Background

One of the world’s most common cancers is hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Epidemiologic studies have shown that HCC is the fifth and seventh most diagnosed cancer among men and women and the world’s second and sixth cancer cause for death [1]. The main cause of cancer-related death is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which causes about 800,000 deaths worldwide in 2018 [2]. There is a definite need for non-invasive quantifiable biomarkers to classify the early stages of HCC in order to minimize HCC morbidity and mortality [3]. Annexins are water soluble proteins, usually present in many animals, tissues, and cells. These proteins bind calcium and phospholipids and form ion voltage channels which are calcium-dependent. They are inscribed in cell signals, apoptosis, and control of various inflammatory elements, such as cytokines. Annexin A5 (Annex A5) is a member of the 36 kDa molecular weight annexin family which is based on the Ca2+ membrane binding [4]. Inhibition of pro-Inflammatory actions during apoptosis, Annexin-A5 appears to be of significance. Annexin-A5 was suggested to act as an active and selective anti-inflammatory agent to minimize inflammation during apoptosis [5]. The circulating AnxA5 can be emitted from wounded myocardial tissue, vascular endothelial and smooth muscular cells, liver secretary cells, and spleen; once it is in the plasma, it binds to blood cells (platelets and erythrocytes) or to endothelial cells [6] or also can be released from apoptotic particles derived from circulating blood cells, and the level of which has been shown to reflect severity of cell damage [7]. The levels of annexin gene expression inside human organs vary from universal to selective (for example A1, A2, A4, A5, A6, A7, and A11 annexes), including neutrophil annexin A3, placental and skin annexin A8, tongue A9, stomach annexin A10, and small intestine annexin A13 [8]. It is well known that ANXA5 can be liberated from damaged or dying cells not explicitly [9]. In understanding how the presence of HCC can affect the weather equilibrium, it is important to consider the sense in which HCC is present, which is basically often a complication of cirrhosis to the liver [10], with the prevalence of cirrhosis among patients with HCC estimated of 85–95 [11]. By superimposed conditions, like HCC, the rebalanced and unstable hemostasis of hepatic cirrhosis can easily be tipped to thrombotic complications. In non-cirrhotic liver, HCC can develop, according to Kulik L.et al.; in a most recent analysis, the occurrence of HCC without prior cirrhosis is unusual and specifically about 15% of HBV-related cases [12]. The objective of our study was to detect Annexin A5 levels in such patients in order to assess their function as an HCC marker.

Methods

The longitudinal study comprised 44 patients with HCC cirrhosis (23 were male and 21 were female), 47 patients without HCC cirrhosis (27 were male and 20 are female), and 20 control healthy (10 were male and 10 were female) without evidence for the diseases of the liver approved by the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMRI) between March 2017 and August 2018. The formal consent was given to all studied citizens. The NHTMRI Ethics Committee has approved this analysis under serial No. 15/2016. The study has been organized in accordance with the Declaration of Research on Human Subject in Helsinki for human subject’s research. Both of the patients were diagnosed with hepatic biopsy histology, simple lab changes, and ultrasound from Doppler. The magnitude of liver disease was calculated in accordance with the MELD score and the Child-Pugh classification. Cirrhosis with and without HCC impacted hepatitis C and laboratory and imagery studies based on guidelines for AASLD practice have been clinically conformed. The exclusion criteria were patients of different malignancies that could raise the level of Annexin A5 such as colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer. The amount of the serum anxA5 was calculated on Stat Fax 4700 Microstrip Reader1 ELISA Microstrip Reader by means of a commercial enzyme immunoassay (SinoGeneClon Biotech Co., Ltd).

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were evaluated in SPSS Version 19. Quantitative variables are listed as mean + SD or median, while qualitative variables are listed as frequencies. In order to differentiate the three classes, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. A non-parametrical analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney, and a parametric student evaluation was performed when a categorical test of χ2 had been applied. Statistically important was a P value below 0.05.

Results

Ninety-one cirrhotic patients, 44 HCC, and 47 HCC-free were recruited. Twenty healthy people were also hired (control group). Table 1 displays demographic, clinical, and biochemical properties of all classes.

Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and biochemical properties of all classes
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No statistically significant differences in sex, age, albumin, ALKB, ALT, AST, GGT, T-bilirubin, PT, INR, platelet count, APRI score, and FIB-4 score were discovered between cirrhotic group with HCC and cirrhotic group without HCC (Table 1). There were statistically important variations between the two groups regarding AFP (P < 0.001) (Table 1). There were statistically relevant differences in Annexin A5 values (P = 0.041) between the two groups (Table 1). ROC curve reveals that in the cirrhotic HCC group, Annexin A5 has AUC 0.566 and in the cirrhotic group without HCC has AUC 0.571 (Tables 2 and 3; Figs. 1 and 2).

Table 2 Annexin V level in cirrhotic HCV patients with HCC group
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Table 3 Annexin V level in cirrhotic HCV patients without HCC group
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Fig. 1
figure 1

Serum Annexin A5 ROC curve in HCC group cirrhotic patients

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Fig. 2
figure 2

Serum Annexin A5 ROC curve in cirrhotic patients without HCC

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Discussion

Annexin A5 has been shown to facilitate tumorigenesis and cancers such as hepatocarcinoma, breast, colorectal, pancreas, bladder, and prostate cancer [13, 14]. In most different types of tumors, including liver cancer, ANXA5 exhibits tumor promoter activity. Two-dimension gel electrophoresis was used by Guo et al. to analyze protein expression in five pairs of tumor and tumor thrombal matched samples, which showed an upregulation of ANXA5 in tumor thrombus samples [15]. Sun and others reported that ANXA5 expression was positive for liver cancer progression and metastasis and that ANXA5 promoted cancer through the integrin and mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways [16]. Anxa5 could be a predictive biomarker for tumor development, metastasis, and invasion and be of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance in cancer [14]. In addition, Sun and Zhuang et al. showed that HCC expression in ANXA5 was higher than normal liver tissue [16, 17]. The findings of the present study indicate, as compared the cirrhotic patients with and without HCC, that the expression of ANXA5 was increased in HCC cirrhotic HCV patients. In addition, the pronounced role of ANXA5 in liver cancer has not been documented to the best of our knowledge. In another review, high ANXA5 expression has been shown to be correlated significantly with poor overall survival [17]. AnxA5 has proved to participate in a wide range of intra- and extracellular processes including blood clotting, signal translation, anti-inflammatory processes, membrane trafficking, and ion channel activity, but it has not yet established the exact biological function of anxA5. However, it is assumed that the biological functions of anxA5 rely primarily on the interaction between them and lipids of the membranes [18], and at least two crucial physiological mechanisms are regulated: the cascade of coagulation, which is known to involve anticoagulant activity, and apoptosis [19]. Various research models have used annexin A5 as a probe to measure apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. A non-invasive imaging protocol using annexin A5 has been developed and applied successfully to measure programmed cell death in patients [20]. In addition, our study match to previous results showing that HCC hepatitis C patients have greater levels of microparticles than HCC-free hepatitis C patients, and these levels of microparticles dynamically alter after surgery [21]. In contrast to healthy controls, the explanation of the presence of microparticles in cirrhotic liver is possibly due to systemic inflammation and liver cell damage [22], asserting microparticulate roles that are included in hepatic fibrosty process in mediation of anti-inflammatory reactions, endothelial damage, and coagulation activation.

Conclusion

In HCC prediction in cirrhotic HCV patients, serum Annexin A5 values were found to be a forecasting factor. Larger scale tests are important to promote the use of an inexpensive and easily accessible Annexin A5 biomarker as HCC marker in HCV cirrhotic patients.

Limitation of study

In our analysis, the sample size of the control group compared to the disease group is relatively small. Finally, it would have been more fitting if the control group number was at least equal to the diseased group.

Recommendation

Wide sample sizes are suggested to validate this result.