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According to the statistics in the white paper on China’s pet industry in 2020, the number of pet dogs in China has reached 52.22 million. Tumor has become a common disease in pet dogs. The incidence of tumors on pet dogs varies from 0.282 to 1.701% (Baioni et al. 2017; M. Vascellari et al. 2016), which have become a serious threat to pet dogs' health. Factors affecting the incidence of pet dog tumors are very complex, including age, breed, diet, living environment and other aspects (Bonnett and Egenvall 2010). Analysis of the epidemiological factors that cause tumorigenesis on pet dogs is particularly necessary to develop effective measures of medical surveillance for pet dogs’ health. In addition, it will be also significant to study the epidemiological factors of pet dogs’ tumors for understanding human tumors, since pet dogs and human beings live in similar environments.

In this study, epidemiological analysis of canine tumor cases registered in Xi’an Animal Hospital, Northwest A&F University from 2009 to 2018 was performed. Among the 7895 clinical cases, there are 246 canine tumor cases (3.18%), consisting of 106 males and 140 females. The tumors occurred most in the reproductive system (39.84%), followed by cutaneous system (28.05%), gastrointestinal system (18.70%), ocular system (4.47%), respiratory system (1.63%), and urinary system (2.85%) (Fig. 1a). Linear regression analysis showed that the incidence of tumors was increasing from 2009-2018 (Fig. 1b).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Correlation of sex, age and breed with overall tumor occurrences in pet dogs. a Proportion of different types of tumors in pet dogs. b Dynamic changes of tumor incidence in pet dogs from 2009 to 2018. The dotted line represents the linear regression. c Incidence of different types of tumors in male and female dogs. d Distribution of tumor incidence in pet dogs at different age groups. e Proportion of different breeds of dog with tumors

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Sex, age and breed are intrinsic risk factors of canine tumors. The most common tumors of female pet dogs were found in the reproductive system (61.81%). By contrast, the most common tumors of male pet dogs were found in the cutaneous system (43.14%) (Fig. 1c). The average age of a pet dog with tumor occurrence was 8.8 years. The tumor incidence increased significantly from 6 to 7 years old, peaked at 10 to 11 years old, and decreased after 14 to 15 years old, which may be explained by the dog’s life span (Fig. 1d). A total of 34 breeds of pet dogs with tumor occurrence were found during our decade investigation. The tumor occurrence was found most on Golden Retrievers (12.20%), followed by Poodles (10.98%), Pomeranian (10.16%) and Pekingese (7.32%) (Fig. 1e). Next, it was analyzed in detail the risks of sex, age and breed on tumors of reproductive system, cutaneous system, digestive system, and ocular system.

In our collection of clinical cases, tumors of the reproductive system include breast tumors, vaginal tumors, testicular tumors, and ovarian tumors, among which breast tumors accounted for the largest proportion (71.43%) (Fig. 2a). During the decade (from 2009 to 2018), the breast tumor occurrence rose steadily. (Fig. 2b). Pekingese (11.43%), Poodle (10.00%) and Pomeranian (10.00%) were the main breeds with high susceptibility to breast tumor (Fig. 2c). The age distribution of pet dogs with breast tumors ranged from 6 to 18 years old (Fig. 2d). Particularly, the age distribution of Pekingese with breast tumors spanned from 10 to15 years old (Fig. 2e), most had no history of sterilization (87.14%) (Table S1).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Epidemiological risk of breast tumors in pet dogs by age and breed. a Proportion of different types of tumors in pet dogs’ reproductive system. b Dynamic changes of breast tumors incidence in pet dogs from 2009 to 2018. The dotted line stands for linear regression. c Proportion of different breeds of pet dog with breast tumors. d Incidence of breast tumors at different ages. e Incidence of breast tumors at different ages in Pekingese

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Incidence of cutaneous tumors ranked the second in all pet dogs’ tumors cases of this reasearch which  kept steady around 30% (Fig. 3a). Among the 69 cases of cutaneous tumors, 44 males and 25 females were registered, respectively. The average age of the pet dogs with this tumor was 7.3 years. The female pet dogs aged 6–13 were prone to cutaneous tumors. By contrast, male dogs at all ages were vulnerable to cutaneous tumors (Fig. 3b). When considered breeds together with sex, male Golden Retrievers ranked the highest incidence (17.39%) in male dogs, followed by male Poodle, and female Poodle (Fig. 3c). Then, age distribution of Golden Retrievers with cutaneous tumors were further accessed. The results showed that Golden Retrievers were susceptible to cutaneous tumors in all ages, particularly with high incidence at 10–11 and 8–9 years old (Fig. 3d).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Correlation of sex, age and breed with cutaneous tumors in pet dogs. a Dynamic changes of cutaneous tumors incidence in pet dogs from 2009 to 2018. The dotted line represents linear regression. b Incidence of cutaneous tumors in male and female pet dogs at different ages. c Incidence of cutaneous tumors in different breeds of male and female pet dogs. d Incidence of cutaneous tumors in Golden Retrievers at different ages

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According to the collected tumor cases, digestive tumors fall into three broad categories: gastrointestinal tumors (41.30%), oral tumors (34.78%), and liver tumors (23.92%) (Fig. 4a). There was no significant increase in digestive tumors between 2009 and 2018, keeping incidences around 20% (Fig. 4b). Conjoint analysis of sex with breeds revealed that male Samoyed had the highest incidence (15.22%) of digestive tumors (Fig. 4c). Age distribution of male Samoyed spanned from 4 to 13 years old (Fig. 4d) and all male pet dogs at the age of 10–11 had the highest incidence of digestive tumors (Fig. 4e).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Correlation of sex, age and breed with digestive tumors in pet dogs. a Proportion of different types of digestive tumors. b Dynamic changes of digestive tumors incidence in pet dogs from 2009 to 2018. The dotted line stands for linear regression. c Incidence of digestive tumors in different breeds of male and female pet dogs. d Incidence of digestive tumors in male Samoyed at different ages. e Incidence of digestive tumors in male and female pet dogs at different ages

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There were 11 cases of ocular tumors during this investigation decade, including 6 males and 5 females with no significant sex difference owing to the small size of dataset. A slight upward trend of ocular tumors was observed, but not more than 5% incidence. (Fig. 5a). The average age of dogs with ocular tumors was 7.5 years, mainly distributed in 0–1 years and 6–13 years, indicating that the juvenile ocular tumors might be congenital diseases, while the elderly ocular tumors might be aging disease (Fig. 5b). There was no obvious difference on ocular tumors occurrence among breeds (Fig. 5c).

Fig. 5
figure 5

Correlation of age and breed with ocular tumors in pet dogs. a Dynamic changes of ocular tumors incidence in pet dogs from 2009 to 2018. The dotted line represents linear regression. b Incidence of ocular tumors in pet dogs at different ages. c Proportion of different breeds with ocular tumors

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The limitation of this study is that the size of tumor samples is relatively small, including only 10 years of registered cases from Xi’an Animal Hospital, Northwest A&F University. However, our conclusions are in line with those of other research groups in China (Chen 2015; Qu et al., 2019; He 2020) and abroad (Vascellari et al. 2016). All these studies reveal the prevalence of reproductive system tumors, cutaneous tumors and digestive tumors, although there are regional variations.

The findings of this study will be useful for making effective intervention measures to prevent canine tumorigenesis in the veterinary clinic. Male and female pet dogs differed on some aspects of physiological regulation, especially on endocrine regulation. There is a strong correlation of breast tumor occurrence with high levels of estrogen (Gruntzig et al. 2015). Consistent with previous studies (Dobson 2013; Baioni et al. 2017), this study indicates that female pet dogs over 9 years old are susceptible to breast tumors. This is similar with other research groups (Table S2) (Qu et al., 2019; Chen 2015; Cai 2015; Yan 2013; Chang 2018; Tang 2016; Zhu et al., 2015). Early sterilization or normal mating can be effective in reducing estrogen levels, which in turn reduces the risk of breast tumors (Ferguson 1985; Vascellari et al. 2016; Gundim et al. 2016).

By contrast, male pet dogs over nine years old are vulnerable to cutaneous tumors. Other research with both domestic (Table S3) (Li et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2015; Yan 2013; Chang 2018) and foreign breeds (Baioni et al. 2017; Merlo et al., 2008; Dobson 2013), support our conclusions. Because sweat gland tumors are associated with androgen, male dogs have a higher incidence rate (Andrade et al., 2010). The high incidence of cutaneous tumors, especially sweat gland tumors on old male pet dogs may be associated with high androgen levels (Andrade et al. 2010; Baioni et al. 2017; Merlo et al. 2008; Dobson 2013).

As far as digestive tumors are concerned, it is still unclear why old male pet dogs have a high susceptibility (Brønden, Nielsen, et al., 2010; Patnaik et al. 1977). We speculate that this may be the result of the interactions between sex, dietary factors, genetic factors, immunodeficiency and aging (Graf et al. 2018).

Epidemiological risk of breeds on tumor occurrence suggests Golden Retrievers, Poodles and Pomeranian are prone to tumors, which is consistent with the previous viewpoint that inbred breeds have a higher risk of developing tumors than hybrid breeds (Baioni et al. 2017). Particularly, Golden retrievers are highly susceptible to cutaneous tumors, even at a young age (Graf et al. 2018; Kok et al. 2019). In addition, this research suggests that Pekingese and Samoyed are prone to breast tumors and digestive tumors, respectively. Further studies on different dog breeds prone to a particular tumor will provide insights for the comparative oncology (Wong et al. 2021; Raposo et al. 2017; Vascellari et al. 2016).

Methods

In this study, the clinical tumor cases registered in Xi’an Animal Hospital, Northwest A&F University from 2009 to 2018 were manually sorted out and used for retrospective study. The basic information of each clinical tumor case consists of year, breed, sex, age, tumor type and locations (Table S4). The incidences of different types of tumors relative to sex, age and breed were calculated and compared. The linear regression was also performed for tumor incidences and years. GraphPad Prism 8.0 was used for statistical analyses.