addressed in the future, as SB has been recognised as an important health risk factor [36]. Furthermore, other countries, such as Canada, have developed 24-h Movement Guidelines that incorporate sleep [9, 10, 35]. A 24-h approach to movement behaviours should be considered in future versions of the PASBG.

Future research needs

The development of the new Chinese PASBG is a welcome development and a milestone for public health. However, PA and SB research in China is still in its infancy. New research would strengthen the underpinnings of future guidelines. From the perspective of the behavioural epidemiology framework [37], more Chinese research is needed on (1) links between PA or SB and health outcomes, (2) methods for assessing PA and SB, (3) factors influencing PA and SB, (4) interventions to increase PA or decrease SB, and (5) translating intervention research into practice.

Research on the long-term health benefits of sufficient PA and limited SB in Chinese people is urgently needed, as the current evidence is mainly based on cross-sectional studies [3]. Among Chinese people, evidence remains scarce, especially from longitudinal studies and randomised controlled trials [3]. Additionally, little is known about the associations of different modalities of PA or different types of SB with health outcomes in different populations.

Surveillance and monitoring of PA and SB, alongside associated health outcomes, among Chinese people on a large scale are also required [3, 38]. Although some national data have been reported, most surveillance and monitoring systems are cross-sectional and use self-report measures; longitudinal and device-measured data are thus still lacking. Surveillance and monitoring of PA and SB in the general population is a current priority and should include people living with different health conditions as well as individuals of different ethnicities.

Research on PA and SB correlates and determinants in China is mainly focused on young people [39] and is very limited in any other age group. Again, most of this evidence is based on cross-sectional data. Moreover, many studies have focused on individual and interpersonal correlates and determinants [3, 39], but little is known about other factors (e.g., culture, policy) involved in PA and SB among Chinese people.

Owing to real-world complexity and cultural differences, interventions to increase PA or reduce SB in China face many challenges and are therefore very rare [3, 11]. Furthermore, the successful scale-up of effective interventions and translation of research evidence in China are also lacking. Likewise, China-based PA and SB policy research is extremely rare. This inhibits a comprehensive and insightful understanding of PA and SB policy in China.

It is unclear whether the Chinese PASBG can achieve the health impacts of promoting PA and decreasing SB. However, prior to achieving this aim, the first step is to broadly disseminate the guidelines, particularly to the general public, in addition to health practitioners. To make more people aware of the guidelines, government and non-government collaborative support is needed, using multi-dimensional approaches to integrate the guidelines into the workplace, school, community and family as well as other key settings. Enhancing people’s awareness and strengthening their knowledge of the Chinese guidelines is essential to achieve impact. Translating knowledge of the guidelines into practice is an important next step in promoting active lifestyles. As there is no standardised action plan to efficiently disseminate the guidelines for different populations (e.g., school-aged children, parents, employees), it is important to disseminate the guidelines using theory-based dissemination approaches [27] and to then examine the health impacts of adhering to the guidelines.

Conclusions

The development and launch of the Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Chinese People 2021 is a milestone in the history of public health in China and has the potential to contribute greatly to global health. However, strong efforts are needed to widely disseminate the guidelines across the large geographically and ethnically dispersed Chinese population. Moreover, the Chinese PASBG have several imitations that should be addressed in future versions. Finally, the Chinese PASBG should be underpinned by Chinese research on PA and SB, but there is a lack of such research across all stages of the behavioural epidemiology framework, and this urgently needs to be addressed.