In a retrospective analysis of the database of the ARISE trial [1], Maiden et al. [2] found an independent though weak association between haemoglobin concentration (Hgb) and the volume of fluids administered during resuscitation from septic shock. The volume infused accounted for less than 20% of the observed decrease in the Hgb, but the explanations for this decrease, other than haemodilution, seem unlikely even to the authors themselves [2]. A closer look at this study suggests a much stronger association between the volume infused and Hgb decrease.

Of the 1600 ARISE patients, Maiden et al. excluded 281 who received blood transfusions [2]. It may well be that the transfused patients were those with the greatest degree of haemodilution, the low Hgb prompting the decision to transfuse. The data for these excluded patients might have shown a stronger association between volume infused and Hgb decrease. Of note, significantly more patients were transfused during the first 6 h in the EGDT group of the ARISE trial compared with the usual-care group [1]. A significant association between the amount of fluids and early blood transfusions was also recently reported in septic patients without shock [3].

Although the ARISE trial was not aimed at reporting Hgb values during the first 6 h of resuscitation, Maiden et al. report such values from roughly 200 patients [2]. Many of these patients seem to have had no fluids administered during the first hours, and yet have a significant decrease in Hgb of more than 2 g/dL (Fig. 1). However, all patients in the ARISE trial received about 35 ml/kg prior to randomisation [1], a fact that explains the initial observed decrease in Hgb in Maiden et al.’s study [2]. Taking this significant amount of fluids into consideration when calculating the association between the infused fluids and Hgb decrease would have made this association much stronger.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Figure S3 of [2], reproduced with permission

Full size image

Iatrogenic haemodilution is a possible complication of fluid administration [4]. Maiden et al. do indeed show that a greater decrease in Hgb was independently associated with increased duration of ventilation, length of ICU and hospital stay, and mortality [2]. When large amounts of fluids are given in order to maximise oxygen delivery, the resulting haemodilution may also lead to avoidable blood transfusions [5]. The data presented by Maiden et al. [2] do show that this is a real possibility during early resuscitation from septic shock.

Authors’ response

  • Matthew J. Maiden,
  • Mark E. Finnis,
  • Sandra Peake,
  • Simon McRae,
  • Anthony Delaney,
  • Michael Bailey &
  • Rinaldo Bellomo 

Intravenous fluids given to healthy volunteers [6] or administered during surgical procedures have been shown to cause haemodilution [5]. Hence, we too were somewhat surprised to observe a relatively weak (but statistically significant) association between the change in haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and volume of intravenous fluids administered to patients resuscitated from septic shock. However, intravenous fluid may not induce the same degree of haemodilution in septic patients as healthy volunteers or elective surgical patients, particularly given the intra- and extra-vascular fluid shifts that occur with endothelial dysfunction in sepsis.

We believe it unlikely that we missed identifying a stronger association between intravenous fluid volume and decline in haemoglobin. We analysed patients with complete data for haemoglobin and intravenous fluid volume at each time point in the ARISE trial (N = 1011 at 24 h, N = 990 at 72 h; Fig. 2 in [2]) and performed a sensitivity analysis using data available during the first 6 h of resuscitation (N = 788; Fig. 1) [2]. All patients received intravenous fluids, and haemoglobin declined even in those who received a small volume of fluid. Many clinical factors that may have been confounders for this association were considered, but these had only a marginal influence. Furthermore, our findings are consistent with earlier (albeit smaller) clinical studies investigating the same relationship in critical illness [7, 8].

We are unable to contribute to the hypothesis that patients in ARISE may have been transfused red cells due to intravenous fluid induced haemodilution. Firstly, we considered haemoglobin concentration an independent variable and transfused patients (281/1600, 17.6%) were excluded, as supplementing red cells would have confounded the analysis. Secondly, patients who received red cells were anaemic at study enrolment (median Hb g/L; 98 [83–116] vs 133 [118–146], P < 0.001) while having received similar volume of fluids prior to enrolment (median L; 2.5 [1.7–3.3] vs 2.4 [2.0–3.3], P = 0.29). Thirdly, when analysing the entire ARISE cohort and incorporating transfusion in multivariate analysis, the decline of haemoglobin with fluid volume was only marginally greater than described in the original analysis (change in Hb over 24 h, − 1.6 g Hb per litre of fluid, 95% CI − 1.2 to − 2.0, R2 = 11%, P < 0.001; change in Hb over 72 h, − 1.6 g Hb per litre of fluid, 95% CI − 1.3 to − 1.9, R2 = 26%, P < 0.001; Table 3 in [2]) [2]. Finally, incorporating the fluid volume administered prior to randomisation into this analysis made the association between haemoglobin and fluid volume weaker (change in Hb over 24 h, − 1.2 g Hb per litre of fluid, 95% CI − 0.9 to − 1.6, P < 0.001). The evidence that intravenous fluid causes clinically meaningful haemodilutional anaemia in septic shock remains weak, and other causes of the decline in haemoglobin should be considered.