Background

Chronic renal disease (CRD) is characterized by varying degrees of deterioration of the functional capacity of the renals. The last stage of this illness is end-stage renal disease (ESRD), at which point hemodialysis (HD) treatment is necessary for patient survival [1].

This therapeutic option imposes a considerable burden on both patients and their families, which can be also worsened by several other complications [2]. For CRF patients on HD, the hemodialysis becomes a central element of their lives, imposing major time restrictions due to the rigid scheduling of dialysis sessions. In addition, restrictions on diet and the pathology itself can affect the patient’s mental state and reduce the quality of life (QOL). These problems are linked to increased morbidity and mortality among these patients [3]. The beginning of dialysis treatment causes subtle changes in the life of CRD patients, mainly in the physical and social spheres. For this reason, individuals diagnosed with CRD usually develop neuropsychiatric complications [4]. Hemodialysis has been shown to have an adverse impact on the emotional status of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Common associated psychological problems include depression, anxiety, fatigue, decreased quality of life, and increased risk for suicide [5]. Many studies point out that compared with the general population, the quality of life is lower in patients with ESRD probably due to factors such as the limitations caused by the disease and requirements of dialysis treatment. In the process leading to ESRD, different and progressive metabolic, hormonal, and emotional irregularities encountered by the patients increase their burden [6]. Both medical and psychosocial factors can affect the survival of ESRD patients treated with HD. Possibly one of the most important psychosocial factors is the presence of psychiatric disorders, which are associated with poor prognosis and high mortality in this population [7]. The aim of this study was to assess psychiatric comorbidity with ESRD patients on dialysis and patients’ quality of life (QOL).

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 117 patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis aged from 26 years to 77 years who were enrolled from the Dialysis Unit at both Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University Hospital during the study period from October 2018 till May 2019.

Ethical consideration

The study was approved by the ethical committee of Menoufia Faculty of Medicine, and a written informed consent obtained from all patients before the study was commenced.

Inclusion criteria

This includes those aged between 20 and 80 years, both sexes, and those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on maintenance hemodialysis for more than 3 months who were stable enough to complete the assessment (alert, conscious, oriented to place, time, and persons).

Exclusion criteria

This includes patients with any psychiatric illness before renal affection, patients with any other physical illness other than diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension, patients with acute infection, patient exposed to hospitalization, major surgeries, and recent trauma less than 6 months, and patients known to have malignancy.

In the present study, all patients were subjected to the following:

Psychiatric assessment using: Full psychiatric history and examination according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—fourth edition (DSM-IV).

Psychometric test measuring psychiatric disorders (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders) (SCIDI) First et al. [8]: The SCID1 is a semi structured interview used for diagnosing the major Axis I DSM-IV disorders. It uses a decision tree approach, guiding the clinician through an interview testing diagnostic hypotheses. The Arabic version of the SCID-I used in this study was translated and validated through previous research conducted by El Missiry et al. [9], in the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University.

Psychometric test measuring QOL: Using Ferrans and Powers Quality of life index for Dialysis version-III [10] translated into Arabic by Halabi [11]. The instrument consists of two parts. The first part measures satisfaction with various aspects of life, and the second measures the importance of the same aspects. Importance ratings are used to weigh the satisfaction responses. Therefore, the scores reflect the respondents’ satisfaction with the aspects of life as they value. Total scores may be classified in three levels: desirable (score: 20–30), relatively desirable (score: 10–19), and unfavorable (score: 0–9).

Statistical analysis: Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed by using a personal computer using MICROSOFT EXCEL 2016 and SPSS v. 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical analysis was done using descriptive, e.g., percentage (%), mean, and standard deviation. Analytical includes chi-squared (χ2) and t test. A value of P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 117 patients, with mean age 55.8 ± 11.78, were included, 65 of them were males (55.6%) and 52 (44.4%) were females. Results showed that 47% of the ESRD patients started dialysis > 5 years ago, 48.7% stared dialysis 1–5 years ago and only 4.3% of them started dialysis < 1 year ago. 26.5% of patients have diabetes mellitus, 19.7% have hypertension, and 8.5% have diabetes and hypertension, while 45.3% have not medical comorbidities. Also, there was a high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities among patients undergoing hemodialysis, as more than two third (75.21%) of dialysis patients suffered from psychiatric illness and only 24.75% of them did not have any psychiatric illness. More than half (56.4%) of dialysis patients have depression, and 51.3% of them have anxiety disorders, while 7.7% of patients have panic attacks, (Table 1, Figs. 1 and 2). We found no other psychiatric comorbidities.

Table 1 Duration of dialysis and presence of medical and psychiatric comorbidities among the ESRD patients
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Fig. 1
figure 1

Presence of medical comorbidities among the ESRD patients

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Fig. 2
figure 2

Presence of psychiatric comorbidities among the ESRD patients

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The current study shows that depression was more observed in patients having more than three children (70.8%) and primary education (77.8%) and in patients who stopped working after dialysis (73.1%), while there was no statistically significant correlation between age, sex, or marital status and presence of depression in ESRD patients (p > 0.05). Regarding the presence of anxiety in ESRD patients, anxiety was more observed in males (67.7%) than females (30.8%) and more observed in married patients (60.8%) than in single, divorced, or widowed ones. Also, anxiety was more observed in patients having > 3 children (75%), and more observed in primary educated (55.6%) and those who had not working (45%), (Table 2).

Table 2 Relation between sociodemographic data and psychiatric comorbidity in end stage renal diseases patients
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Regarding the relationship between the sociodemographic data and total QOL, there was a highly statistically significant correlation between total QOL with age, marital status, education level, and occupation (p < 0.001), the highest scores were more observed in single patients (18.44429), university graduated patients (16.55033), and working patients (15.5314). The lowest scores were recorded in widowed (7.74900), illiterate (10.56017), and those who had not working after dialysis (11.0633). On the other hand, there was no statistically significant correlation between age and total QOL (p = 0.422) (Table 3).

Table 3 Relation between sociodemographic data and QOL assessed by Ferrans and Powers Quality of life scale among ESRD patients
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Additionally, the current study shows that there was a highly statistically significant correlation between QOL score and presence of depression in ESRD patients. (p < 0.001). It shows reduction in scores of all domains of QOL in ESRD patients with depression compared with patients without depression. There was no statistically significant correlation between anxiety and health, socioeconomic, psychological and family domains, and total QOL scores (p > 0.05). Also, there was no statistically significant correlation between panic and health, socioeconomic, psychological and family domains and total QOL scores (p > 0.05) (Table 4).

Table 4 Relation between QOL among patients with and without depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideations
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Concerning, correlation between total QOL with medical comorbidities and duration of dialysis, there was a statistically significant correlation between QOL and presence of clinical illness either diabetes or hypertension among ESRD patients (P < 0.05). It was found that there was a reduction in all domains of QOL in patients with clinical illness compared with patients without. There was no statistically significant correlation between duration of dialysis and health, social, psychological and family domains, and total QOL scores (p > 0.05) (Table 5).

Table 5 Relation between QOL with clinical comorbidities and duration of dialysis and QOL
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Discussion

Our study showed that 75.2% of them suffered from psychiatric illness 56.4% of them suffered from depression, while 51.3% of them suffered from generalized anxiety disorders, 21.4% had suicidal ideations, and 7.7% suffered from panic attacks. No symptoms of mania, hypomania, and dysthymia were detected. Also, no symptoms of OCD, PTSD, social phobia, specific phobias, or somatization disorder were detected after assessment using SCIDI scale. These findings agreed with the study done by Kober et al. [12], which was done on 100 patients 50 of them were cases of ESRD and the other 50 were control group, using HAM scale (Hamilton Rating scale) for anxiety and BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) for depression as he found that the prevalence of psychiatric illness among them was 44%, 40% of patients suffered from depression, while the percentage of patients suffering from anxiety disorders were 42%. These findings agree with Garcia et al. [13], who found that (68.1%) of them had score equal to or more than 7, which suggested depression. Psychiatric illness in end-stage renal disease patients could be attributed to multiple stressors they face such as financial problems, difficulty in holding a job, waning a sexual desire and impotence, fear of dying, fluid limitation, food limitation, itching, fatigue, limitations on time, risk of unemployment, transportation difficulties, loss of bodily function, length of dialysis treatment, and limitation of physical activities. Younger patients worry about marriage, having children, and the burden that they bring to their family [14].

Our study showed that there was a significant correlation between age of the patient and anxiety as anxiety symptoms increases with advancement of age. These findings agree with those of Bossola et al. [15], whose study was carried out using 80 hemodialysis patients assessed for depression by BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) and for anxiety using Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) which found that HARS correlates significantly with age, but disagree with study done by Stasiak et al. [16], who found that age of the patients had negative correlation with anxiety. These also disagreed with those of Kumar et al. [17], who found that there was no relationship between age group and anxiety. Anxiety in older patients observed in our study may be attributed to the higher prevalence of somatic symptoms and the more fears of death among old patients.

Concerning depression and age, our findings come in agreement with Patel et al.’s [18] study which was carried out on 150 patients and revealed that there was no significant correlation between age and presence of depression, while it disagreed with a study done by Keskin and Engin [19], which was carried out on 92 dialysis patients using BDI scale and showed that depression among dialysis patients increases with age.

Regarding anxiety, our study showed that anxiety is more observed in males and married patients. This comes in agreement with a study done by Kober et al. [12], who found that male patients had 65% of psychiatric disorders including anxiety. Also, these results disagreed with those of Theofilou’s [20] study which was done on 144 ESRD patients, using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and found that females reported more anxiety traits than males.

Our results also showed that anxiety was more observed among patients stopped working, while there was no significant relationship between educational level and presence of anxiety. These results come in agreement with the study done by Kumar et al. [17] on 150 hemodialysis patients and found a significant relationship between anxiety and occupational state while there was no significant relationship between it and educational level. Our results could be attributed to the fact that married male patients undergoing hemodialysis are subjected to more stress caused by work, unemployment, living situations, and sexual dysfunction [21].

Our study showed that depression was more observed in low educated patients and less in university graduated. Also, depression was more observed in unemployed patients either not working before dialysis or stopped working after dialysis. These results come in agreement with a study done by Aggarwal et al [22], which was a cross-sectional study done on 200 patients of CKD stage III to stage V with dialysis and revealed that depression was significantly correlated to unemployment and low education. On the other hand, our findings disagree with those of Kumar et al. [17], who showed that there was no significant relationship between depression and educational level or occupational state.

Our study showed that there was no significant correlation between sex and quality of life QOL. These findings were similar to those of the study done by Pagels et al. [23] which was done on 535 patients assessed for HRQoL through SF-36 and found that there was no association between HRQoL and gender but were in contradiction with the study done by Gentile et al. [24], who found that females had lower SF-36 scores, and the study done by AL-Jumaih et al. [25], who found that physical component, mental health component, and renal disease component of Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KD-QOL) scale were higher in males than females.

Our study showed that total QOL scores in single patients were better than married, and married were better than widowed and divorced. These findings were in agreement with the study done by Sabbah et al. [26], who revealed that unmarried patients have better quality of life than married but were in contrast with the study done Sathvik et al. [27], who showed that there was no association between marital status and quality of life. These findings could be justified as single patients have less responsibilities towards their families, while married, divorced, and widowed ones may have more duties they cannot met which represent more burden affecting their QOL.

Our study showed that all domains of QOL were significantly affected by educational level and low-educated patients either illiterate or primary educated had lower scores, while higher scores were observed among university-educated patients. These findings are similar to studies by Sabbah et al. [26] and Pakpour et al. [28] that found that increased education raised the QOL. It seems that highly educated patients may have advantages in monitoring and evaluating different aspects of their external world. Also, more educated patients seem to be better equipped to create for themselves a more satisfactory environment, with better health services and finances [20]. Moreover, higher education has a role in raising the awareness of the disease and increases the ability to cope with chronic diseases [27].

The current study revealed that lower QOL scores were observed in unemployed patients either stopped working after dialysis or did not work before dialysis than employed patients. These agree with (Sathvike et al. [27], Kalender et al. [29], as they revealed that working patients have better QOL than not working ones. This could be explained that daily activity and work capacity may help to improve quality of life [27]. Also, holding down a job has a positive influence on the individual that has a role in society and it contributes to improve self-esteem, which is considered to be an important aspect of quality of life [30].

Conclusion

Incidence of psychiatric illness among end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis is high. The most prevalent psychiatric disorders among these patients are depression and anxiety disorders. There was a statistically significant correlation between age and educational level among ESRD patients. Poor quality of life (QOL) was also observed in ESRD patients. Training programs should be initiated towards early detection of psychiatric illness among ESRD patients and early initiation of treatment.

Limitations

This study is a cross-sectional study, which eliminates the causal efficacy of all data. The sample size of the study was small, as inclusion criteria were restricted to the patients who accepted the participation in the study which may limit the generalizability of the study. However, as the sample has been recruited from two of the largest dialysis centers that serve the Menoufia governorate, this might help to some extent in randomization and variability of the selected sample.