Abstract
First, a kind of generalized Teodorescu operator which is related to the k-regular functions are defined. Then the boundedness and the Hölder continuity of the generalized Teodorescu operator are discussed. Finally, the stability and error estimate of the generalized Teodorescu operator are given when the boundary surface of the integral domain Ω is perturbed.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction
The Clifford algebra \({\mathcal{A}}_{n}(R)\) was established by Clifford [1] in 1878, which is the extension of complex numbers, quaternions, and exterior algebras. It is an associative and incommutable algebra structure. And it possesses both theoretical and applicable value to many fields, such as quantum mechanics, quantum field theory [2], projective geometry, computer graphics [3–5], neural network theory [6, 7], and so on. Clifford analysis is an important branch of modern analysis, which studies functions defined on \(R^{n}\) with their values in Clifford algebra space \({\mathcal {A}}_{n}(R)\). Clifford analysis is an important tool of modern mathematics and physics. In addition, Clifford analysis is now a widely studied field [8]: function theory, harmonic analysis, potential theory, partial differential equations, differential geometry. Since 1970, on the basis of the Dirac operator, Brackx et al. [9–12] etc. put forward the regular function, which is an extension of the holomorphic function in higher dimensional space. Thus they lay a theoretical foundation for Clifford analysis. The k-regular function is a natural generalization of the regular functions. In 1976, Brackx [13] was first to introduce k-regular functions of the real quaternion and gave the Cauchy integral formula and Taylor expansion. In 1977, Delanghe and Brackx [14] studied k-regular functions which were defined on \(R^{n}\) with values in Clifford algebra space \({\mathcal{A}}_{n}(R)\) and obtained the corresponding Cauchy integral formula. Recently, many scholars such as Begehr et al. [15], Li et al. [16, 17], Zeng and Yang [18] etc. have studied some properties and corresponding boundary value problems of k-regular functions.
Teodorescu operator is the generalized solution of non-homogeneous Dirac equation. Therefore it plays a key role in studying the integral expression of non-homogeneous Dirac equation and many boundary value problems. In addition, it also have important applications in many subjects, such as physics, chemistry, engineering technology, etc. Due to its good properties and important applications, it has been a much studied and significant topic. Vekua [19] first discussed some properties of the Teodorescu operator detailedly, and Hile [20] studied some properties of the Teodorescu operator in \(R^{n}\). Then Gilbert et al. [21] and Meng [22] studied its many properties in high dimensional complex space. Gürlebeck and Sprössig [23], and Yang [24] discussed its properties and the corresponding boundary value problems in the real quaternion analysis. Wang and Gong [25] discussed the stabilities of the singular integral operators when the boundary curve of integral domain is perturbed. Recently, Brackx et al. [26] studied some properties of the Teodorescu operator which is related to the Hermitian regular functions. Wang et al. [27, 28] showed some properties of the Teodorescu operator and corresponding boundary value problems.
In this paper, we define a kind of generalized Teodorescu operator which is related to the k-regular functions in real Clifford analysis. First, we discuss the boundedness and Hölder continuity for the generalized Teodorescu operator in a nonempty open bounded connected domain in \(R^{n}\). Second, we discuss the stability and give the error estimate of the generalized Teodorescu operator when the boundary surface of the integral domain is perturbed. These results make the theory of Clifford analysis more perfect and also lay a theoretical foundation for studying the properties of singularity integral operator in Clifford analysis.
2 Preliminaries
Let \({e_{1},\ldots,e_{n}}\) be an orthogonal basis of the Euclidean space \(R^{n}\), and let \({\mathcal{A}}_{n}(R)\) be the Clifford algebra with basis \({\{e_{A}:e_{A}=e_{\alpha_{1}}\cdots e_{\alpha_{h}}\}}\), where \(A=\{\alpha_{1},\ldots, \alpha_{h}\} \subseteq\{1,\ldots,n\}\), \(1\leq\alpha_{1}<\alpha_{2}<\cdots<\alpha _{h}\leq n\) and \(e_{\emptyset}=e_{0}=1\). The associative and noncommutative multiplication of the basis in \({\mathcal{A}}_{n}(R)\) is governed by the rules:
Hence the real Clifford algebra is composed of elements having the type \(a=\sum_{A}x_{A}e_{A}\), \(x_{A}\in R\). The norm for an element \(a\in{\mathcal{A}}_{n}(R)\) is taken to be \(|a|=\sqrt{\sum_{A}|x_{A}|^{2}}\) and satisfies \(|\bar{a}|=|a|\), \(|a+b|\leq{|a|+|b|}\), \(|ab|\leq2^{n}|a||b|\).
In addition, we suppose \(\Omega\subset R^{n}\) (\(n\geq2\)) is a bounded connected domain and the boundary ∂Ω is a differentiable, oriented, and compact Liapunov surface. The function f, which is defined in Ω with values in \({\mathcal{A}}_{n}(R)\), can be expressed as \(f(x)=\sum_{A}f_{A}(x)e_{A}\), where the \(f_{A}(x)\) are real-valued functions. In this paper, let \(f(x)\in{C^{(r)}(\Omega,{\mathcal {A}}_{n}(R))}=\{f\mid f:\Omega\rightarrow{\mathcal{A}}_{n}(R), f(x)=\sum_{A}f_{A}(x)e_{A}\}\), where \(f_{A}(x)\) has continuous r times differentials. The Dirac operator is defined as follows:
If \(Df(x)=0\) (\(f(x)D=0\)) (\(x\in\Omega\)), then f is called left(right) regular function. Furthermore, if \(D^{k}f(x)=0\) (\(f(x)D^{k}=0\)) (\(x\in\Omega \)), where \(r\geq k\), \(k< n\). Then f is called left (right) k-regular function. Usually left regular (k-regular) is called regular (k-regular) for short. And obviously, when \(k=1\), a k-regular function is a regular function. \(f(x)\in{L^{p}(\Omega)}\) means \(D^{j}{f(x)}\in{ L^{p}(\Omega )}\), \(j=0,1,\ldots,k-1\), and \(L_{p}[f(x),\Omega]={\sum_{j=0}^{k-1}}{L_{p}[D^{j}{f(x)},\Omega]}\). Denote \(B(\rho_{0})=\{\omega \mid \omega = \sum_{i=1}^{n}\omega_{i}(x)e_{i}, \omega_{i}\in {C^{1}(\partial\Omega)},\omega_{n}(x)\geq 0,\|\omega\|_{\partial\Omega}<\rho_{0}\}\), where \(\|\omega\| _{\partial\Omega}= \max_{x\in \partial\Omega}\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{n}|\frac{\partial(\omega_{i}(x))}{\partial x_{j}}|^{2}}} +\max_{x\in \partial\Omega}|\omega(x)|\).
In the following, we define a kind of generalized singular Teodorescu operator and give some necessary lemmas. Then we discuss some properties of the generalized singular Teodorescu operator.
Definition 2.1
Let Ω be as stated above and \(f(x)\in{C^{(r)}(\Omega ,{\mathcal{A}}_{n}(R))}\), \(D^{j}{f(x)}\in{ L^{p}(\Omega )}\) (\(j=0,1,\ldots,k-1\)), we define a kind of generalized singular Teodorescu operator as follows:
where \(0<\alpha<1\) is a positive constant and \(\omega_{n}\) is the area of the unit sphere in \(R^{n}\), \(A_{j}\) is a constant as stated in [15], it is irrelevant to the x, y.
Remark 2.1
When \(\alpha=0\), \(n=2\), \(k=1\), the singular integral operator is a normal Teodorescu operator.
Remark 2.2
When \(y\in\Omega^{-}=R^{n}-\overline{\Omega}\), \(T[f]\) is a normal generalized integral. When \(y\in\overline{\Omega}\), \(T[f]\) is a kind of generalized singular integral.
Lemma 2.1
([2])
Let \(\Omega\subset R^{n}\) (\(n\geq2\)) be as stated above. When \(\mu< n\), for any \(y\in R^{n}\), we have \({\int_{\Omega }|x-y|^{-\mu}\, dx\leq M_{3}}\), where \(M_{3}\) is a constant number which only depends on μ, Ω.
Lemma 2.2
([16])
For any \(x,y_{1},y_{2}\in R^{n}\), when \(j\geq0\), we have
Remark 2.3
When \(j=0 \), the second part \(\sum_{i=1}^{j}\frac {(|x|+|y_{2}|)^{j-i}}{|x-y_{1}|^{n-i}}\) is vanishing.
Lemma 2.3
([29])
If \(\sigma_{1},\sigma_{2}>0\), \(0\leq\alpha\leq1\), then we have \(|\sigma_{1}^{\alpha}-\sigma_{2}^{\alpha}|\leq|\sigma_{1}-\sigma _{2}|^{\alpha}\).
Lemma 2.4
([21])
Suppose Ω is a bounded domain in \(R^{n}\) (\(n\geq2\)), and let \(\alpha'\), \(\beta'\) satisfy \(0<\alpha', \beta'<n\), \(\alpha'+\beta '>n\). Then, for all \(x_{1},x_{2}\in R^{n}\) and \(x_{1}\neq x_{2}\), we have
Lemma 2.5
([25])
Let Ω be as stated above. Suppose the area of ∂Ω is \(A_{\partial\Omega}\) and \(\partial\Omega_{\omega}= \{t+\omega(t)\mid t\in\partial\Omega, \omega(t)\in B(\rho_{0})\}\). Suppose \(\Omega_{\omega}\) is the inside domain surrounded by \(\partial\Omega_{\omega}\) and \(\Omega_{\omega }^{-}=R^{n}-\Omega_{\omega}\), \(E_{1}=\Omega_{\omega}\cap {\Omega}^{-}\), \(E_{2}=\Omega_{\omega}^{-}\cap{\Omega}\). Then we have \(A_{E_{1}\cup E_{2}}\leq M_{2}\|\omega\|_{\partial\Omega}\).
3 Some properties of generalized Teodorescu operator
Theorem 3.1
Let \(\Omega\subset R^{n}\) (\(n\geq2\)) be as stated above, \(f(x)\in{C^{(r)}(\Omega,{\mathcal {A}}_{n}(R))}\), \(D^{j}{f(x)}\in{ L^{p}(\Omega)}\) (\(j=0,1,\ldots,k-1\)), \(p>n/(1-\alpha)\). Then \(T_{\Omega}[f](y)\) is uniformly bounded on \(R^{n}\), and we have
Proof
By the Hölder inequality, we have
Again from \(p>n/(1-\alpha)\), \(1/p+1/q=1\), we have \(1< q< n/(n+\alpha-1)\). Thus
Hence for all \({j=0,1,\ldots,k-1}\), the integral \(\int _{\Omega}|x-y|^{-(n+\alpha-j-1)q}|dx|\) is convergent. Thus it is bounded. And from Lemma 2.1, we can know its boundary is independent of y. Thus for all \(y\in R^{n}\), we have
□
Theorem 3.2
Let Ω be as stated above, \(f(x)\in{C^{(r)}(\Omega,{\mathcal {A}}_{n}(R))}\), \(D^{j}{f(x)}\in{ L^{p}(\Omega)}\) (\(j=0,1,\ldots, k-1\)), \(p>n/(1-\alpha)\). Then we have the following results:
-
(1)
If \(1/2\leq\alpha<1\), then, for any \(y_{1},y_{2}\in\Omega \), we can obtain
$$\bigl\vert T_{\Omega}[f](y_{1})-T_{\Omega}[f](y_{2}) \bigr\vert \leq M_{5}(n,p,\alpha ,\Omega)L_{p}[f, \Omega]|y_{1}-y_{2}|^{\beta}, $$where \(\beta=1-\alpha-n/p\), \(0<\beta<1\).
-
(2)
If \(0<\alpha<1/2\), let \(p_{1}\) be a constant and satisfies \(p_{1}< p\), \(n/(1-\alpha)< p_{1}< n/(1-2\alpha)\), then, for any \(y_{1},y_{2}\in\Omega\), we have
$$\bigl\vert T_{\Omega}[f](y_{1})-T_{\Omega}[f](y_{2}) \bigr\vert \leq M_{6}(n,p,\alpha ,\Omega)L_{p_{1}}[f, \Omega]|y_{1}-y_{2}|^{\gamma}, $$where \(\gamma=1-\alpha-n/p_{1}\), \(0<\gamma<1\).
Proof
(1) From Definition 2.1, we get
Again, from Lemma 2.2, Lemma 2.3, and Ω being a bounded domain, we obtain
Thus, from the above, we get
In the following, first we evaluate \(I_{1}\). From the Hölder inequality, we have
where \({I_{1}}_{i}=\int_{\Omega}|x-y_{1}|^{-(i+\alpha )q}|x-y_{2}|^{-(n-i)q}|dx|\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,n-1\).
In addition, when \(p>n/(1-\alpha)\), we have \(1< q< n/(n+\alpha-1)\). Thus let \(\alpha'=(i+\alpha)q\), \(\beta'=(n-i)q\), then
And \(\alpha'+\beta'=(n+\alpha)q>(n+\alpha)>n\).
Thus from Lemma 2.4, we have
So by (3.4), we know
where \(\beta=1-\alpha-n/p\), and from \(p>n/(1-\alpha)\), we have \(0<\beta=1-\alpha-n/p=1-\alpha-n/p<1\).
In addition
Again from \(1< q< n/(n+\alpha-1)\). Thus, for all \(1\leq i\leq k-1\) (\(k< n\)), we have
Thus, for all \(i=1,2,\ldots,k-1\) (\(k< n\)), the integral \(\int_{\Omega }|x-y_{1}|^{-(n+\alpha-i)q}|dx|\) is convergent. So we obtain
And again from the Hölder inequality, we have
where \({I_{3}}_{j}=\int_{\Omega}|x-y_{1}|^{-\alpha q}|x-y_{2}|^{-(n+\alpha-j-1)q}|dx|\).
When \(j=0\), \({I_{3}}_{0}=\int_{\Omega}|x-y_{1}|^{-\alpha q}|x-y_{2}|^{-(n+\alpha-1)q}|dx|\). Let \(\alpha'=\alpha q\), \(\beta '=(n+\alpha-1)q\). From \(1< q< n/(n+\alpha-1)\), we get
Again from \(1/2\leq\alpha<1\), we have
Thus by Lemma 2.4, we obtain
When \(j\neq0\), that is, \(j=1,2,\ldots,k-1\), \(k< n\),
So \({I_{3}}_{j}\) (\(j=1,2,\ldots,k-1\), \(k< n\)) is convergent, thus there is no harm to suppose \({I_{3}}_{j}\leq J_{17}\).
Therefore from the above, we obtain
Again when \(1/2\leq\alpha<1\), we know \(\alpha-(1-\alpha )-n/p=2\alpha-1+n/p>0\) and Ω is bounded. Thus we know that \(|y_{1}-y_{2}|^{2\alpha-1-n/p}\) is bounded. So we have
where \(\beta=1-\alpha-n/p\).
Thus from (3.3), (3.5), (3.6), and (3.7), we can get
In addition, from the above proof process, we know that \(J_{21}\) is only dependent on n, p, α, Ω. Taking \(M_{5}=J_{21}\), then, when \(1/2\leq\alpha<1\), for all \(y_{1},y_{2}\in\Omega\), we can obtain
(2) When \(0<\alpha<1/2\), because of \(p_{1}< p\), \(f\in L^{p}(\Omega )\), we know \(f\in L^{p_{1}}(\Omega)\). Let \(q_{1}\) satisfies \(1/p_{1}+1/q_{1}=1\). From \(n/(1-\alpha)< p_{1}< n/(1-2\alpha)\), thus we get \(n/(n+2\alpha-1)< q_{1}< n/(n+\alpha-1)\). So similar to the text in front of the discussion of \(I_{1}\), obviously, we can get \(0<\alpha',\beta'<n\) and \(\alpha'+\beta'=(n+\alpha)q_{1}>n\).
Thus from Lemma 2.4, we have
where \(\gamma=1-\alpha-n/p_{1}\), \(0<\gamma<1\).
Again completely analogous to the discussion in (1), we have
In addition, similar to the text in front of the discussion of \(I_{3}\), we have
where \({I_{3}}_{j}=\int_{\Omega}|x-y_{1}|^{-\alpha q_{1}}|x-y_{2}|^{-(n+\alpha-j-1)q_{1}}|dx|\).
When \(j=0\), \(0<\alpha'=\alpha q_{1}<n\), \(0<\beta '=(n+\alpha-1)q_{1}<n\). Thus
Thus from Lemma 2.4, we can get
When \(j\neq0\), again completely analogous to the discussion in (1), we know \({I_{3}}_{j}\) is convergent. So there is no harm to suppose \({I_{3}}_{j}\leq J_{17}'\).
Thus, similarly, we have
Therefore from (3.3), (3.8), (3.9), and (3.10), we obtain
Taking \(M_{6}=J_{21}'\), we can get
□
4 The stability and error estimate of generalized Teodorescu operator
Theorem 4.1
Let Ω be as stated above, \(f(x)\in{C^{(r)}(\Omega,{\mathcal {A}}_{n}(R))}\), \(D^{j}{f(x)}\in{ L^{p}(\Omega)}\) (\(j=0,1,\ldots, k-1\)), \(p>n/(1-\alpha)\), \(y\in\Omega\), \(\rho_{0}\) is a given constant, and \(\omega\in B(\rho_{0})\). Then we have
where \(\gamma=(1-\alpha)/n-1/p>0\).
Proof
First
where \(E_{1}\), \(E_{2}\) are the domains as in Lemma 2.5.
Then from Ω, \(E_{1}\) being a bounded domain, \(|x-y|^{jq}\) is bounded. Again by the Hölder inequality, we have
Taking \({E_{1}}_{1}=E_{1}\cap\{x\mid|x-y|\geq\|\omega\| _{\partial\Omega}^{\frac{1}{n}}\}\), \({E_{1}}_{2}=E_{1}\cap\{x\mid|x-y|<\| \omega\|_{\partial\Omega}^{\frac{1}{n}}\}\), then obviously \(E_{1}={E_{1}}_{1}\cup{E_{1}}_{2}\), \({E_{1}}_{1}\cap {E_{1}}_{2}=\emptyset\). Thus
In addition, from Lemma 2.5, we have
Again when \(p>n/(1-\alpha)\), \(1< q< n/(n+\alpha-1)\). Thus \((n+\alpha -1)q-(n-1)<1\). So from the local generalized spherical coordinate, we obtain
Thus from (4.2)-(4.5) and \(1/p+1/q=1\), we get
where \(\gamma=(1-\alpha)/n-1/p>0\).
Similarly, we have
Therefore from (4.1), (4.6), and (4.7), we obtain
We take \(M_{7}=J_{29}\), that is,
From the above proof process, we know that \(M_{7}=J_{29}\) is only dependent on n, p, α, Ω. □
References
Clifford, WK: Applications of Grassmann’s extensive algebra. Am. J. Math. 1, 350-358 (1878)
Gilbert, RP: First Order Elliptic Systems: A Function Theoretic Approach. Academic Press, New York (1983)
Zaharia, MD, Dorst, L: Modeling and visualization of 3D polygonal mesh surfaces using geometric algebra. Comput. Graph. 28, 519-526 (2004)
Batard, T, Saint-Jean, C, Berthier, M: A metric approach to nD images edge detection with Clifford algebras. J. Math. Imaging Vis. 33, 296-312 (2009)
Xu, C, Liu, H, Cao, WM, Feng, JQ: Multispectral image edge detection via Clifford gradient. Sci. China, Inf. Sci. 55, 260-269 (2012)
Rivera-Rrovelo, J, Bayro-Corrochano, E: Medical image segmentation using a self-organizing neural network. In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 3538-3545 (2006)
Bayro-Corrochano, E, Vallejo, R, Arana-Daniel, N: Geometric preprocessing, geometric feedforward neural networks and Clifford support vector machines for visual learning. Neurocomputing 67, 54-105 (2005)
Ryan, J: Clifford Algebra and Their Applications in Mathematical Physics. Volume 2: Clifford Analysis. Birkhäuser, Basel (1996)
Brackx, F, Delanghe, R, Sommen, F: Clifford Analysis. Research Notes in Mathematics. Pitman, Boston (1982)
Delanghe, R: On regular analytic functions with values in Clifford algebra. Math. Ann. 185, 91-111 (1970)
Delanghe, R: On the singularities of functions with values in Clifford algebra. Math. Ann. 196, 293-319 (1972)
Sommen, F: Spherical monogenic functions and analytic functions on the unit sphere. Tokyo J. Math. 4, 427-456 (1981)
Brackx, F: On \((k)\)-monogenic functions of a quaternion variable. In: Function Theoretic Methods in Differential Equations. Research Notes in Mathematics, vol. 8, pp. 22-44 (1976)
Delanghe, R, Brackx, F: Hypercomplex function theory and Hilbert modules with reproducing kernel. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 37, 545-576 (1978)
Begehr, H, Du, JY, Zhang, ZX: On higher order Cauchy-Pompeiu formula in Clifford analysis and its application. Gen. Math. 11, 5-26 (2003)
Li, XL, Qiao, YY, Hu, WW, Wang, HY: Some properties of the k-regular functions and boundary behavior of the higher order Cauchy-type integral in Clifford analysis. Adv. Math. 39, 31-48 (2010)
Qiao, YY, Yang, HJ, Li, XL: Some properties for k-biregular function in Clifford analysis. Adv. Math. 41, 187-198 (2012)
Zeng, W, Yang, PW: Riemann boundary value problems of non-normal type for k-regular functions. J. Sichuan Norm. Univ. Nat. Sci. 30, 291-294 (2007)
Vekua, IN: Generalized Analytic Functions. Pergamon, Oxford (1962)
Hile, GN: Elliptic systems in the plane with first-order terms and constant coefficients. Commun. Partial Differ. Equ. 3, 949-977 (1978)
Gilbert, RP, Hou, ZY, Meng, XW: Vekua theory in higher-dimensional complex spaces: the II-operator in \(\mathbb{C}^{n}\). Complex Var. 21, 99-105 (1993)
Meng, XW: T-Operator in \(\mathbb{C}^{n}\) and its applications. In: Integral Equations and Boundary Value Problems, pp. 147-152. World Scientific, Singapore (1991)
Gürlebeck, K, Sprössig, W: Quaternionic Analysis and Elliptic Boundary Value Problems. Birkhäuser, Basel (1990)
Yang, PW: \(H_{\lambda}\)-Regular vector functions and their boundary value problems. Bound. Value Probl. 2012, 75 (2012)
Wang, XL, Gong, YF: The stabilities of Cauchy kernel integral about the integral surface. Chin. Ann. Math., Ser. A 22, 447-452 (2001)
Brackx, F, De Schepper, H, Luna-Elizarrarás, ME, Shapiro, M: The Teodorescu operator in Clifford analysis. Chin. Ann. Math., Ser. B 33, 625-640 (2012)
Wang, LP, Qiao, YY, Yang, HJ: Some properties of the Teodorescu operator related to the α-Dirac operator. Appl. Anal. 93, 2413-2425 (2014)
Wang, LP, Xu, ZL, Qiao, YY: The mixed boundary value problem for the inhomogeneous Cimmino system. Bound. Value Probl. 2015, 13 (2015)
Zhao, Z: Singular Integral Equation. Beijing Normal University Press, Beijing (1984) (in Chinese)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 11401162, No. 11571089, No. 11401159, No. 11301136) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. A2015205012, No. A2014205069, No. A2014208158) and Hebei Normal University Doctor Fund (No. L2015B03).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The author declares that they have no competing interests.
Author’s contributions
LW has done all contributions to the article.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, L. Some properties of a kind of generalized Teodorescu operator in Clifford analysis. J Inequal Appl 2016, 102 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-016-1048-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-016-1048-6