Introduction

One of the major ‘hot topics’ in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine in the past decade has been the identification and anatomical description of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) [5, 59]. An important reason for the extensive attention to the 'rediscovery' of this structure was its assumed role in the rotatory stabilization of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injured knee [2, 5, 42, 61]. Along with the ALL’s recognition, more emphasis was subsequently placed upon the anterolateral complex (ALC) [12]. This interrelated group of structures on the lateral side of the knee, including the superficial and deep iliotibial band (ITB) with its related capsulo-osseous layer, and the ALL [5, 40, 59] has been proven to assist in the control of the rotatory laxity of the knee [11, 12, 23, 29]. Subsequently, augmentations of the ALC have been considered by some as a breakthrough in the attempt to enhance the survival and outcome of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) [30, 31]. This increased interest has resulted in a plethora of publications on several aspects of the ALC, mainly addressing the ALL. However, contradictory data on the role and the necessity for an ALC repair/augmentation in the setting of primary ACL injured knees resulted in a divergent standpoint regarding this additional procedure in the Orthopaedic sports community [16, 34, 43, 46]. This has been amplified by limited high-quality clinical research addressing the relevance and clinical outcomes of lateral augmentations (LA) as a whole [33, 49].

As a response to this controversy, a consensus was formulated on the anatomical description of the different elements of the ALC, along with the recognition of its role in the control of anterolateral subluxation of the knee [12]. The summary of recent biomechanical investigations observed that, except for minor differences between different types of reconstructions, the most common types of LA (e.g. ALL reconstruction, ITB based Lateral extraarticular Tenodesis (LET), Over-the-top ACLR with lateral augmentation) have the potential, in combination with intra-articular ACLR, to restore the kinematics of an ACL injured knee to those closer to that of a native knee joint [6, 11, 32, 51].

Even in the face of this biomechanical data, and despite good outcomes of the additional LA procedures being published in small case–control series with long-term follow-up [10, 17, 44, 64], the evidence to add a LA procedure to primary ACLR in order to improve patient outcomes has remained controversial. Given the more recent publications of high-quality clinical trials suggesting a reduction in anterolateral rotatory laxity and re-rupture rates of primary ACLR when combined with a LA [14, 55], we sought to determine whether the addition of a LA to a primary ACLR also ensures better objective knee stability scores and patient reported outcomes compared to an isolated ACLR. We hypothesized that an ACLR combined with any type of LA would result in superior objective knee stability examination and patient reported outcomes.

Methods

Search strategy

A literature search was performed based upon the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement [35]. An electronic search including MEDLINE® and Embase® databases was conducted on February 6th, 2021 by two authors (LB and TV). The search query was compiled based upon a combination of following key words and MeSh terms ((anterior cruciate ligament OR ACL) AND reconstruction AND ((anterolateral AND (ligament OR complex)) OR (lateral extra-articular tenodesis OR LET) OR iliotibial band tenodesis) AND (clinical OR functional OR failure OR outcome)). The reference lists of included articles were carefully screened to identify additional eligible studies that were not retrieved by our electronic database search. All studies published from 2012 onwards were considered for inclusion in this systematic review if they met the eligibility criteria, as this was the year of publication of the early descriptions of the ALL.

Eligibility criteria

Type of subjects

We included studies concerning patients with unilateral, isolated primary ACL injuries, indicated for a soft tissue ACLR with or without additional LA. Associated meniscal and osteochondral lesions in the ipsilateral knee, identified at the time of surgery with concomitant treatment, were no basis for exclusion. Studies were excluded based upon the use of synthetic grafts, both for the ACLR or the LA procedure, additional soft tissue procedures (ACL repair, multi-ligamentary reconstructions and meniscal transplant) or realignment procedures. Study specific inclusion and exclusion criteria of every eligible publication were listed, as well as extended indications for LA and separate failure criteria if reported (Table 1).

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria of included studies, with extended criteria for LA and description of accepted graft failure
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Type of interventions and comparisons

We aimed to compare isolated ACLR to ACLR combined with a LA procedure. All techniques of ACLR and LA procedure used were included, regardless the type of reconstruction (e.g. Single- or Double bundle), graft choice (e.g. Hamstrings, Quadriceps, Patellar tendon), graft fixation as well as the type and graft choice for LA (e.g. LET, ALL,…).

Type of outcome measurements

Objective stability scores and patient reported outcome scores were recorded (Table 2). Objective knee stability examination measurements included the Lachman and Pivot Shift tests. Instrumented laxity measurement with KT-1000 arthrometer was recorded where possible. Clinical failures were considered with a Lachman grade II or III and a Pivot Shift test grade II or III [14]. Patient reported outcomes comprised the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) [19], Tegner Activity score [57] and Lysholm score [36]. Additionally, we obtained information on graft rupture rate and return to sports.

Table 2 Reported outcomes of the included studies in the systematic review
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Type of studies

We included all Level I-III studies reporting on the clinical outcomes of primary, isolated ACLR compared to ACLR combined with LA with at least 2 years of follow-up, comprising randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies without randomization. We excluded retrospective cohort studies and case series without a control group as well as systematic reviews, biomechanical and in-vitro studies, expert opinions, conference proceedings/abstracts and editorial comments, as well as publications written in any language other than English.

Study selection

Two authors (LB and TV) independently screened the titles and abstracts of the identified studies obtained by the literature search and after removal of duplicate titles for their relevance (Fig. 1). All studies were considered for inclusion if they met the above stated inclusion criteria. A second, full text review was performed for the articles that passed the initial screening or in case of ambiguity in the title and abstract during the initial screening, unable to assess the eligibility of this publication on the limited information. In case of disagreement between the authors, the full text was reviewed conjointly and a decision was taken in consensus. A separate check of the reference lists of the included articles was performed to reveal publications that were initially missed during the literature search.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flowchart of the followed study selection procedure according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria

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Data extraction and quality assessment

Two authors (LB and TV) independently extracted study demographic data (Study design, Level of evidence, inclusion period, inclusion- and exclusion criteria, surgical techniques for ACLR and LA procedures, objective outcome data and patient reported outcomes graft rupture rate and return to sports). Risk-of-bias assessment was performed to evaluate the methodological quality of eligible studies by using the Cochrane Collaboration Tool for randomized controlled trials [24] and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for the included prospective cohort studies [65].

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses and forest plots were performed using Cochrane Review Manager (version 5.3). Categorical outcomes were treated as dichotomous and the proportion of patients who had the event was determined. A pooled estimate of the overall odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using a Mantel–Haenszel test and random-effects model. For continuous outcomes, a pooled mean difference and 95% confidence interval were estimated using inverse weighting and a random-effects model. Standard deviation was estimated for studies that did not report a measure of variance according to the method described by Wan et al. [60]. We performed a sensitivity analysis to confirm that estimating variance did not significantly change the pooled treatment effect. The I2 statistic was used to assess between-study heterogeneity and was interpreted as low (25%), moderate (50%) or high (75%) according to Higgins and Thompson criterion [25]. We made a priori hypotheses that heterogeneity may be explained by ALL graft choices (gracilis/semitendinosus vs. IT band), study duration (< 3 years vs. > 3 years) or study design (RCT vs. cohort study). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

Systematic search and study selection

The initial literature search identified 752 studies (353 in Medline and 399 in Embase). After removal of duplicates, 496 studies remained and were subject to the first screening. Following review of title and abstract, 467 were excluded leaving 29 studies for full text review. Of those, 17 studies did not meet the inclusion criteria leaving 12 studies eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. During the data extraction, we found overlapping inclusion periods for six separate studies published by three different groups, reporting on similar outcome data with ambiguity as to whether all the included patients were unique [13, 14, 21, 22, 54, 55]. The subgroup analysis regarding concomitant medial meniscal repair in ACL reconstructions by Sonnery-Cottet et al. [54] shared a 17 month inclusion period (January 1, 2013 until May 31, 2014) with the previously published prospective cohort study [55]. This lead to an inevitable double patient inclusion as all patients with meniscal repair through a posteromedial portal were included. Therefore, this specific subgroup analysis was not included in this systematic review. Due to the lack of clarity regarding the patient groups published by Helito et al. [21, 22], the principal investigator was contacted and subsequently confirmed unique patient enrolment in both studies. Two studies published from the STABILITY 1 trail by Getgood et al. [13, 14] were also retrieved during the literature review. Both reported on graft re-rupture rate, but only patients and outcome data from the full RCT were retained for this systematic review [14]. Review of the included articles revealed one more article by Vadalà et al. eligible for inclusion [58]. Finally, 11 publications were assessed for systematic review and meta-analysis (Fig. 1).

Characteristics of included studies

Following a thorough systematic review and data extraction 1892 unique patients were included in 11 studies. Of these patients, 1057 were treated with isolated ACLR and another 835 underwent ACLR with an additional LA (Table 3). Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone (BPTB) grafts were used in two studies in both groups [1, 15], where as one study used the BPTB graft only in the isolated ACLR cohort [55]. All the other studies used Hamstrings Tendons (HT) as the ACL graft in both groups. In total, isolated ACLR were based on 177 (17%) BPTB and 880 (83%) HT grafts, while ACLR + LA relied on 56 (7%) BPTB and 779 (93%) HT grafts. Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction (ALLR) was used as the LA in six studies (405 patients, 49%) [15, 18, 21, 22, 26, 55], although different reconstruction techniques were described and performed in these investigations. Three studies used an ITB based LET as an additional procedure (375 patients, 45%), again with different types of described techniques and grafts [1, 14, 50]. One publication described a Modified Iliotibial Band Tenodesis (28 patients, 3%) [45], as another study used a Cocker-Arnold (Modified Lemaire) procedure as their preferred LA technique (27 patients, 3%) [58]. Five publications were RCTs (925 unique patients, 465 ACLR and 460 ACLR + LA) [1, 14, 18, 26, 45] and six were prospective cohort studies (967 subjects, 592 ACLR and 375 ACLR + LA) [15, 21, 22, 50, 55, 58].

Table 3 Characteristics of the included studies in this systematic review
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Risk of bias

The lateral skin incision makes it impossible to blind the patients for an extra LA procedure, inducing a performance bias risk in all RCTs [1, 14, 18, 26, 45]. By implementing the Cochrane Collaboration Tool, we identified extra high risks on bias in publications by Castoldi et al. due to block randomization [1] and Ibrahim et al. as a result of allocation and random sequence generation based upon the date of birth of the subjects [26] (Table 4). Assessment of the prospective cohort studies [15, 21, 22, 50, 55, 58] using the NOS scoring system demonstrated good quality for all the included publications (Table 5).

Table 4 Risk-of-bias assessment of the included Randomized Control Trails using the Cochrane Collaboration Tool
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Table 5 Risk-of-bias assessment of the included prospective cohort studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality assessment Scale
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Patient reported outcome scores

IKDC: The IKDC score was reported by 10 publications (eight studies mentioned the score as continuous data [1, 14, 15, 21, 22, 45, 55, 58] with three studies making use of the 4-grade scale [18, 26, 58]. No significant difference was observed in the final IKDC scores between the isolated ACLR and the ACLR + LA procedures (Continuous data: mean difference 2.02, 95% CI -1.01 to 5.04, I2 = 82%, p = 0.19 and 4-Grade scale scoring system: OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.67, I2 = 22%, p = 0.27) (Fig. 2a-b). Of note is the high observed heterogeneity in the continuous IKDC data.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Forest plots of patient-reported outcomes scores (Mean difference/Odds ratio and 95% CI) of a IKDC score (reported as continuous data) b IKDC score (reported as 4-Grade scale scoring system) c Lysholm score (reported as continuous data) d Lysholm score (reported as 4-Grade scale scoring system) e Tegner score (CI, confidence interval; IV, inverse variance statistical method; M-H, Mantel–Haenszel statistical method)

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Lysholm score: The postoperative Lysholm score at final follow-up was recorded in 10 publications [1, 15, 18, 21, 22, 26, 45, 50, 55, 58], with two reporting both continuous data and graded results [18, 26]. Three Studies reported the Lysholm score as median and interquartile rage (IQR) data [18, 26, 50] while seven studies mentioned results as Mean +—standard deviation (SD) [1, 15, 21, 22, 45, 55, 58]. The subjects treated with a combined ACLR and LA had significantly better knee function scores compared to those who underwent treatment with isolated ACLR (Continuous data: mean difference 2.86, 95% CI 1.37 to 4.36, I2 = 63%, p < 0.001 and 4-Grade scale scoring system: OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.96, I2 = 0%, p = 0.26) (Fig. 2c-d). Sensitivity analysis showed no difference for the estimated mean and variance of all the articles compared to those specifically reporting mean +—SD (mean difference 2.61, 95% CI 0.71 to 4.51).

Tegner: Six studies reported on the Tegner activity score, including four RCTs and two prospective cohort studies [18, 26, 45, 50, 55, 58]. Three studies reported median and IQR data [18, 26, 45], while three others used mean and SD [50, 55, 58]. No significant difference could be found in the Tegner score between patients treated with an isolated ACLR reported and those treated with a combined procedure (mean difference 0.35, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.78, I2 = 88%, p = 0.11) (Fig. 2e). No difference was found between the complete group and the subgroup reporting with mean +—SD upon sensitivity analysis (mean difference 0.28 (95% CI -0.17 to 0.75).

Graft rupture

Graft rupture rate was reported in 10 studies [1, 14, 18, 21, 22, 26, 45, 50, 55, 58], with Ibrahim et al. reporting no re-ruptures in both groups [26]. The overall graft rupture rate was significantly lower in the ACLR + LA group (3%) than the isolated ACLR group (12%) (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.41, I2 = 0%, p < 0.001) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Forest plot of graft rupture rate (Odds ratio and 95% CI) (CI, confidence interval; M-H, Mantel–Haenszel statistical method)

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Objective knee stability examinations

Lachman Test: The Lachman test was reported in three studies (two RCTs and one cohort study) [18, 26, 58] and reviewed in 260 knees. The frequency of negative graded tests from the included patients treated with an isolated ACLR (84%) was not significant from those treated with a combined procedure (87%). (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.11 to 3.16, I2 = 0%, p = 0.54) (Fig. 4a).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Forest plots of clinical outcomes (Mean difference/Odds ratio and 95% CI) of a Lachman test b Pivot shift test c Arthrometer (KT-1000, reported as continuous Side-to-side difference) d Arthrometer (KT-1000, reported as stage Side-to-side difference) (CI, confidence interval; IV, inverse variance statistical method; M-H, Mantel–Haenszel statistical method)

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Pivot shift test: A Pivot Shift test was reported in six studies [14, 18, 22, 26, 45, 58] including 994 knees. The results at final follow-up of the Pivot Shift test from the STABILITY trail [14] were included after contact with the first author, as they weren’t separately mentioned in the publication. The frequency of positive graded tests (grade II and III) was 6% in the group of patients treated with an ACLR and LA and 14% in the group of patients who underwent an isolated ACLR. (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.65, I2 = 0%, p > 0.001) (Fig. 4b).

Instrumented laxity (KT-1000 Arthrometer): Side-to-side anterior translation differences, quantified by KT-1000 Arthrometer measurements, were recorded in six publications [18, 21, 22, 26, 55, 58], including a total of 852 knees. Three reported the difference as median and IQR data [18, 21, 26] (two of them in combination with graded data [18, 26]) and three other studies as Mean +—standard deviation [22, 55, 58]. Significant differences in the instrumented anterior translation was found between isolated ACLR group and the combined reconstruction group (mean difference -0.64, 95% CI -1.20 to -0.08, I2 = 94%, p = 0.03) (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.84, I2 = 0%, p = 0.03) (Fig. 4c-d). Sensitivity analysis didn’t revealed differences when reporting as a whole group compared to subgroup of studies reporting with mean +—SD subgroup (mean difference –0.64 (95% CI -1.20 to -0.08).

Return to play

Return to the same level of play was recorded in five publications [1, 15, 18, 50, 55]. No significant difference was noted in the return to play between the patients who underwent an isolated ACLR (68%) and those who were treated with an ACLR + LA (74%) (mean difference 1.47, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.19, I2 = 4%, p = 0.06). (Fig. 5). Of note, one study, which included only male athletes, reported a 100% return to sports in both groups [18].

Fig. 5
figure 5

Forest plot of return to sports (Odds ratio and 95% CI) (CI, confidence interval; M-H, Mantel–Haenszel statistical method)

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Discussion

The most important finding of our systematic review is that the addition of a LA to a primary ACLR results in significant reductions in graft failure and persistent rotatory laxity at a minimum of two years post operatively. The identification of generally superior patient reported outcome scores and a higher proportion of return to sport in patients treated with an ACLR + LA adds further weight to the argument that contemporary LA techniques should be considered when treating ACL injured patients who are deemed at high risk of graft failure.

Our hypothesis of ACL + LA procedures providing superior objective and clinical outcomes is generally supported, particularly in regard to rotational stability testing, as determined by the Pivot Shift test. Clinical and biomechanical insights have evolved over the past decade regarding the ALC as a rotatory stabilizer in ACL deficient and reconstructed knees. Ferretti et al. described that in up to 90% of ACL injured knees, additional lesions were found to the lateral structures [9]. Inferior clinical results were noted by Sobrado et al. when comparing patients with ACL reconstructed knees and concomitant, but untreated ALL lesions to patients treated for isolated ACL ruptures with intact lateral structures [52]. These clinical studies are supported by overwhelming biomechanical data regarding the role of the ALC as a more efficient lever arm to control the rotatory translation when compared to an isolated ACLR [11, 32, 39, 56]. Subsequently, several philosophies and techniques have emerged over the past decade in an attempt to restore the anatomy and/or function of the ALC.

Reconstruction of the ALL, a fibrous band in the anterolateral capsule initially identified by Segond, has been described in a number of different forms. These aim to be as anatomic as possible; however, different descriptions of the anatomy of the ALL has led to a variation in ALL graft insertion points, particularly in relation to its tibial insertion most recently. The original technique developed by Claes utilised a single graft coursing anterior and distal to the lateral collateral ligament femoral insertion to a position midway between the fibula head and Gerdy’s tubercle on the tibia. Later single graft procedures popularised by Helito et al. [20] have been revised to a more posterior and proximal position on the femur with a similar tibial insertion to obtain the functional anisometry in the ALLR graft [27]. The reconstruction developed by Sonnery-Cottet et al. [53] has used the same femoral origin but uses a wider footprint insertion on the tibia creating a double graft structure tensioned in extension. Even with these variations in technique, the results seem to speak for themselves. The addition of the ALLR seems to reduce rotatory laxity and graft failure.

An alternative approach in the effort to improve the rotational stability of intra-articular ACLR, are the different types of modified LETs, derived from abandoned ‘historical’ isolated extra-articular tenodeses [51]. The common feature of these techniques is the addition of a lateral soft tissue restraint on a certain distance from the central pivot of the knee [30]. Unlike the ALLR, these non-anatomical reconstructions are roughly isometric throughout the range of motion, aiming to restore the function of the several lateral structures of the ALC that are involved in the rotatory stabilization of the knee [11, 32, 41].

Although on-going controversy remains if a specific type of LA is superior [47], the results of our systematic review demonstrate that adding either an ALL reconstruction or LET procedure significantly improves the rotatory stability, which is consistent with previous published systematic reviews and meta-analyses [4, 7, 23, 48].

The pooled data for the anterior stability tests did not show a significant difference between isolated or combined ACLR procedures when performed manually with the Lachman Test. However, the addition of the LA procedure appears to limit the extreme antero-posterior translation, as observed with the significant reduction in the side-to-side differences measured with the KT-1000 Arthrometer testing. This may indicate that an isolated ACLR is able to control antero-posterior translation and maybe sufficient in the treatment of ACL deficient knees when significant rotator laxity is not present. However, this also may point to the potential benefit of LA in reducing ACL graft strain as seen in a cadaveric studies by Engebretsen et al. [8] and more recently by Marom et al. [37], identifying a significant reduction in graft forces when a LET type augmentation was added to an ACLR. This may also account for the significant reduction in graft re-rupture rates in the combined group that were observed. Possible explanations are the superior rotational stability with the added LA, but also by the perceived load-sharing effect of a LA in combination of an intra-articular ACLR. Adding a LA might reduce the deformity of the graft during the early ligamentization process, promoting final graft strength and subsequent reduced graft failure [44]. This is supported by a recent publication by Cavaignac et al., identifying better maturation and incorporation of 4-strand hamstrings ACL grafts at the 1 year interval when combined with a LA as observed on MRI [3].

Some discrepancy exists regarding the patient reported outcome scores, and more specifically concerning the dedicated knee scores. No significant differences could be found between the ACLR and ACLR + LA groups when reviewing the IKDC scores. Conversely, the Lysholm score showed a significant improvement in the combined treated group. This may suggest that the Lysholm score could be better at picking up differences in outcomes specifically related to rotatory laxity. However, it is challenging to draw conclusions due to the significant heterogeneity that was observed when pooling the IKDC and Lysholm scores, similar to previous published systematic reviews [4, 23, 62]. Possible explanations for this are the high variability between studies regarding type of ACLR and LA procedures as well as the included patient characteristics. On the other hand, Xu et al. [62] reported similar heterogeneity although their systematic review included only ALL reconstructions, indicating a possible inherent effect of the scoring system on these results. No significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding the activity related Tegner score.

One study identified an initial delay in the recovery in the ACLR + LA combined groups due to a higher amount of pain along with a delayed recovery in quadriceps strength, resulting in initial reduced subjective outcomes when compared to isolated ACLR patients [14]. This delay was attributed to the additional lateral procedure but proved to be transient as the differences resolved by the 6 months postoperative review [13]. Our results indicate that at minimum 2 years follow up, patients treated with a combined procedure have equivalent to superior outcomes, which is consistent with recent systematic reviews [4, 62], but deviates from older reviews [7, 23, 48]. Possible explanations for these superior results are the improved knee rotatory stability with the newer, more dedicated LA procedures along with the observed equivalent isokinetic muscle recovery in patients treated with ACLR + LA [13, 28]. These findings are also likely the reason of the higher, although not significant, degree of return to sports observed in the ACLR + LA treated group. After completing full rehabilitation, better objective rotational stability and subjective functional outcomes tend to promote a higher return to sports.

Our systematic review is characterized by a number of limitations, which must be considered when interpreting the findings. First, the specific inclusion of all types of ACLR and LA allows for great variability in surgical techniques and graft choices. The inclusion of different patient populations, indications, and differing treatment of concomitant meniscal and cartilage lesions as well as lack of standardised post-operative rehabilitation, may also create a significant selection bias. However, this also speaks to the generalizability of the findings to a wider patient population. Furthermore, it was the author’s intention to include any type of LA, as we wanted to evaluate the clinical effect of an additional lateral procedure in ACLR, independent from their different surgical techniques. Second, our choice to include only studies from 2012 onwards seems arbitrary but is based on the LA’s renaissance with the 'rediscovery' of the ALL. New techniques and surgical indications have emerged since these publications. By choosing this date, we intended to include studies that would be influenced by these new insights utilising contemporary techniques in current clinical practice. Unfortunately, choosing this restricted inclusion time period meant that some long-term follow-up studies by surgeons who were early advocates of the concept of a LA procedure, are not included in this systematic review [10, 38, 63]. Finally, we did not address the possible adverse events and consequences of an additional LA procedure, as only a limited number of studies reported on specific issues related to the LA [14, 18, 55]. Only one, underpowered study mentioned long-term radiographic follow-up for lateral tibiofemoral osteoarthritis [1].

Even in the face of this compelling data, routine implementation of any type of LA in primary ACLR remains controversial as insights continue to evolve around the indications and surgical techniques. Several high-level RCTs regarding LA procedures with different types of intra-articular grafts are highly anticipated (Stability 2 (ClinicalTrails.gov identifier NCT03935750), SANTI RCT (NCT03740022)) and might provide further insights on the indications for LA procedures. For now, young age (< 25), return to pivoting contact sports and the use of a hamstring autograft are indications for LA of primary ACLR in our practice. The presence of knee hyperextension, meniscal deficiency and increased tibial slope, even when using other grafts such as bone patella tendon bone, are considerations for the addition of a LA. Due to the known inferior results associated with revision ACLR, the majority of revisions are augmented by an LET in our practice.

New prospective research will need to focus on the identification of patients at risk of inferior results and higher re-rupture rates when treated with an isolated ACLR. Further individualisation of the treatment approach will be necessary to optimize patient important outcomes.

Conclusion

Conflicting anatomic and biomechanical data surrounding the ALC, amplified by differences of opinion in the surgical community, has led to controversy surrounding the use of LA procedures in primary ACLR. Based upon this systematic review of contemporary clinical literature, and findings from previously performed systematic reviews [4, 7, 23, 48, 62], the addition of a LA to primary ACLR can significantly reduce the risk of graft rupture and persistent rotatory laxity, without jeopardizing patient reported outcomes. Future research will focus on when to add these procedures, not if.