Abstract
In this paper, we apply a reliable combination of maximum modulus method with respect to the Schrödinger operator and Phragmén–Lindelöf method to investigate nonlinear conservation laws for the Schrödinger boundary value problems of second order. As an application, we prove the global existence to the solution for the Cauchy problem of the semilinear Schrödinger equation. The results reveal that this method is effective and simple.
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1 Introduction
In this article, we consider the following Schrödinger boundary value problems of second order (see [1–4, 12, 24, 29, 33, 38]):
where \(i=\sqrt{-1}\),
is the Laplace operator in \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\),
denotes the complex valued function, L is the maximum existence time, n is the space dimension and p satisfies the embedding condition
There has been a lot of interest in this Schrödinger equation, because of the significance in physics. Liu [24] investigated the stationary Schrödinger equation
where \(\gamma \in \mathcal{R}\), \(p\geq 1\), and the space dimension is no more than three. Problem (1.2) describes a stable soliton which is a wave pulse or wave beam, specially, there are solitons in magnetic materials for \(p=1\) in 3D space. Hu and Qiao [34] presented a numerical study on the axially symmetric fourth-order Schrödinger equation
where \(S>0\), \(\mu >0\),
and ξ, ρ are properly normalized cylindrical variables.
For \(\lambda <0\), Eq. (1.3) plays a crucial role in the self-focusing, here the fourth derivative term in (1.3) may give rise to an oscillatory approach to the asymptotically homogeneous wave beam. Huang and Rui [22] analyzed the self-focusing and singularity formation in the mixed-dispersion nonlinear Schrödinger equation
where \(\epsilon =\pm 1\), \(p\geq 1\), which occurs in propagation models for fiber arrays. The authors showed that the generic propagation dynamics for \(\epsilon <0\) is focusing–defocusing oscillations. Qiao and Hou [33] considered the Schrödinger equation in dimensionless variables
where \(D, P, B, K\in \mathcal{R}\) and \(BK<0\). This equation was used for describing the dynamics of slowly varying wave packet envelope amplitude.
Given its mathematical interest, a lot of attention is paid to the existence and nonexistence of global solutions to the second-order boundary value problems related to the Schrödinger equation. Zhao [51] studied the equation
where \(\lambda , \beta \in \mathcal{R}\), \(p\in (1,2^{\#}-1]\), and \(2^{\#}=\frac{2n}{n-4}\) is the energy critical exponent for the embedding from \(H^{2}\) into Lebesgue’s spaces.
On the other hand, we have the boundary value problem with respect to the Schrödinger operator corresponding to (1.5) given by (see [6, 9, 10, 15, 17, 26, 40, 41, 44])
Regarding the existence of a solution of the problem related to the Schrödinger operator (1.1) we refer to [33] and [24], respectively, for the evolutionary dam problem with homogeneous coefficients and for a class of free boundary problem with respect to the Schrödinger operator in heterogeneous domain. The regularity of the solution of the problem [24] with respect to the Schrödinger operator was discussed in [34] (see also [13, 20, 21, 31, 36]), where it was proved that \(\omega \in C^{0}([0,L]; L^{p}(\gimel ))\) for all \(p\in [1,+\infty )\) in the class of free boundary problems with respect to the Schrödinger operator of types
and that \(f\in C^{0}([0,M]; L^{p}(\gimel ))\) for all \(p\in [1,2]\) in the second-order class. More results as regards Schrödinger-type equations, wavelet analysis, distribution theory and calculus of variations were studied in previous work [16, 18, 19, 27, 32, 50]. The semilinear elliptic equation on \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\) was considered in [7]. The existence of infinitely many solutions to it under a variety of additional conditions was proved. Bound state solutions of sublinear Schrödinger equations with lack of compactness were studied in [8]. The existence of ground state solutions for nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equation was obtained in [11] by applying the minimization method with a constraint over a Pohožaev manifold. A diffusion model of Kirchhoff-type driven by a nonlocal integro-differential operator was considered in [48]. The existence of multiple solutions for the non-homogeneous fractional p-Laplacian equations of Schrödinger–Kirchhoff type was also considered in [45]. Boundary value problems driven by a combination of differential operators of different nature (such as \((p,2)\)-equations) were studied in [30]. In 2019, Xue and Tang [49] established the existence of bound state solutions for a class of quasilinear Schrödinger equations whose nonlinear term is asymptotically linear in \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\). After changing the variables, the quasilinear equation becomes a semilinear equation, whose respective associated functional is well defined in \(H_{1}(\mathcal{R}^{n})\). The proofs are based on the Pohozaev manifold and a linking theorem.
As an application of the Phragmén–Lindelöf method related to a second-order boundary value problem with respect to the Schrödinger equation, in this paper we consider the conservation laws for a second-order boundary value problems related to the Schrödinger equation. As an application, we prove the global existence to the solution for the Cauchy problem of the semilinear Schrödinger equation. The results reveal that this method is effective and simple.
2 Lemmas
In this section, we obtain some lemmas which will be needed in the sequel.
For the second-order boundary value problem (1.1) of the Schrödinger equation for \(0<\mathbf{E}(f_{0})<d\), we have
and
Obviously, \(\mathfrak{J}''(s)\) has a very similar structure with the Nehari functional \(\mathfrak{I}(f)\), hence \(\mathfrak{I}(f)<0\) can easily yield \(\mathfrak{J}''(s)<0\) to prove the blowup of the solution.
But for the second-order boundary value problem (1.1) of the fourth-order semilinear Schrödinger equation, we do not have such luck. We shall derive in the main part of this paper that the corresponding \(\mathcal{J}''(s)\) for the fourth-order semilinear Schrödinger equation is (see [37])
by comparing it with
We define the energy functional
the auxiliary functionals
and
For the above two functionals, \(\mathfrak{P}(f)\) is composed of both mass and energy, and \(\mathfrak{I}(f)\) can be considered as Nehari functional. Further we define the Hilbert space
the Nehari manifold
the invariant manifolds
and
where \(\mathfrak{d}=\inf_{f\in \mathfrak{M}}\mathfrak{P}(f) \).
Lemma 2.1
-
(i)
For set\(\mathfrak{G}\), we can obtain\(\mathfrak{P}(f)>0\)by\(\mathfrak{I}(f)>0\). So the set\(\mathfrak{G}\)is equivalent to
$$ \mathfrak{G}'= \bigl\{ f\in \mathfrak{ H}|0< \mathfrak{P}(f)< \mathfrak{d},\mathfrak{I}(f)>0 \bigr\} \cup \{ 0 \} . $$ -
(ii)
For set\(\mathfrak{B}\), if\(\mathfrak{P}(f)\leq 0\), we can get\(\mathfrak{E}(f)<0\), which is a sufficient condition for finite time blowup; cf. [52]. Therefore, it is only necessary here to consider the case of\(\mathfrak{E}(f)>0\), i.e., we only need
$$ \mathfrak{B}'= \bigl\{ f\in \mathfrak{ H}|0< \mathfrak{P}(f)< \mathfrak{d},\mathfrak{I}(f)< 0 \bigr\} . $$
The above remark is also applicable to sets \(\mathcal{G}\) and \(\mathcal{B}\) in Sect. 3.
For the second-order boundary value problem (1.1) of the second-order semilinear Schrödinger equation, we summarize some results established in [23, 35, 46, 47] as follows.
Lemma 2.2
Assume that\(f_{0}\in \mathfrak{H}\)andpsatisfies the embedding condition [43]
- (i)
There exist\(L>0\)and a unique local solution\(f(t,s)\)of problem (1.1) in\(C([0,L_{\mathrm{max}}];\mathfrak{H})\). Moreover if
$$ L_{\mathrm{max}}=\sup \bigl\{ L>0: u=f(t,s) \textit{ exists on } [0,L]\bigr\} < \infty $$then
$$ \lim_{t\to L_{\mathrm{max}}} \Vert f \Vert _{\mathfrak{H}}=\infty\quad (\textit{blowup}), $$otherwise\(L_{\mathrm{max}}=\infty \) (global existence).
- (ii)
For the solution in (i),
$$\begin{aligned}& \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert f(s) \bigr\vert ^{2} = \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f_{0} \vert ^{2}\,dt \quad (\textit{mass conservation}), \\& \mathfrak{\mathcal{E}}\bigl(f(s)\bigr)= \mathfrak{E}(f_{0})\quad (\textit{energy conservation}), \\& \mathfrak{P}\bigl(f(s)\bigr)\equiv \mathfrak{P}(f_{0}). \end{aligned}$$ - (iii)
- (iv)
If\(f_{0}\in \mathfrak{G}\), then the solution of problem (1.1) is global.
- (v)
If\(f_{0}\in \mathfrak{B}\), then the solution of problem (1.1) blows up in finite time.
In fact, although [28] proved the blowup solution by a variance of the argument in [39], there is no explicit computation of \(\mathfrak{J}''(s)\). Now we give the specific computation of \(\mathfrak{J}''(s)\) for the second-order boundary value problem (1.1).
Lemma 2.3
Assume that\(f_{0}\in \mathfrak{B}\), \(f(t,s)\in ([0,L);\mathfrak{H})\)is the solution of (1.1). Let\(\mathfrak{J}(s)= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}|t|^{2}|f|^{2}\,dt\). Then
Proof
To prove the existence of the solution of (1.1), let f be a solution of (1.1) for the value λ of the parameter. Then, owing to (1.4), to the dominance of the principal eigenvalue of the operator \(-\Delta ^{2}\) in the domain \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\times [0,L)\) under Dirichlet boundary conditions, to the facts that \(\bar{f}_{t}\) is strongly positive in \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\) and to the monotonicity of the principal eigenvalue with respect to the potential on the boundary conditions, we obtain
which yields
Multiplying both sides of (2.1) by i, we have
Substituting the above equation into (2.2) we have
and
It follows from (2.1) that
Substituting the above equation into (2.3), we can get
where
and
For \(\mathfrak{I}_{1}\) and \(\mathfrak{I}_{2}\), we have
and
Substituting the above equation and (2.6) into (2.5), finally we derive
Then the proof is complete. □
3 Main result
In this section, we shall state and prove our main result.
Theorem 3.1
(Conservation laws)
Let\(f_{0}\in \mathcal{H}^{2}\)and\(f\in ([0,L);\mathcal{H}^{2})\)be the unique solution of problem (1.1). Then
Proof
It follows that
from the definitions of the energy functional \(\mathcal{E}(f(s))\) and \(\mathcal{P}(f(s))\), which yields
It follows from (3.4) and (3.5) that
So (3.1) holds.
Then we prove the energy conservation as follows:
which yields
So
Then substituting the above equation into (3.6) gives
thus (3.2) holds.
4 An application
As a crucial application, we prove the global existence to the solution for the Cauchy problem of the semilinear Schrödinger equation.
As shown in [5, 14], the negative initial energy (\(\mathcal{E}(f_{0})<0\)) is currently the sufficient condition for blowup of the Cauchy problem (1.1), i.e., in this case, it is impossible to divide the initial condition to obtain the sharp condition of global existence and blowup in the frame of the variational method. Therefore, we only consider the case of \(0<\mathcal{E}(f_{0})<d\) and try to build a similar result to the second-order semilinear Schrödinger equation. First we need to verify \(d>0\).
Lemma 4.1
The depth of the potential well is positive, i.e., \(d>0\).
Proof
It follows from the Sobolev embedding inequalities that
for any \(f\in M\).
Put
Then
It follows from (4.1) and the definition of \(\mathcal{P}(f)\) that
Finally, we obtain the desired result. □
Theorem 4.1
Let\(f_{0}\in \mathcal{G}\). Then the solution\(f(t,s)\)of the initial value problem (1.1) be global, i.e., the maximum existence time\(L=\infty \).
Proof
It follows from Lemma 4.1 that
for any \(t\in [0,L)\), which yields
Then according to Theorem 3.1, the existence time of a local solution of (1.1) can be extended to infinity, thus the solution of the problem (1.1) is global. □
5 Conclusions
In this paper, we applied a reliable combination of maximum modulus method with respect to the Schrödinger operator and Phragmén–Lindelöf method to investigate conservation laws for a second-order boundary value problems related to the Schrödinger equation. As an application, we prove the global existence to the solution for the Cauchy problem of the semilinear Schrödinger equation. The results reveal that this method is effective and simple.
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Ren, M., Yun, S. & Li, Z. Nonlinear conservation laws for the Schrödinger boundary value problems of second order. Bound Value Probl 2020, 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-019-01311-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-019-01311-5