To the Editor: De Pascale et al. recently reported on the potential role of (1,3)-β-d-glucan (BDG)-guided strategy as an antifungal stewardship tool in patients with sepsis/septic shock and risk factors for invasive candidiasis (IC) [1]. This raises the question of the possible drawback of false-positive results, which may lead to antifungal treatment (AF) overconsumption.

Empirical AF in intensive care unit (ICU) is current practice, although a recent randomized placebo-controlled trial did not demonstrate any survival benefit [2]. While the Infectious Diseases Society of America provides recommendations on stopping empirical AF in case of a negative non-culture-based assay (e.g. BDG) [3], the management of cases with positive BDG and no further evidence of IC remains a matter of debate.

Authors argue that the duration of therapy (median 8 days) in such patients was the same as of controls. The open-label design of the study is nonetheless concerning. A positive initial BDG test, of which clinicians were aware of, was present in most patients of the control group and could have led to a bias by extending treatment duration in this group.

The specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of BDG in ICU vary across studies. The diagnostic criteria of IC, the proportion of candidemia versus non-candidemic IC, and most importantly, the targeted population of BDG testing and prevalence of the disease could influence diagnostic performances. In the present study, the PPV of BDG for IC diagnosis was 37% for a prevalence of IC of 12% [1]. We observed comparable results in a study reporting our experience of BDG testing in ICU (PPV 36%, IC prevalence 19%) [4]. This means that two out of three patients could receive unnecessary AF based on a positive BDG result. PPV was considerably higher (70–80%) among high-risk patients with complicated abdominal surgery [4, 5]. However, from our experience, only 26% of BDG tests were performed in an appropriate setting in real-life ICU conditions and BDG results were not considered in therapeutic decisions in 43% of cases [4]. In Table 1, we compare the pretest and posttest probability of IC in case of positive BDG, and we try to delineate the role of BDG testing in three risk categories.

Table 1 Empirical antifungal therapy initiated for patients with severe sepsis despite broad-spectrum antibiotics or septic shock: management of positive BDG results in the absence of formal IC documentation
Full size table

Implementation of BDG testing in ICU may be beneficial if integrated in antifungal stewardship strategies including testing indications/interpretation of results and constant monitoring of practices. Studies assessing the overall impact and cost-effectiveness of BDG testing in ICU are needed.

Authors’ response

  • Salvatore Lucio Cutuli,
  • Gennaro De Pascale,
  • Domenico Luca Grieco,
  • Maurizio Sanguinetti,
  • Brunella Posteraro &
  • Massimo Antonelli 

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e della Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Salvatore Lucio Cutuli, Gennaro De Pascale, Domenico Luca Grieco & Massimo Antonelli

  2. Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Gennaro De Pascale & Massimo Antonelli

  3. Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Maurizio Sanguinetti

  4. Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, UOC di Microbiologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Maurizio Sanguinetti

  5. Dipartimento Di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Brunella Posteraro

  6. Istituto di Patologia Medica e Semeiotica Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Brunella Posteraro

  7. Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Gennaro De Pascale

To the Editor,

the concerns of Drs Kritikos and Lamoth [6], raised by the risk of inappropriate exposure to empirical antifungal therapy in patients with suspected invasive candidiasis (IC), are well known to the scientific community and have been discussed in detail by recent papers [7, 8]. In the light of this view, we designed a randomized controlled trial [1] and verified the hypothesis that (1,3)-β-D glucan (BDG)-based strategy efficiently limits the exposure of critically ill patients at high risk of IC to inappropriate antifungal therapy. However, we are fully aware that pretest likelihood of IC may impact on BDG results [8], and such concept should be considered by the physician in order to prevent therapeutic choices that, otherwise, may appear de-personalised and not oriented to patient’s characteristics. Accordingly, this concept represents the most clinically sound explanation of the duration of empirical antifungal therapy among controls, in which 45.5% of participants were surgical patients, that are known to be a population at significant risk of IC [7]. For this reason, they received empirical antifungal therapy until the suspicion of IC was denied by culture-based test, regardless of baseline BDG. Uneventfully, in our trial, false-positive BDG results implied a per-protocol duration of empirical antifungal therapy until it was below 80 pg/ml, which could have been even shorter when considering the pretest likelihood of IC in a daily clinical frame. Although Drs Kritikos and Lamoth [6] argued against the use of antifungals in unconfirmed (thus suspected) IC, we would like to remind that the burden of time-limited exposure to such therapy may be considered negligible compared to the lethality of delayed treatments when IC occurs [7]. To conclude, BDG-based strategy reduces the risk of inappropriate exposure to empiric antifungal therapy in severe critically ill patients with suspected ICI. Moreover, BDG clinical performance may be even improved by concurrent and integrated use of biomarkers (e.g. procalcitonin, mannan and anti-mannan serum assays [1, 7,8,, 8]), in order to provide a prompt and objective diagnosis of IC, thus orienting the clinical management of this life-threatening clinical condition.