To the Editor,
Precise knowledge of anatomical structures and their variations equips the surgeon with the confidence to anticipate what to expect, enabling easier recognition of the most probable complications. Rhinoplasty is one of the most common esthetic procedures and the nose has a very rich vascular plexus. While the facial arterial vasculature is generally outlined in detail in surgical textbooks, the venous drainage system is not addressed as elaborately. Surgical complications such as congestion while designing skin flaps, bleeding, edema, ecchymosis, and other potential complications in facial esthetic [1].
The main facial venous drainage pathway is through the hemiloop-like venous system which is supplied by supraorbital, angular, and facial veins. These veins are connected to the zygomaticotemporal vein in the upper lateral region of the orbit. They drain to the superior ophthalmic vein in the medial canthal area, the facial vein in the nasolabial area, and internal or external jugular veins in the lower lateral area (Fig. 1).
Schematic drawings of emissary vein and its internal connections
The angular vein is comprised of conjoined supratrochlear and supraorbital veins. It passes along the medial margin of the medial canthal tendon and turns into the facial vein at its junction with the superior labial vein. The nasal root vein arising from the angular vein and anastomoses with its equivalent on the other side forms a large plexus under the nasal root skin. Several accessory branches form the external nose connected to the nasal root. The significance of this venous pathway is due to its connection with the cavernous sinus [2].
Emissary veins are valveless structures that connect the intracranial sinuses to extracranial vessels. The presence and distribution of the emissary veins vary from person to person, and during childhood, these venous structures are found more frequently and with larger foramina. The valveless nature of these vessels facilitates bidirectional blood flow, which allows for the equalization of intracranial pressures and selective cooling of the brain [3].
During the rhinoplasty operation, we have noticed emissary veins located unilaterally or bilaterally, penetrating the nasal bone on each lateral wall and possibly connected to the angular vein. A comprehensive search of rhinoplasty references and anatomical textbooks did not yield a clear explanation of this structure. So we studied 100 consecutive rhinoplasty patients to determine the characteristics of these veins. Ten male and 90 female rhinoplasty patients were examined from December 2021 to March 2022. Thirty-seven patients had this emissary vein, and in 8 cases (21.6%), these veins were positioned bilaterally. In 13 cases (35.1%), the diameter of the vein hole in the bone was larger than 1 mm, and almost all of them occurred on the left side (Fig. 2).
A 27-year-old female patient presented for a primary rhinoplasty. Unilateral emissary vein penetrating the nasal bone on the left lateral wall.
As we use wide skin flap elevation in rhinoplasty (instead of making narrow dorsal tunnels preferred by many surgeons), these structures are encountered more frequently in our practice.
The dark color of deoxygenated bleeding of these vessels during surgery may seem alarming for novice surgeons. As such, familiarity with their nature as connecting vessels to intracranial sinuses could be reassuring [3] (Video S1).
However, emissary veins may serve as essential sources of perioperative bleeding and thrombosis, as well as have the potential to provide a dangerous pathway for infection to reach deep intracranial structures [3]. Another potential danger is the retrograde movement of injectable material, such as fillers, through these vessels to intracranial sinuses and the subsequent complications due to their valveless nature [4].
It is clear that anatomical awareness of these emissary veins in the nasal area during esthetic facial surgeries can prevent complications.
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
References
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Cotofana S, Steinke H, Schlattau A, Schlager M, Sykes JM, Roth MZ et al (2017) The anatomy of the facial vein: implications for plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 139(6):1346–1353
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All the surgery and data collection and final review and edittng of the article were done by Dr Jahandide, and image designing and writing article was done by Dr Abedin.
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Additional file 1: Video S1. A 27-year-old female patient presented for a primary rhinoplasty. Unilateral emissary vein penetrating the nasal bone on.
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Jahandideh, H., Abedin, F. The nasal emissary vein and its importance. Egypt J Otolaryngol 39, 169 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43163-023-00531-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43163-023-00531-y