Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study new nonlocal boundary value problems of fractional differential equations and inclusions supplemented with slit-strips integral boundary conditions. Based on the functional analysis tools, the existence results for a nonlinear boundary value problem involving a proportional fractional derivative are presented. In addition to that, the extension of the problem at hand to its inclusion case is discussed. The obtained results are very interesting and are well illustrated with examples.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction
Problems of fractional differential equations arise in mathematical modeling of systems occurring in many scientific and engineering disciplines. Especially, multi-term fractional differential equations have been used to model many types of visco-elastic damping [1]. Bagley–Torvik [2] and Basset equations [3] are important examples of this class of equations. In addition to that, several methods have been suggested in the literature to solve these problems, for example, piecewise polynomial collocation [4], Haar wavelet method [5], Legendre wavelet method [6, 7], second kind Chebyshev wavelet method [8], spectral tau and collocation methods [9], and spline collocation method. For recent works on multi-term fractional differential equations, we refer the reader to [10–13].
For some recent development on this topic, a variety of initial and boundary conditions (BCs), such as classical, nonlocal, multipoint, periodic/ non-periodic, and integral boundary conditions, have been investigated. The concept of slits-strips conditions was introduced by Ahmad et al. [14, 15]. It was a new idea and had useful applications in imaging via strip-detectors [16] and acoustics [17]. For examples of boundary value problems for nonlinear differential equations, one can see [18–21].
Later on, in [22, 23], Anderson suggested a newly defined local derivative that tended to the original function as the order ρ tended to zero, and hence improved the conformable derivatives. Following this trend, some authors came up with new types of fractional derivatives and differences that allow the appearance of exponential function [24, 25] or the Mittag-Leffler function [26] in the kernel of the operators. Nevertheless, the new nonsingular kernel type fractional derivatives have the disadvantage that their corresponding integral operators do not possess a semigroup property, which makes it uneasy to solve certain complicated fractional systems in their frames.
Inspired by the above works and based on a special case of the proportional- derivative, Jarad et al. [27] generated Caputo and Riemann–Liouville generalized proportional fractional derivatives involving exponential functions in their kernels. The advantage of the newly defined derivatives, which made them distinctive, was their corresponding proportional fractional integrals possessing a semigroup property and they provided an undeviating generalization to the existing Caputo and Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives and integrals.
In this paper, we study the existence of solutions for nonlinear fractional differential equations and inclusions of order \(\alpha \in (0,1)\). Precisely, we consider the following problems:
where \({}^{C}D_{0^{+}}^{\alpha ,\rho }\) denotes the generalized proportional fractional (GPF) derivative of Caputo type, \(f: [0,1]\times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is a continuous function, \(\alpha \in (0,1)\), \(\beta \in (0,1)\), \(\rho \in (0,1]\), \(a_{i}\) (\(i=1,2,3\)), \(0<\eta _{1}<\xi _{1}<\xi _{2}<\cdots<\xi _{m}<\eta _{2}<1\), \(\delta _{i}\) (\(i=1,2,\ldots,m\)) are real constants, and
where \(F : [0,1] \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}) \) is a multivalued map, \(\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}) \) is the family of all nonempty subsets of \(\mathbb{R}\), and the other quantities are the same as defined in problem (1.1).
Our problems are modeled by multi-term fractional differential equations equipped by slit-strips integral boundary conditions, and the fractional derivative is of proportional type. This makes the problems at hand very important from an application point of view.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we present some basic definitions and properties of GPF integrals and derivatives. In Sect. 3, based on the Leray–Schauder and Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorems, we prove the existence results of solutions for boundary value problem (1.1). In addition, some examples are presented to illustrate the main results. In Sect. 4, we prove the existence results for multivalued problem (1.2). The first result for problem (1.2), associated with the convex-valued multivalued map, is derived with the aid of Leray–Schauder nonlinear alternative for multivalued maps, while the result for a nonconvex-valued map for problem (1.2) is proved by applying a fixed point theorem due to Covitz and Nadler.
2 Preliminaries
For convenience of the reader, we present here some definitions and lemmas that will be used in the proof of our main results. For basic notions of GPF integrals and derivatives, one can see [27]. In what follows, let \(f(t) \in AC^{n}[a,b]\).
Definition 1
(GPF integral)
For \(\rho \in (0,1]\) and \(\alpha \in \mathbb{C}\) with \(\Re (\alpha )>0\), we define the left GPF integral of f starting by a:
Definition 2
(GPF derivative of Caputo type)
For \(\rho \in (0,1]\) and \(\alpha \in \mathbb{C }\) with \(\Re (\alpha )>0\), we define the left GPF derivative of Caputo type starting by a:
where \(n=[\Re (\alpha )]+1\).
Theorem 3
Let \(f \in L_{1}(a,b)\) and \({}_{a}I^{\alpha ,\rho }f(t) \in AC^{n}[a,b]\). For \(\rho \in (0,1]\) and \(n=[\Re (\alpha )]+1\), we have
Proposition 4
For any \(\alpha \in \mathbb{C}\) with \(\Re (\alpha )>0\) and \(\rho \in (0,1]\), \(n=[\Re (\alpha )]+1 \), we have
The following fixed point theorems play a crucial role in our main results.
Theorem 5
(Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem [28])
Let \(\mathcal{N}\) be a closed, convex, bounded, and nonempty subset of a Banach space X. Let \(T_{1}\), \(T_{2}\) be operators such that
-
(i)
\(T_{1}(u_{1})+T_{2}(u_{2})\) belong to \(\mathcal{N}\) whenever \(u_{1},u_{2}\in \mathcal{N}\).
-
(ii)
\(T_{1}\) is compact and continuous and \(T_{2}\) is a contraction mapping.
Then there exists \(u_{0}\in \mathcal{N}\) such that \(u_{0}=T_{1}(u_{0})+T_{2}(u_{0})\).
Theorem 6
(Nonlinear alternative of Leray–Schauder type [29])
Let C be a closed and convex subset of a Banach space E and U be an open subset of C with \(0\in U\). Suppose that \(\mathcal{V}: \overline{U} \rightarrow C\) is a continuous, compact (that is, \(\mathcal{ V}(\overline{U})\) is a relatively compact subset of C) map. Then either
-
(i)
\(\mathcal{V}\) has a fixed point in U̅, or
-
(ii)
there are \(u \in \partial U\) (the boundary of U in C) and \(\lambda \in (0,1)\) with \(u=\lambda \mathcal{ V}(u)\).
For computational convenience, we introduce the notations:
Lemma 7
Let \(a_{1}\), \(a_{2}\), \(a_{3}\) be positive constants such that \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\) and
then the solution of the linear multi-term fractional differential equations
supplemented with BCs (1.1) is given by
where
Proof
By Theorem 3 (with \(a=0\)), the general solution of the multi-term fractional differential equation (2.2) can be written as
where \(C_{0}\) is an unknown arbitrary constant.
Using Proposition 4, we get
Now, by the method of variation of parameters, the solution of (2.5) can be written as
Using the boundary conditions \(u(0)= u(0)^{\prime }=0 \), we get \(C_{1}=0\), \(C_{2}=0\). Thus (2.6) takes the form
Now, using the last condition in (1.1), we get
Substituting the value of \(C_{0}\) in (2.7), we obtain solution (2.3). Conversely, we can establish this direction by immediate computation. Applying the GPF derivative of Caputo type \({}^{C}D_{0^{+}}^{2,\rho }\) on both sides of (2.7) and using Proposition 4, we get
where \(A_{1}\), \(A_{2}\), and \(A_{3}\) are defined in (2.1). Now, by applying \({}^{C}D_{0^{+}}^{\alpha ,\rho }\) on both sides of (2.9), we get
which shows that the obtained solution satisfies the given differential equation. Also, we can prove easily that the solution satisfies the boundary conditions. □
Remark 8
We confirm Lemma 7 in the case where \(A_{1}\), \(A_{2}\), and \(A_{3}\) fulfill the condition \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\). The other cases are \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}=0\) and \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}<0\), which are solved in the same way as above. We include here the solutions and omit the details. Thus, in Lemma 7, assume that
and
If \(A_{1}\), \(A_{2}\), and \(A_{3}\) satisfy the condition:
-
(i)
\(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}=0\), then the solution of (2.2) is
$$\begin{aligned} u(t)={}&\frac{1}{A_{1}\rho ^{\alpha }\Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl\{ \int _{0}^{t} \bar{w}(t) \biggl( \int _{0}^{s}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(s-\tau )}(s- \tau )^{\alpha -1}\mathfrak{h}(\tau )\,d\tau \biggr)\,ds \\ &{}+ \frac{\bar{\psi }(t)}{\bar{\Omega }} \Biggl[ \frac{1}{\rho ^{\beta }\Gamma (\beta )} \biggl( a_{1} \int _{0}^{\eta _{1}}e^{ \frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(\eta _{1}-s)}(\eta _{1}-s)^{\beta -1} \int _{0}^{s} \bar{w}(s) \\ &{}\cdot \biggl( \int _{0}^{\tau }e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(\tau -y)}(\tau -y)^{ \alpha -1}\mathfrak{h}(y)\,dy \biggr)\,d\tau \,ds \\ &{}+ a_{2} \int _{\eta _{2}}^{1}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(1-s)}(1-s)^{ \beta -1} \int _{0}^{s}\bar{w}(s) \\ &{}\cdot \biggl( \int _{0}^{\tau }e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(\tau -y)}(\tau -y)^{ \alpha -1}\mathfrak{h}(y)\,dy \biggr)\,d\tau \,ds \biggr) \\ &{}- \sum_{i=1}^{m}\delta _{i} \int _{0}^{\xi _{i}}\bar{w}(\xi _{i}) \biggl( \int _{0}^{s}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(s-\tau )}(s-\tau )^{ \alpha -1}\mathfrak{h}(\tau )\,d\tau \biggr)\,ds \Biggr] \Biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$(2.10)where
$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{w}(r)=(r-s)e^{\chi (r-s)}, \quad r=t, s,\xi _{i},\qquad \bar{w}(s)=(s- \tau )e^{\chi (s-\tau )}, \\& \chi =-p,\quad p=\frac{A_{2}}{2A_{1}}, \\& \bar{\psi }(t)=te^{xt} \biggl(\frac{\rho }{(\rho -1-\rho \chi )} \biggr)+ \biggl(\frac{\rho }{(\rho -1-\rho \chi )} \biggr)^{2} \bigl(e^{t \frac{\rho -1}{\rho }}-e^{\chi t} \bigr), \\& \bar{\Omega }_{1}=\frac{a_{1}}{\rho ^{\beta }\Gamma (\beta )} \int _{0}^{ \eta _{1}}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(\eta _{1}-s)}(\eta _{1}-s)^{\beta -1} \bar{\psi }(s)\,ds, \\& \bar{\Omega }_{2}=\frac{a_{2}}{\rho ^{\beta }\Gamma (\beta )} \int _{ \eta _{2}}^{1}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(1-s)}(1-s)^{\beta -1} \bar{\psi }(s)\,ds. \end{aligned}$$(2.11) -
(ii)
\(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}<0\), then the solution of (2.2) is
$$\begin{aligned} u(t)={}&\frac{1}{A_{1}\beta \rho ^{\alpha }\Gamma (\alpha )} \Biggl\{ \int _{0}^{t} \bar{\bar{w}}(t) \biggl( \int _{0}^{s}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(s-\tau )}(s- \tau )^{\alpha -1}\mathfrak{h}(\tau )\,d\tau \biggr)\,ds \\ &{}+ \frac{ \bar{\bar{\psi }}(t)}{\bar{\bar{\Omega }}} \Biggl[ \frac{1}{\rho ^{\beta }\Gamma (\beta )} \biggl( a_{1} \int _{0}^{\eta _{1}}e^{ \frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(\eta _{1}-s)}(\eta _{1}-s)^{\beta -1} \int _{0}^{s} \bar{\bar{w}}(s) \\ &{}\cdot \biggl( \int _{0}^{\tau }e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(\tau -y)}(\tau -y)^{ \alpha -1}\mathfrak{h}(y)\,dy \biggr)\,d\tau \,ds \\ &{}+ a_{2} \int _{\eta _{2}}^{1}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(1-s)}(1-s)^{ \beta -1} \int _{0}^{s}\bar{\bar{w}}(s) \\ &{}\cdot \biggl( \int _{0}^{\tau }e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(\tau -y)}(\tau -y)^{ \alpha -1}\mathfrak{h}(y)\,dy \biggr)\,d\tau \,ds \biggr) \\ &{}- \sum_{i=1}^{m}\delta _{i} \int _{0}^{\xi _{i}}\bar{\bar{w}}(\xi _{i}) \biggl( \int _{0}^{s}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(s-\tau )}(s-\tau )^{ \alpha -1}\mathfrak{h}(\tau )\,d\tau \biggr)\,ds \Biggr] \Biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$(2.12)where
$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{\bar{w}}(r)= \sin \mathfrak{b}(r-s)e^{-\gamma (r-s)}, \quad r=t, s, \xi _{i}, \qquad \bar{\bar{w}}(s)=\sin \mathfrak{b}(s-\tau )e^{-\gamma (s- \tau )}, \\& \chi _{1,2}= -\gamma \pm \mathfrak{b} i,\quad \gamma = \frac{A_{2}}{2A_{1}}, \mathfrak{b}= \frac{\sqrt{4A_{1}A_{3}-A_{2}^{2}}}{2A_{1}}, \\& \bar{\bar{\psi }}(t)= \frac{1}{\mathfrak{b}} \biggl[e^{-\gamma t}\cos \biggl( \mathfrak{b} t- \biggl(\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }-\gamma \biggr) \biggr) -e^{t \frac{\rho -1}{\rho }}\cos \biggl(\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }-\gamma \biggr) \biggr], \\& \bar{\bar{\Omega }}_{1}= \frac{a_{1}}{\rho ^{\beta }\Gamma (\beta )} \int _{0}^{\eta _{1}}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(\eta _{1}-s)}(\eta _{1}-s)^{ \beta -1} \bar{\bar{\psi }}(s)\,ds, \\& \bar{\bar{\Omega }}_{2}={} \frac{a_{2}}{\rho ^{\beta }\Gamma (\beta )} \int _{\eta _{2}}^{1}e^{\frac{\rho -1}{\rho }(1-s)}(1-s)^{\beta -1} \bar{\bar{\psi }}(s)\,ds. \end{aligned}$$(2.13)
3 Main results
Denote by \(\mathcal{ C}=\{u(t): u(t) \in C([0,1],\mathbb{R})\}\) the Banach space of all continuous functions defined on \([0,1]\) into \(\mathbb{R}\) endowed with the norm
In view of Lemma 7, problem (1.1) can be transformed into the fixed point problem as follows.
Case I: For \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\) as \(u=\mathcal{L}u\), we define an operator \(\mathcal{L}:\mathcal{C}\longrightarrow \mathcal{C}\) by the following formula:
For the sake of computational convenience, we set
Theorem 9
Let \(f:[0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be a continuous function such that the following conditions hold:
- \((H_{1})\):
-
\(|f(t,u)-f(t,v) |\leq L \|u-v\|\), \(\forall t \in [0,1]\), \(L>0\), \(u,v\in \mathbb{R} \),
- \((H_{2})\):
-
\(|f(t,u) | \leq \mu (t)\), \(\forall (t,u)\in [0,1]\times \mathbb{R}\) and \(\mu \in C([0,1],\mathbb{R}^{+})\) with
$$ \Vert \mu \Vert =\sup_{t\in [0,1]} \bigl\vert \mu (t) \bigr\vert . $$
Then there exists at least one solution for problem (1.1) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\) on \([0,1]\) if
Proof
We consider a closed ball \(B_{r}=\{u\in \mathcal{ C}:\|u\|\leq r\}\) with \(r\geq K\|\mu \|\). We introduce the operators \(\mathcal{L}_{1}\) and \(\mathcal{L}_{2}\) on \(B_{r}\) as follows:
Notice that \(\mathcal{L}=\mathcal{L}_{1}+\mathcal{L}_{2}\). For \(u, v \in B_{r}\), we have
Thus, we have
Thus, \(\mathcal{L}_{1}u+\mathcal{L}_{2}v \in B_{r}\). Using assumption \((H_{1})\), we obtain
Therefore,
which, in view of condition (3.5), shows that \(\mathcal{L}_{2}\) is a contraction.
Next, we show that \(\mathcal{L}_{1}\) is compact and continuous. Notice that the continuity of f implies that the operator \(\mathcal{L}_{1}\) is continuous. Also, \(\mathcal{L}_{1}\) is uniformly bounded on \(B_{r}\) as
Let us fix \(\sup_{(t,u)\in [0,1]\times B_{r}} |f(t,u(t)) |=\bar{f}\), and take \(0< t_{1}< t_{2}<1\). Then
as \((t_{2}-t_{1})\rightarrow 0 \), independently of \(u\in B_{r}\). This implies that \(\mathcal{L}_{1}\) is relatively compact on \(B_{r}\), it follows by the Arzelá–Ascoli theorem that the operator \(\mathcal{L}_{1}\) is compact on \(B_{r}\). By using Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem, there exists at least one solution on \([0,1]\). □
Now we apply the Leray–Schauder nonlinear alternative to prove the existence of solutions for problem (1.1) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\).
Theorem 10
Let \(f:[0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be a continuous function. Assume that
- \((H_{3})\):
-
There exist a function \(q\in C([0,1],\mathbb{R}^{+})\) and a nondecreasing function \(g:\mathbb{R}^{+}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}\) such that \(|f(t,u)|\leq q(t)g(\|u\|)\), \(\forall (t,u)\in [0,1]\times \mathbb{R}\).
- \((H_{4})\):
-
There exists a constant \(M>0\) such that
$$ \frac{M}{ \Vert q \Vert g(M)K}>1. $$
Then problem (1.1) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\).
Proof
We consider the operator \(\mathcal{L}:\mathcal{C}\longrightarrow \mathcal{C}\) defined by (3.1). We show that \(\mathcal{L}\) maps bounded sets into bounded sets in \(\mathcal{ C}\). For a positive number r, let \(B_{r}=\{u\in \mathcal{C}:\|u\|\leq r\} \) be a bounded set in \(\mathcal{C}\). Then we have
Next, we show that \(\mathcal{L}\) maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of \(\mathcal{ C}\). Let \(t_{1},t_{2}\in [0,1]\) with \(t_{1}< t_{2}\) and \(u\in B_{r}\), where \(B_{r}\) is a bounded set of \(\mathcal{ C}\). Then we obtain
which tends to zero independently of \(u\in B_{r}\) as \(t_{2}-t_{2}\rightarrow 0\). As \(\mathcal{L}\) satisfies the above assumptions, it follows by the Arzelá–Ascoli theorem that \(\mathcal{L}:\mathcal{C}\longrightarrow \mathcal{C}\) is completely continuous. It remains to show the boundedness of the set of solutions of \(u=\lambda \mathcal{L}u\) for \(\lambda \in [0,1]\). Indeed, let u be a solution. Then, for \(t \in [0,1]\), we have
which, on taking the norm for \(t\in [0,1]\), yields
and then
In view of \((H_{4})\), there exists M such that \(\|u\|\neq M\). Let us set
Note that the operator \(\mathcal{L}:\overline{U}\rightarrow \mathcal{ C}\) is continuous and completely continuous. From the choice of U, there is no \(u\in \partial U\) such that \(u=\lambda \mathcal{L}(u)\) for some \(\lambda \in (0,1)\). Consequently, by the nonlinear alternative of Leray–Schauder type, we deduce that \(\mathcal{L}\) has a fixed point \(u\in \overline{U}\), which is a solution of problem (1.1) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\). □
Case II: For \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}=0\) as \(u=\mathcal{J}u\), we define an operator \(\mathcal{J}:\mathcal{C}\longrightarrow \mathcal{C}\) by the following formula:
For the sake of computational convenience, we set
Corollary 11
Let \(f:[0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be a continuous function satisfying conditions \((H_{1})\) and \((H_{2})\). Then problem (1.1) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}=0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\) if
Corollary 12
Let \(f:[0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be a continuous function. Then problem (1.1) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}=0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\), if \((H_{3})\) and the condition
- \((H_{5})\):
-
There exists a constant \(M_{1}>0\) such that
$$ \frac{M_{1}}{ \Vert q \Vert g(M_{1})Q}>1, $$where Q is defined by (3.7), are satisfied.
Case III: For \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}<0\) as \(u=\mathcal{G}u\), we define an operator \(\mathcal{G}:\mathcal{C}\longrightarrow \mathcal{C}\) by the following formula:
For the sake of computational convenience, we set
Corollary 13
Let \(f:[0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be a continuous function satisfying conditions \((H_{1})\) and \((H_{2})\). Then problem (1.1) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}<0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\) if
Corollary 14
Let \(f:[0,1]\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be a continuous function. Then problem (1.1) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}<0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\) if \((H_{3})\) and the condition
- \((H_{6})\):
-
There exists a constant \(M_{2}>0\) such that
$$ \frac{M_{2}}{ \Vert q \Vert g(M_{2})H}>1, $$where H is defined by (3.11), are satisfied.
We conclude this section with some examples showing the applicability of our main results.
Example 1
Consider the following problem:
where \(a_{1}=1\), \(a_{2}=3\), \(a_{3}=2\), \(\rho =\frac{1}{4}\), \(\alpha =\beta = \frac{1}{2}\), \(\delta _{1}=1\), \(\delta _{2}=2\), \(\eta _{1}=\frac{1}{8}\), \(\eta _{2}=\frac{1}{4}\), \(\xi _{1}=\frac{1}{6}\), \(\xi _{2}=\frac{1}{5}\). Clearly, \(|f(t,u)|\le \frac{e^{t}}{\sqrt{63+t}}+\frac{\pi }{2(2t^{5}+40)}\), \(|f(t,u)-f(t,v)| \le L|u-v|\), with \(L=\frac{1}{42}\). Using the given values, we find that \(\Omega =0.02217983\), \(\Phi =0.0059975\), and \(K=25.4438\). Also we have
Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 9 are satisfied and problem (3.14) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\).
Example 2
Consider the following problem:
supplemented with the boundary conditions of problem (3.14). Evidently, \(|f(t,u)|\le q(t) g(\|u\|)\) with \(g(\|u\|)=\|u\|+\frac{1}{2}\) (where g is defined by \(g(M)=M+\frac{1}{2}\)) and \(q(t)=\frac{t}{5\sqrt{t^{2}+35}}\) and \(\|q\|=\frac{1}{30}\). By condition \((H_{4})\), that is, \(\frac{M}{\|q\|g(M)K}>1\), we find that \(M>2.79221\). Thus, we deduce by Theorem 10 that problem (3.15) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\).
4 Inclusion problem
In this section, we extend our study to the multivalued analogue of problem (1.2). We recall some basic notions needed throughout this section.
For a normed space \((X,\Vert \cdot \Vert )\), let
A multivalued map \(F : [0,1] \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R})\) is called Carathéodory if
-
(i)
\(t\mapsto F(t,u)\) is measurable for each \(u\in \mathbb{R}\);
-
(ii)
\(u\mapsto F(t,u)\) is upper semicontinuous for almost all \(t\in [0,1]\);
Further, a Carathéodory function F is called \(L^{1}\)-Carathéodory if
-
(iii)
for each \(a>0\), there exists \(\varphi _{a}\in L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb{R}^{+})\) such that
$$ \bigl\Vert F(t,u) \bigr\Vert =\sup \bigl\{ \vert x \vert :x\in F(t,u) \bigr\} \leq \varphi _{a}(t) $$for all \(\|u\|< a\) and for a.e. \(t\in [0,1]\).
Definition 15
A function \(u\in \mathcal{C}\) is called a solution of problem (1.2) if we can find a function \(f\in L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb{ R})\) with \(f(t)\in F(t,u)\) for a.e. \(t \in [0,1]\) and
where \(\psi (t)\), Ω, \(\Omega _{1}\), and \(\Omega _{2}\) are given by (2.4).
We define the set of selections of F by \(S_{F,u}:=\{x\in L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb{R}): x(t)\in F(t,u(t)) \text{ on } [0,1] \}\) for each \(u\in \mathcal{C}\). The following lemma is helpful in the sequel.
Lemma 16
([30])
Let X be a Banach space. Let \(F: [0,1]\times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathcal{P}_{cp,c}(\mathbb{R})\) be an \(L^{1}\)-Carathéodory multivalued map, and let \(\mathcal{T}\) be a linear continuous mapping from \(L^{1}([0,1], \mathbb{R})\) to \(C([0,1],\mathbb{R})\). Then the operator
is a closed graph operator in \(C([0,1],\mathbb{R})\times C([0,1],\mathbb{R})\).
4.1 The upper semicontinuous case
In the following result, we assume that the multivalued map F is convex-valued and apply the Leray–Schauder nonlinear alternative for multivalued maps to prove the existence of solutions for the problem at hand.
Theorem 17
Assume that:
- \((A_{1})\):
-
\(F: [0,1]\times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathcal{P}_{cp,c}(\mathbb{R})\) is \(L^{1}\)-Carathéodory.
- \((A_{2})\):
-
There exist a function \(q\in C([0,1],\mathbb{R}^{+})\) and a continuous nondecreasing function \(g: [0,\infty )\rightarrow (0,\infty )\) such that
$$ \bigl\Vert F(t,u) \bigr\Vert _{\mathcal{P}}:=\sup \bigl\{ \vert x \vert : x\in F(t,u) \bigr\} \leq q(t)g \bigl( \Vert u \Vert \bigr)\quad \textit{for each } (t,u)\in [0,1]\times \mathbb{R}. $$ - \((A_{3})\):
-
There exists a constant \(M>0\) such that
$$ \frac{M}{ \Vert q \Vert g(M)K}>1. $$
Then problem (1.2) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\).
Proof
Define an operator \(T: \mathcal{ C}\rightarrow \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{ C})\) by
It is clear that fixed points of T are solutions of problem (1.2). So, we need to verify that the operator T satisfies all the conditions of Leray–Schauder nonlinear alternative. This will be done in several steps.
Step 1. \(T(u)\) is convex for each \(u\in \mathcal{C}\). Indeed, if \(h_{1}\), \(h_{2}\) belongs to \(T(u)\), then there exist \(f_{1}, f_{2} \in S_{F,u} \) such that, for each \(t \in [0,1]\), we get
For \(0 \leq \sigma \leq 1\) and for each \(t \in [0,1]\), we obtain
Hence, by the convexity of \(S_{F,u}\), it follows that \(\sigma h_{1}+(1-\sigma )h_{2} \in T(u)\).
Step 2. \(T(u)\) maps bounded sets into bounded sets in \(\mathcal{ C}\). Let \(B_{r}=\{u\in \mathcal{C}: \|u\|\leq r\}\) be a bounded ball in \(\mathcal{ C}\), where r is a positive number. Thus, for each \(h\in T(u)\), \(u\in B_{r}\), there exists \(f\in S_{F,u}\) such that
In view of \((A_{2})\), for each \(t\in [0,1]\), we find that
which leads to \(\|h\|\leq \|q\|g(r)K\), where K is given by (3.2).
Step 3. \(T(u)\) maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of \(\mathcal{C}\). Let \(t_{1}, t_{2}\in [0,1]\), \(t_{1}< t_{2}\), and \(u\in B_{r}\). Then we have
which tends to zero independent of \(u\in B_{r}\) as \((t_{2}-t_{1})\rightarrow 0 \). Combining the outcome of Steps 1–3 with the Arzelá–Ascoli theorem leads to the conclusion that \(T:\mathcal{ C}\rightarrow \mathcal{C}\) is completely continuous.
Step 4. T has a closed graph. Suppose that there exists \(u_{n}\rightarrow u^{*}\), \(h_{n}\in T(u_{n})\) and \(h_{n}\rightarrow h^{*}\). Then we have to establish that \(h^{*}\in T( u^{*})\). Since \(h_{n}\in T(u_{n})\), there exists \(f_{n}\in S_{F,u_{n}}\). In consequence, for each \(t\in [0,1]\), we get
Next, we have to show that there exists \(f^{*} \in S_{F, u^{*}}\) such that, for each \(t\in [0,1]\),
Considering the continuous linear operator \(\mathcal{T} : L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb{R}) \rightarrow \mathcal{ C}\), we get
Note that
tends to 0 as \(n\rightarrow \infty \). Thus, it follows by Lemma 16 that \(\mathcal{T} \circ S_{F,u}\) is a closed graph operator. Furthermore, \(h_{n}(t)\in \mathcal{T}(S_{F,u_{n}})\). Since \(u_{n}\rightarrow u^{*}\), we have
for some \(f^{*}\in S_{F,u^{*}}\).
Step 5. There exists an open set \(V \subseteq \mathcal{C}\) with \(u\notin v T(u)\) for any \(v \in (0,1)\) and all \(u\in \partial V\). Let u be a solution of (1.2). Then there exists \(f\in L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb{R})\) with \(f\in S_{F,u}\) such that, for \(t\in [0,1]\), we have
Using the computations done in Step 2, for each \(t\in [0,1]\), we get
which, on taking the norm for \(t\in [0,1]\), yields
and then
By \((A_{3})\), there exists M such that \(\|u\|\neq M\). Let us set
Note that the operator \(T:\overline{V}\rightarrow \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{C})\) is a compact multivalued map, u.s.c. with convex closed values. With the given choice of V, it is not possible to find \(u\in \partial V\) satisfying \(u\in v T(u)\) for some \(v\in (0,1)\). Consequently, by the nonlinear alternative of Leray–Schauder type, the operator T has a fixed point \(u\in \overline{V}\), which corresponds to a solution of problem (1.2) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\). □
4.2 The Lipschitz case
This subsection concerns the existence of solutions for problem (1.2) with a nonconvex-valued right-hand side by applying a fixed point theorem for multivalued maps due to Covitz and Nadler [31]: “If \(T:\mathcal{Z }\rightarrow \mathcal{P}_{cl}(\mathcal{Z})\) is a contraction, then \(FixT\neq \phi \), where \(\mathcal{P}_{cl}(\mathcal{Z})=\{\mathcal{Y}\in \mathcal{P}( \mathcal{Z }): \mathcal{Y} \text{ is closed} \}\).”
Let \((\mathcal{Z},d)\) be a metric space induced from the normed space \((\mathcal{Z},\|\cdot \|)\). Consider \(H_{d}: \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Z})\times \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Z}) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\cup \{\infty \}\) given by
where \(d(A,b)=\inf_{a\in A}d(a;b)\) and \(d(a,B)=\inf_{b\in B}d(a;b)\). Then \((\mathcal{P}_{b,cl}(\mathcal{Z}),H_{d})\) is a metric space, where \(\mathcal{P}_{b,cl}(\mathcal{Z})=\{\mathcal{Y}\in \mathcal{P}( \mathcal{Z}): \mathcal{Y} \text{ is bounded and closed} \}\).
Theorem 18
Assume that
- \((A_{4})\):
-
\(F: [0,1]\times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathcal{P}_{cp}(\mathbb{R})\) is such that \(F(\cdot ,u): [0,1]\rightarrow \mathcal{P}_{cp}(\mathbb{R})\) is measurable for each \(u\in \mathbb{R}\), where \(\mathcal{P}_{cp}(\mathbb{ R})=\{\mathcal{Y}\in \mathcal{P}( \mathbb{ R}): \mathcal{Y} \textit{ is compact} \}\);
- \((A_{5})\):
-
\(H_{d}(F(t,u),F(t,\hat{u}))\leq \varpi (t)|u-\hat{u}|\) for almost all \(t\in [0,1]\) and \(u, \hat{u}\in \mathbb{R}\) with \(\varpi \in C([0,1],\mathbb{R}^{+})\) and \(d(0,F(t,0))\leq \varpi (t)\) for almost all \(t\in [0,1]\).
Then problem (1.2) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}>0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\) if
Proof
Let us verify that the operator \(T: \mathcal{C}\rightarrow \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{C})\), defined in (4.1), satisfies the hypothesis of the Covitz and Nadler fixed point theorem. We establish it in two steps.
Step 1. \(T(u)\) is nonempty and closed for every \(f\in S_{F,u}\). Since the set-valued map \(F(\cdot ,u(\cdot )) \) is measurable, it admits a measurable selection \(f:[0,1]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) by the measurable selection theorem ([32], Theorem III.6). By \((A_{4})\), we have
that is, \(f\in L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb{R})\). So, F is integrable bounded. Therefore, \(S_{F,u}\neq \phi \).
Now, we establish that \(T(u)\) is closed for each \(u\in \mathcal{ C}\). Let \(\{m_{n}\}_{n\ge 0}\in T(u)\) be such that \(m_{n}\rightarrow m\) as \(n\rightarrow \infty \) in \(\mathcal{ C}\). Then, \(m\in \mathcal{ C}\) and we can find \(f_{n}\in S_{F,u_{n}} \) such that, for each \(t\in [0,1]\),
As F has compact values, we can pass onto a subsequence (if necessary) to obtain that \(f_{n}\) converges to f in \(L^{1}([0,1],\mathbb{ R})\). So \(f\in S_{F,u}\). Then, for each \(t\in [0,1]\), we get
which implies that \(m\in T(u)\).
Step 2. We show that there exists \(0< \Lambda <1\) (\(\Lambda = \| \varpi \|K\)) satisfying
Let us take \(u,\hat{u}\in \mathcal{ C}\) and \(h_{1}\in T(u)\). Then there exists \(f_{1}(t)\in F(t,u(t))\) such that, for each \(t\in [0,1]\),
By \((A_{5})\), we have that \(H_{d} (F(t, u), F(t, \hat{u})) \le \varpi (t)|u(t) - \hat{u}(t)|\). So, there exists \(v(t) \in F(t, \hat{u}(t))\) satisfying \(|f_{1}(t)-v| \le \varpi (t)|u(t)- \hat{u}(t)|\), \(t \in [0,1]\).
Define \(\mathcal{W}: [0,1]\rightarrow \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R})\) by
As the multivalued operator \(\mathcal{W}(t)\cap F(t, \hat{u}(t)) \) is measurable by (Proposition III.4 [32]), we can find a function \(f_{2}(t)\), which is a measurable selection for \(\mathcal{W}\). So \(f_{2}(t) \in F(t, \hat{u}(t))\), and for each \(t\in [0,1]\), we have \(|f_{1}(t) - f_{2}(t)| \le \varpi (t)|u(t) - \hat{u}(t)|\). For each \(t\in [0,1]\), we define
As a result, we get
Hence,
Analogously, we can interchange the roles of u and û to get
which implies that T is a contraction by condition (4.2). Therefore, by the conclusion of the Covitz and Nadler fixed point theorem, T has a fixed point u, which corresponds to a solution of (1.2). □
Now, we will discuss the remaining two cases as follows.
Corollary 19
Assume that \((A_{1})\) and \((A_{2})\) hold. In addition, we assume that
- \((A_{6})\):
-
There exists a constant \(M>0\) such that
$$ \frac{M}{ \Vert q \Vert g(M)Q}>1. $$
Then problem (1.2) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}=0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\).
Corollary 20
Assume that \((A_{4})\) and \((A_{5})\) hold. Then problem (1.2) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}=0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\) if
Corollary 21
Assume that \((A_{1})\) and \((A_{2})\) hold. In addition, we assume that
- \((A_{7})\):
-
There exists a constant \(M>0\) such that
$$ \frac{M}{ \Vert q \Vert g(M)H}>1. $$
Then problem (1.2) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}<0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\).
Corollary 22
Assume that \((A_{4})\) and \((A_{5})\) hold. Then problem (1.2) with \(A_{2}^{2}-4A_{1}A_{3}<0\) has at least one solution on \([0,1]\) if
The following examples show the applicability of inclusion results.
Example 3
Consider the following problem:
where \(F : [0,1] \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R} )\) is a multivalued map given by
For \(f\in F\), we have
Here, \(a_{1}=1\), \(a_{2}=3\), \(a_{3}=2\), \(\rho =\frac{1}{4}\), \(\alpha =\beta = \frac{1}{2}\), \(\delta _{1}=1\), \(\delta _{2}=2\), \(\eta _{1}=\frac{1}{8}\), \(\eta _{2}=\frac{1}{4}\), \(\xi _{1}=\frac{1}{6}\), \(\xi _{2}=\frac{1}{5}\). Clearly,
with \(q(t)=1\), \(g(\|u\|)=7\). Using the given values, we find that \(\Omega =0.02217983\), \(\Phi =0.0059975\), \(\text{and} K=25.4438\). Thus,
Clearly, all the conditions of Theorem 17 are satisfied. So, there exists at least one solution of problem (4.5) on \([0, 1]\).
Example 4
Consider the fractional inclusion boundary value problem (4.5) with \(F : [0,1] \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R} )\) given by
Clearly, \(H_{d}(F(t,u),F(t,\hat{u}))\leq \varpi (t)|u-\hat{u}|\), where \(\varpi (t)=\frac{1}{(t+6)^{2}}\). Also \(d(0,F(t,0))\leq \varpi (t)\) for almost all \(t\in [0,1]\) and
Since all the conditions of Theorem 18 hold, problem (4.5) with F given by (4.7) has at least one solution on \([0, 1]\).
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
References
Podlubny, L.: Fractional Differential Equations. Academic Press, San Diego (1999)
Torvik, P.J., Bagley, R.L.: On the appearance of the fractional derivative in the behavior of real materials. J. Appl. Mech. 51, 294–298 (1984)
Mainardi, F.: Some basic problems in continuum and statistical mechanics. In: Carpinteri, A., Mainardi, F. (eds.) Fractals and Fractional Calculus in Continuum Mechanics, pp. 291–348. Springer, Berlin (1997)
Pedas, A., Tamme, E.: Piecewise polynomial collocation for linear boundary value problems of fractional differential equations. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 236, 3349–3359 (2012)
ur Rehman, M., Khan, R.A.: A numerical method for solving boundary value problems for fractional differential equations. Appl. Math. Model. 36, 894–907 (2012)
ur Rehman, M., Khan, R.A.: The Legendre wavelet method for solving fractional differential equations. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 16, 4163–4173 (2011)
Jafari, H., Yousefi, S.A., Firoozjaee, M.A., Momani, S., Khalique, C.M.: Application of Legendre wavelets for solving fractional differential equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 62, 1038–1045 (2011)
Wang, Y., Fan, Q.: The second kind Chebyshev wavelet method for solving fractional differential equations. Appl. Math. Comput. 218, 8592–8601 (2012)
Bhrawy, A.H., Alofi, A.S., Ezz-Eldien, S.S.: A quadrature tau method for fractional differential equations with variable coefficients. Appl. Math. Lett. 24, 2146–2152 (2011)
Ahmad, B., Alghamdi, N., Alsaedi, A., Ntouyas, S.K.: On multi-term fractional differential equations with multi-point boundary conditions. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 226, 3369–3390 (2017)
Ahmad, B., Alghamdi, N., Alsaedi, A., Ntouyas, S.K.: A system of coupled multi-term fractional differential equations with three-point coupled boundary conditions. Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal. 22, 601–618 (2019)
Ahmad, B., Alsaedi, A., Alghamdi, N., Ntouyas, S.K., Alruwaily, Y., Salem, S.: Existence theorems for a coupled system of nonlinear multi-term fractional differential equations with nonlocal boundary conditions. Kragujev. J. Math. 46, 317–331 (2019)
Alsaedi, A., Alghamdi, N., Ahmad, B., Ntouyas, S.K.: Nonlocal three-point multi-term multivalued fractional-order boundary value problems. Mat. Vesn. 72, 66–80 (2020)
Ahmad, B., Agarwal, R.P.: Some new versions of fractional boundary value problems with slit-strips conditions. Bound. Value Probl. 2014, 175 (2014)
Ahmad, B., Karthikeyan, P., Buvaneswari, K.: Fractional differential equations with coupled slit-strips type integral boundary conditions. AIMS Math. 4(6), 1596–1609 (2019)
Lundqvist, M.: Silicon strip detectors for scanned multi-slit x-ray imaging. Kungl Tekniska Hogskolan, Stockholm (2003)
Mellow, T., Kärkkäinen, L.: On the sound fields of infinitely long strips. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130, 153–167 (2011)
Akyildiz, F.T., Bellout, H., Vajravelu, K., Van Gorder, R.A.: Existence results for third order nonlinear boundary value problems arising in nano boundary layer fluid flows over stretching surfaces. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 12, 2919–2930 (2011)
Agarwal, R.P., Alsaedi, A., Alghamdi, N., Ntouyas, S.K., Ahmad, B.: Existence results for multi-term fractional differential equations with nonlocal multi-point and multi-strip boundary conditions. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2018, 342 (2018)
Shammakh, W., Alzumi, H.Z.: Existence results for nonlinear fractional boundary value problem involving generalized proportional derivative. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2019, 94 (2019)
Wang, G., Qin, J., Zhang, L., Baleanu, D.: Explicit iteration to a nonlinear fractional Langevin equation with non-separated integro-differential strip-multi-point boundary conditions. CSF. 131 (2020)
Anderson, D.R., Ulness, D.J.: Newly defined conformable derivatives. Adv. Dyn. Syst. Appl. 10, 109–137 (2015)
Anderson, D.R.: Second-order self-adjoint differential equations using a proportional-derivative controller. Commun. Appl. Nonlinear Anal. 24, 17–48 (2017)
Caputo, M., Fabrizio, M.: A new definition of fractional derivative without singular kernel. Prog. Fract. Differ. Appl. 1, 1–13 (2015)
Abdeljawad, T., Baleanu, D.: On fractional derivatives with exponential kernel and their discrete versions. Rep. Math. Phys. 80, 11–27 (2017)
Atangana, A., Baleanu, D.: New fractional derivative with nonlocal and non-singular kernel: theory and application to heat transfer model. Therm. Sci. 18, 1–10 (2016)
Jarad, F., Abdeliawad, T., Alzabut, J.: Generalized fractional derivatives generated by a class of local proportional derivatives. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 226, 3457–3471 (2017)
Smart, D.R.: Fixed Point Theorems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1980)
Granas, A., Dugundji, J.: Fixed Point Theory. Springer, New York (2003)
Lasota, A., Opial, Z.: An application of the Kakutani–Ky Fan theorem in the theory of ordinary differential equations. Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. Astronom. Phys. 13, 781–786 (1965)
Covitz, H., Nadler, S.B.: Multi-valued contraction mappings in generalized metric spaces. Isr. J. Math. 8, 5–11 (1970)
Castaing, C., Valadier, M.: Convex Analysis and Measurable Multifunctions. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 580. Springer, Berlin (1977)
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
WS designed the research problem. WS, HZA, and ZA contributed to the implementation of the research, to the analysis of the results, and to the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Shammakh, W., Alzumi, H.Z. & Albarqi, Z. On multi-term proportional fractional differential equations and inclusions. Adv Differ Equ 2020, 645 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-03104-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-03104-y