Abstract
In this paper, we obtain new Riesz representations of continuous linear maps associated with certain boundary value problems in the set of all closed bounded convex non-empty subsets of any Banach space. As applications, the Riesz integral representation results are also given.
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1 Introduction
Physicists have long been using so-called singular functions such as the Dirac delta function δ, although these cannot be properly defined within the framework of classical function theory. The Dirac delta function \(\delta(x-\xi)\) is equal to zero everywhere except at ξ, where it is infinite, and its integral is one. According to the classical definition of a function and an integral these conditions are inconsistent. In elementary particle physics, one found the need to evaluate \(\delta^{2}\) when calculating the transition rates of certain particle interactions [1]. In [2], a definition of a product of distributions was given using delta sequences. However, \(\delta^{2}\) as a product of δ with itself, was shown not to exist. In [3], Bremermann used the Cauchy representations of distributions with compact support to define \(\sqrt{\delta_{+}}\) and log \(\delta_{+}\). Unfortunately, his definition did not carry over to \(\sqrt{\delta}\) and log δ. In 1964, Gel’fand and Shilov [4] defined \(\delta^{[(k)]}(P)\) for an infinitely differentiable function \(P(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n})\) such that the \(P =0\) hypersurface has no singular points, where
\(p+q = n\) is the dimension of the Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), the \(P = 0\) hypersurface is a hypercone with a singular point (the vertex) at the origin. Then they also defined the generalized functions \(\delta_{1}^{(k)}(P)\) and \(\delta_{2}^{(k)}(P)\) as in the cases \(p, q > 1\) and \(p, q = 1\), respectively. To establish the numerous properties of P defined by (1.1) Bliedtner and Hansen first showed that it was a quotient of the larger Feller compactification in [5]. It then turned out that functions that were exactly the uniform limits on compact sets of sequences of bounded harmonic functions allowed a nice integral representation on P. They called them continuous linear maps. In developing their properties, Ikegami gave several equivalent conditions that force them to have an integral representation even with respect to minimal representing measures onthe boundary of P in [6]. Several examples given by the Laplace equation and the heat equation showed that P was in general different from the Martin compactification; It was, however, the same for ordinary harmonic functions on Lipschitz domains. Conditions were also presented that force all positive harmonic functions to be sturdy, extending the results first presented in [5]. Based on earlier work of the authors in [7], and [8] concerning the boundary behavior of continuous linear maps, the second author and Weizsäcker had shown that a required condition was naturally satisfied when the underlying measure space was second countable. Samuelsson [9] studied the residue of the generalized function \(G^{\lambda}\), where λ was a complex number. This generalized function \(G^{\lambda}\) have been used for various purposes by several authors; notably for instance the explicit proof of the duality theorem for a complete intersection in [10], explicit versions of the fundamental principle in [11], sharp approximation by polynomials [9], and estimates of solutions to the Bezout equation in [12]; for further examples in [13] and the references therein. One can also use such generalized functions to obtain sharp estimates at the boundary, such as \(H^{p}\)-estimates, of explicit solutions to division problems in [12]. In 2015, Buriol and Ferreira [14] studied the asymptotic behavior in time of the solutions of a coupled system of linear Maxwell equations with thermal effects. The Riesz basis property and the stability of a damped Euler-Bernoulli beam with nonuniform thickness or density have been studied in [15], where the authors applied a linear boundary control force in position and velocity at the free end of the beam. Recently, Yan [16] studied the generalization of distributional product of Dirac’s delta in a hypercone, whose results are a generalization of formulas that appear in [3]. Furthermore, he also used a much simpler method of deriving the product \(f(r)\cdot\delta^{(k)}(r-1)\) for all non-negative integer k and \(r =(x_{1}^{2}+ x_{2}^{2}+ \cdots+ x_{n}^{2})^{1/2}\), and then studied a more general product \(f(H)\cdot\delta^{(k)}(H)\), where H is a regular hypersurface. And they found the product \(P^{n}\cdot\delta ^{(k)}(P)\) as well as a general product \(f(P)\cdot\delta^{(k)}(P)\), where f is a \(C^{\infty}\)-function on \(\mathbb{R}\). Another study of the products of particular distributions and the development of other work can be found in [8, 17].
By using augmented Riesz decomposition methods developed by Wang, Huang and Yamini [17], the purpose of this paper is to study the product \(G^{l}\cdot\delta ^{(k)}(G)\) and then study a more general product of \(f(G)\cdot\delta^{(k)}(G)\), where f is a \(C^{\infty}\)-function on \(\mathbb{R}\) and \(\delta^{(k)}(G)\) is the Dirac delta function with k-derivatives. Meanwhile, we shall show that we can control the \(L^{\infty}\) norm by the \(H^{1}\) norm and a stronger norm with a logarithmic growth or double logarithmic growth. The inequality is sharp for the double logarithmic growth. The result there is used earlier in our paper to obtain a boundary limit theorem for sturdy harmonic functions and continuous linear maps. Before proceeding to our main results, the following definitions and concepts are required.
2 Preliminaries
Definition 2.1
Let \(x = (x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n})\) be a point of n-dimensional Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) and m be a positive integer. The hypersurface \(G = G(m,x)\) is defined by
where \(p+q=n\) is the dimension of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\). The hypersurface G is due to Berndtsson and Passare [11]. We observe that putting \(m =1\) in (2.1), we obtain
where the quadratic form P is due to Gel’fand and Shilov [4] and is given by (1.1). The hypersurface \(G = 0\) is a generalization of a hypercone \(P = 0\) with a singular point (the vertex) at the origin.
Definition 2.2
Let grad \(G \neq0\), which means there is no singular point on \(G = 0\). Then we define
where \(\delta^{(k)}\) is the Dirac delta function with k-derivatives, ϕ is any testing function in the Schwartz space S, \(x = (x_{1},x_{2}, \ldots,x_{n})\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\) and \(dx = dx_{1}\,dx_{2}\,dx_{n}\). In a sufficiently small neighborhood U of any point \((x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})\) of the hypersurface \(G = 0\), we can introduce a new coordinate system such that \(G = 0\) becomes one of the coordinate hypersurface. For this purpose, we write \(G = u_{1}\) and choose the remaining \(u_{i}\) coordinates (with \(i = 2,3,\ldots,n\)) for which the Jacobian
where
Thus (2.3) can be written as
The proof of the following lemma is given in [17].
Lemma 2.1
Given the hypersurface
where \(p + q = n\) is the dimension of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), and m is a positive integer. If we transform to bipolar coordinates defined by
where
and
Then the hypersurface G can be written by
and we obtain
or
where
and \(d\Omega^{(p)}\) and \(d\Omega^{(q)}\) are the elements of surface area on the unit sphere in \(\mathbb{R}^{p}\) and \(\mathbb{R}^{q}\), respectively.
Now, we assume that ϕ vanishes in the neighborhood of the origin, so that these integrals will converge for any k. Now for
or
the integrals in (2.5) converge for any \(\phi(x)\in S\). Similarly, for
or
the integrals in (2.6) also converge for any \(\phi(x)\in S\). Thus we take (2.5) and (2.6) to be the defining equation for \(\delta^{(k)}(G)\). On the other hand, if
then we shall define \(\langle\delta_{1}^{*}(G),\phi \rangle\) and\(\langle\delta_{2}^{*}(G),\phi \rangle\) as the regularization of (2.5) and (2.6), respectively. For \(p>1\) and \(q>1\), the generalized function \(\delta_{1}^{*(k)}(G)\) and \(\delta_{2}^{*(k)}(G)\) are defined by
for all
we have
for
In particular, for \(m = 1\), \(\delta_{1}^{*(k)}(G)\) is reduced to \(\delta _{1}^{(k)}(G)\), and \(\delta_{2}^{*(k)}(G)\) is reduced to \(\delta _{2}^{(k)}(G)\) (see [4, p.250]).
3 Main results
Assume that both \(p > 1\) and \(q > 1\). Let
with \(p+q=n\), then the \(G=0\) hypersurface is a hypercone with a singular point (the vertex) at the origin.
We start by assuming that \(\phi(x)\) vanishes in a neighborhood of the origin. The distribution \(\delta^{(k)}(G)\) is defined by
which is convergent.
Furthermore, if we transform from G to
then we note that
We may write this in the form
Let us now define
Hence
See Lemma 2.1 for more details.
Theorem 3.1
The product of \(G^{l}\) and \(\delta^{(k)}(G)\) exists and
Proof
From (3.1), we start with
Making the substitutions \(u=r^{2m}\), \(v=s^{2m}\) and putting \(\psi (r,s)=\psi_{1}(u,v)\), we have
Clearly,
where
It follows that
since \(i\neq l\). As for \(I_{2}\), we obtain
Substituting \(I_{2}\) back and using (3.1), we obtain
which completes the proof of theorem. □
Example 3.1
By letting \(m = n = p = 1\) in (2.1) and \(l = k = 3\) in (3.4), we have
Obviously, we can extend Theorem 3.1 to a more general product as follows.
Theorem 3.2
Let f be a \(\mathcal{C}^{\infty}\)-function on \(\mathbb{R}\). Then the product of \(f(G)\) and \(\delta^{(k)}(G)\) exists and
Proof
Let \(G^{l} = f(G)\) and use Theorem 3.1. Moreover, note that
In particular, we have
and
□
Example 3.2
By letting \(m=n= p=1\) in (2.1) and \(k=3\) in (3.5), we have
Similarly, by letting \(m=n=p=1\) in (2.1) and \(k=4\) in (3.6), we have
4 Numerical simulations
In this section, we give the bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits of model (2.1) to confirm the above theoretic analysis and show the new interesting complex dynamical behaviors by using numerical simulations. The bifurcation parameters are considered in the following two cases:
In model (2.1) we choose \(\mu=0.3\), \(N=0.7\), \(\beta=1.9\), \(\gamma=0.1\), \(h\in [1,2.9]\), and the initial value \((S_{0},I_{0})=(0.01,0.01)\). We see that model (2.1) has only one positive equilibrium \(E_{2}\). By calculation we have
and
which shows the correctness of Theorem 3.1. From Theorem 3.2, we see that the equilibrium \(E_{2}(0.1474,0.4145)\) is stable for
and loses its stability when \(h=\frac{570-4\sqrt{2\text{,}306}}{180}\). If
then there exist period-2 orbits. Moreover, period-4 orbits, period-8 orbits and period-16 orbits appear in the rang \(h\in[2.65,2.85)\). At last, the \(2^{n}\) period orbits disappear and the dynamical behaviors are from non-period orbits to the chaotic set with the increasing of h. We also can find that the range h is decreasing with the doubled increasing of the period orbits which indicates the Feigenbaum constant δ. The dynamical behavior processes from period-one orbit to chaos sets show self-similar characteristics. Further, the period-doubling transition leads to the chaos sets as May and Odter obtained in [3].
5 Conclusions
In this paper, we firstly obtained the representation of continuous linear maps in the set of all closed bounded convex non-empty subsets of any Banach space. As applications, we secondly deduced the Riesz integral representation results for set-valued maps, for vector-valued maps of Diestel-Uhl and for scalar-valued maps of Dunford-Schwartz. Finally, we gave the bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits of related models to confirm the above theoretic analysis and showed the new interesting complex dynamical behaviors by using numerical simulations.
Change history
16 May 2019
The Editors-in-Chief have retracted this article [1] because the results of the article are invalid. The article also shows significant overlap with an article by Tan et al. [2] that was simultaneously under consideration with another journal. Additionally, this article showed evidence of authorship and peer review manipulation. The authors have not responded to any correspondence with regard to this retraction.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the referees for their valuable comments, which greatly improved their paper. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41171176) and Postgraduate Technology Innovation Project of Hunan Province (Grant No. CX2015B243).
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JZ drafted the manuscript. WY helped to prepare the revised manuscript and JD carried out the transformation process according to the referee reports. WH corrected typos and grammatical errors throughout the manuscript, making it more readable. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The Editors-in-Chief have retracted this article because the results of the article are invalid. The article also shows significant overlap with an article by Tan et al. that was simultaneously under consideration with another journal. Additionally this article showed evidence of authorship and peer review manipulation. The authors have not responded to any correspondence with regards to this retraction.
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Yang, W., Duan, J., Hu, W. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: New Riesz representations of linear maps associated with certain boundary value problems and their applications. Bound Value Probl 2017, 165 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-017-0894-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-017-0894-6