Background

Dupuytren’s disease is a chronic fibroproliferative disease consisting of the progressive pathological production and deposition of collagen in the palmar and digital fascia of the hand, which can cause contractures at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, resulting in permanent flexion and deficit of extension [1, 2].

The prevalence rate of Dupuytren disease is around 15%, it affects more men than women, and usually occurs between the ages of 50 and 70 years old. Moreover, in 65% of cases the retraction is bilateral. It has an autosomal dominant familiarity, with variable age-related penetrance [3]. Generally, Dupuytren disease is slowly progressive: it can take up to ten or more years before it reaches a level of severity that require surgery. In some cases, however, the evolution can fully unfold within months. It initially manifests itself with an abnormal thickening of the palm of the hand that, in more advanced cases, extends like a subcutaneous cord up to the fingers, usually the fourth and fifth one, making increasingly difficult the fully extension of them and determining a forced closing. This ‘closed hand’ condition, as the clinical picture progressively worsens, results in the objective inability to perform common manual activities, such as holding objects, as well as significant fine motor disability. Such a state has functional and quality-of-life repercussions in daily activities, including job performance; by the time the patient reaches retirement age, it contributes significantly to the impairment of the extremity and systemic capabilities. The specific structure of the hand affected by Dupuytren disease is the palmar aponeurosis, a thin but strong membrane, consisting of connective tissue and collagen, located under the skin, covering the underlying muscles and tendons. An overall remodelling of the connective tissue, neurovascular system, innervation, and immunological component has been described, together with the consideration of its direct contribution to chronic pain [4]. The etiopathogenesis of Dupuytren disease is still largely unclear, but family history is often present. Moreover, reported risk factors include the use of anti-epileptic drugs, excessive alcohol use, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidaemia [5]. The hypothesis of a pathogenic association between elevated and sustained levels of occupational exposure such as manual handling and vibration is also reported in research findings, and in few studies with a dose-response relationship [6]. The most widely used classification in clinical practice is the updated Tubiana-Michon classification, which takes into account disease severity based on the flexion angles of the finger joints, assessed by a goniometer [7]. This is useful also in assessing the need for surgery and includes:

Stage 0: healthy subject.

Stage N: nodules without finger extension deficit.

Stage I: finger extension deficit of 0–45°.

Stage II: finger extension deficit of 46–90°.

Stage III: finger extension deficit of 91–135°.

Stage IV: finger extension deficit > 135°.

Traditional therapy is fasciotomy, limited fasciectomy, total fasciectomy and dermo fasciectomy; the use of collagenase has been introduced in the last decade [8]. In recent years, a gradual reduction of more invasive techniques has been reported, with less invasive approaches often preferable to reduce post-operative risks and faster functional recovery, also considering age and comorbidities [9]. Epidemiology, age, work and recreational activities highlight the importance of identifying clinical severity in relation to patient counseling and treatment, through shared decision-making, with post-treatment recurrence risk disclosure [10]. There is currently no consensus recommending one specific approach. A 2018 review by Mella et al. 2018 highlighted the need for integrated choice, based on disease severity, patient preferences, risk of complications and recurrence, cost effectiveness, and no less importantly, surgeon skills and expertise [11]. The Italian Supreme Court has recently addressed treatment options, focusing on the surgeon’s level of expertise in traditional or minimally invasive techniques [12].

Percutaneous needle fasciotomy (PNF) or percutaneous needle aponeurotomy (PNA) is a minimally invasive treatment option for Dupuytren’s disease that has long been practised; it consists of the interruption and rupture of the palmar or palmo-digital contractures through a repeated needle-tip perforation, until the finger can be extended [1, 13,14,15].

This study aims to describe the outcomes of a consecutive series of patients with advanced Dupuytren contracture, treated with percutaneous needle fasciotomy approach, in terms of postoperative results, complications, and recurrence rate, looking also at the medico-legal implications.

Materials and methods

This is a retrospective multicentre study conducted by evaluating the medical records of patients who underwent percutaneous needle fasciotomy, not ultrasound-assisted, for Dupuytren disease from 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2022. All patients were informed by the orthopaedic surgeon and signed written informed consent for treatment and research purposes. A total of 480 patients were selected by the following criteria: age > 60 years, not previously surgically treated and grade III or IV according to the Tubiana classification [7, 16] (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Preoperative images of Dupuytren’s disease, affecting V finger, in two different patients. A, Tubiana stage IV, B Tubiana stage III-IV

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The age criteria reflected the indication for less invasive surgery in older patients, due to the association with higher risks of recurrence and a longer period of post-surgery inability with the other techniques [15]. In cases where more than one finger was affected, only the finger with the greatest passive extension deficit (PED) was considered, with related data collection. The overall PED of the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints and the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (QuickDASH score) and the Unité Rhumatologique des Affections de la Main score (URAM score) were collected for each patient. PED measurement was performed with a standard protocol using a hand-held metal goniometer (Baseline® metal goniometer). Preoperative data were collected either at the examination for inclusion in the operating list or on the day of treatment by an experienced hand surgeon and/or occupational therapists at their respective Departments. The same professionals collected postoperative clinical data and measurements. In particular, patients were clinically assessed after surgery at 1 day, 1 week, 1 months (Fig. 2, A), 8 weeks, 6 months (Fig. 2, B) and 12 months; the PEDs, QuickDASH score and URAM score were collected preoperatively, at 1 months, at 6 months and at 12 months during follow-up examinations (Table 1). During the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic period some patients were followed up by virtual visit [17], which proved to be a valuable tool in reducing the risks of infective complications, while simplifying patient care and enhancing post-surgery monitoring. As for the surgical technique, the patient was positioned supine with the arm abducted on a couch; no tourniquet was used during the procedure. The treatment of PNF was performed under local anaesthesia without sedation. Superficial local anaesthesia was performed by superficial skin injection directly over the Dupuytren contracture with 2% carbocaine without epinephrine. The injections were carefully performed intradermally or in the upper subcutis to anaesthetise only the skin and not the digital nerves [18]. A 15- or 17-gauge hypodermic needle is inserted through the skin and subcutis. The cords must be held under tension to pull them upwards and away from deeper structures. If necessary, the process was repeated, from proximal to distal, if the cord causing residual contracture is still present. MCP and PIP joints are overcome in the surgery treatment. To avoid tendon damage, the patient was asked to actively flex and extend the finger intermittently, in order to detect the presence or absence of needle movement with active tendon excursion. The needle moving with the finger is indicative of involuntary entry into the flexor tendon sheath, requiring its repositioning. At the end of the procedure, the patient’s hand was bandaged, and the patient was informed about extremity functional rest and rehabilitation measures. A 6-week course of physio kinesitherapy was prescribed.

In the case of an overall after surgery PED of 20° or more on day one measurement and/or in the presence of a palpable cord, we considered the case to be recurrent, according to the most recent consensus reference [19, 20]. An overview of therapeutic treatment options has accounted for 52 relevant sources, spanning the 2007–2023 time period, gathered through extensive searches of medical databases Pubmed/MedLine, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science using search strings comprising the terms “Dupuytren Disease/contracture”, “fasciotomy”, “fasciectomy”, “dermo-fasciectomy”, “Collagenase injections”, “Antitumor Necrosis Factor (anti-TNF)”, “Radiotherapy”, “Focused electromagnetic high-energetic extracorporeal shockwave (ESWT)”.

Results

Of the 480 patients who underwent percutaneous needle fasciotomy, 200 were females (41.7%) and 280 males (58.3%), while mean age at intervention was 72 years (range 60–89). At least one comorbidity was found in medical records for all the patients enrolled: arterial hypertension (78.1%, N = 375), diabetes mellitus (36.9%, N = 177), kidney failure (24%, N = 115) or hyper/hypothyroidism (17.9%, N = 85). Fifty-six patients (11.7%) were regular smokers, while no one reported habitual heavy use of alcohol (3 or more average daily alcoholic units [AU] for men and 2 or more AU for women according to World Health Organization definition). The right hand was affected and treated in 260 patients (54.2%) and the left hand in the other 220. Figure 2 illustrates the fingers affected by the disease: the little finger was involved in 240 patients (50%), the ring finger in 206 patients (43%), the middle finger in 24 patients (5%) and the index finger in 10 patients (2%). Tubiana stage III resulted in 344 patients (71.7%), IV in 136 (28.3%).

At preoperative assessment, patients had a mean total PED of 113°, a mean quickDASH score of 24 and a mean URAM score of 37. Post-surgical scoring assessments were summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Preoperative and post-surgical scoring assessments
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Post-surgical outcome of selected patients with preoperative images showed in Fig. 1 could be seen in Fig. 2 after 1 months for the A patient, after 6 months for the B patient.

Fig. 2
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Post-surgery images of the two selected patients presented in Fig. 1. A, the patient selected in Fig. 1 with A after 1 months; B, the patient selected in Fig. 1 with B after 6 months

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Minor post-surgical complications were reported in 90 (18.7%) cases: in seventy-five cases (83.3%) resulted in skin lacerations, requiring bandaging, and dressing for mean 7 days, whereas oedema or a transient dysesthesia, which recover spontaneously in a mean time of 2 weeks, were reported in 15 patients (16.7%). No major complications such as nerve and flexor tendon injuries occurred in our case series. Recurrence at 12 month follow-up was found in 144 patients (30% of cases treated).

Discussion

Dupuytren disease usually manifests as an indolent nodule on the palm of the hand, most frequently along the fourth or fifth ray. Over time, the nodule turns into a fibrous cord that tends to flex the fingers progressively and irreversibly, causing the inability to extend the finger or fingers involved. Subjects affected by advanced Dupuytren disease generally complain of functional limitation and strength deficit, forcing the subject to spare hand use with negative repercussions on psychological wellbeing and quality of life as a whole. Patients may also experience mild pain/discomfort to severe pain, although in more advanced cases, painful symptoms are less prevalent than functional ones. In this pathology, in fact, pain generally coincides with finger extension deficit. In any case, some patients complain severe pain and this symptom may be due to the presence of nerve branches into the fibrous bands or nodules, and to the overall rearrangement of the connective tissue [4, 21]. There are several classifications for the evaluation of Dupuytren disease in the literature but none, to date, has yet achieved wide consensus. The most widely used in clinical practice for surgery indication, and adopted in our retrospective study, is the aforementioned Tubiana-Michon classification [22], which grades disease severity on the flexion angles of the finger joints. In this retrospective multicentre series, the inclusion criterion of III and IV stage, with a prevalence of III stage and a mean PED of 113°, defines an overall severe condition, with a high level of impairment for those affected.

A scientific literature review focused on overall surgical techniques and complication rate reported permanent nerve injuries and flexor tendon ruptures in extremely low percentage in the Tubiana series (0.2%) and in the Foucher ones (0.05%) [23]. Van Rijssen et al. performed a prospective randomised controlled trial comparing percutaneous needle fasciotomy and limited open fasciectomy in 117 hands with a five-year follow-up [24]. For Tubiana stages I and II percutaneous fasciotomy was equal to limited fasciectomy in terms of efficacy, while for Tubiana stages III and IV limited fasciectomy resulted superior. Limited fasciectomy was, however, associated with a 5% major complications’ rate, compared to no major complications in the percutaneous needle fasciotomy group [25], but the outcome largely depends on baseline severity stage, age at surgery and patient preferred approach, and must weighed with longer follow-up time than ours. The 5-year recurrence rate in the needle fasciotomy group was 84.9%, inversely proportional with age at surgery, compared to 20.9% in the limited fasciotomy group. Badois et al. reported on a multicentre study involving 799 patients and 952 hands, a total of 3736 percutaneous needle fasciotomies, with a clinical improvement in more than 71.2% of cases at stage III and 56.6% of cases at stage IV [14, 26]. Zhou et al. compared one-year outcomes, after statistical weighting, of seventy-eight patients who underwent percutaneous needle aponeurotomy with 103 to limited fasciectomy, with low Tubiana grading (88% in stage I or II); percutaneous needle aponeurotomy was found to be linked to a lower mild complication rate. Interesting were also the findings pointing to greater patient satisfaction, better job performance and daily activities, and overall hand function in the percutaneous needle aponeurotomy group [27].

Our retrospective case series reported a 30% recurrence rate, which is similar to most other currently available findings. However, the one-year post-surgery assessment resulted in optimal scoring: mean PED of 9°, mean quickDASH of 8 and a meanURAM of 6. Another interesting finding, also for the purpose of correctly informing patients when weighing surgical options, and with respect to the post-operative course and early functional recovery, was that no major complications such as tendon injuries or nerve/vascular injuries were observed in our departments. Only limited minor complications (18.7%) were in fact reported, which usually need two-week medication at most. This can also mean good execution technique, where minor complications can be traced back as a risk linked to the same surgical aggression of the site and therefore could be only mitigated in duration. On the other hand, a less aggressive approach is associated with a slightly higher recurrence rate, but it could be safely repeated. While partial fasciectomy is mostly deemed the preferable therapeutic intervention, currently available guidelines and evidence-based findings point to potentially valuable alternative treatment avenues as well, both surgical and pharmacological/non-invasive. For the sake of thoroughness and broader contextualization, therapeutic options for Dupuytren Disease are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2 Succinct overview of surgical and non-surgical treatment approaches
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In order to plan the best therapeutic pathway and to make appropriate patient selection for each procedure, it is essential to provide thorough information and consider the patient’s expectations [45]. The patient candidate for surgical treatment must be made aware of both frequent and rare risks associated with the surgical procedure.

It is worth outlining some medico-legal considerations as well, especially with regard to the highly sensitive and multifaceted aspects of clinical risk management and healthcare professional liability [46]. First of all, the timing of the surgical treatment. It should be stressed that the treatment is necessarily conservative in the first phase of the disease and in younger patients, and surgery is indicated when the condition has a recent onset; symptoms such as severe pain and overall functional disability must also be taken into account to identify the best treatment options. In fact, in case of improper untimely treatment and failure, negligence-based claims could be filed. In this case, forensic doctors and orthopaedic experts called to testify as expert witnesses always have to establish exact indications and whether all the therapeutic measures alternative to surgery have been weighed and possibly implemented. Conservative treatment associated with rehabilitative intervention in early phases of Dupuytren disease can in fact have positive effects in terms of improved hand function, delaying surgery, while also facilitating the preservation of ergonomic and proprioceptive gestures. Conservative treatment is then a valid alternative that should be explored until it is no longer viable due to unbearable pain/disconfort or severe disability. Precisely because of the possible risks associated with the surgical procedure, and particularly for some type of surgical approach for Dupuytren contracture, it is essential for orthopaedic surgeons to plan a correct therapeutic pathway, which must necessarily rely on accurate communication and information provision, all of which is to be documented as part of the informed consent process [47]. Far from being the mere provision of information, communication is key in the therapeutic alliance and for a sound doctor-patient relationship, and must also involve listening to the patient, answering questions in a comprehensible fashion, making sure that the patient has understood such information and account for their concerns, priorities and expectations. Explaining and discussing feasible alternatives is a major cornerstone of the disclosure process, with written documentation and final informed planning, as patients may not be able to assess risks in abstract terms and should therefore rely on a framework of comparison to make a truly informed decision [48]. At the same time, patient should always be able to rely on a thorough illustration of alternative options, which is the only way to properly uphold the personal right to self-determination. No less essential is the rehabilitation programme to be performed after surgery for Dupuytren’ contracture, through an effective splinting programme and/or targeted exercises designed to prevent potential complications such as wound healing disorders, oedema, and scar management, and to maintain the surgical correction and finger flexion restoration [49]. Rehabilitation programs should be directed towards restoring hand function and monitoring the development of complications that could compromise the outcome and increase recurrence rates [50]. It is essential in that regard to outline an individualised care process that also meets the patient’s need for knowledge about the disease, prognosis, treatment, and rehabilitation options [51]. It will be vital for doctors and facilities to be able to prove adherence to evidence-based guidelines and best practices with clinical documentation. Under many jurisdictions (particularly under tort statutes, in fact), should negligence-based malpractice litigation arise, the onus will be on the professionals and facilities to prove compliance with all requisite standards of care and clinically validated guidelines.

Our retrospective study had some limitations regarding the assessment of the prevalent use of the hand and the definition of work activity, which might be useful in determining the pathogenic association between hand activity and disease. In addition, longer follow-up, even considering a higher mean age at surgery, could be useful in defining recurrence rate, in order to compare the results of the different approaches more effectively, also for patient disclosure.

Conclusions

Percutaneous needle fasciotomy has proven to be beneficial in Dupuytren disease and its short-term effectiveness is well documented and was confirmed also by our multicentre retrospective study as well. It is a simple and quick method, with a short period of work and functional inability for the patient, limited care requirements and low overall costs [52]. Recurrence rates are slightly higher, depending also on comorbidities and post-surgery rehabilitation compliance, but major complications are rarely reported. Most patients recover quickly, and the procedure is performed under local anaesthesia in day-surgery setting [53]. It can also be used in patients at an advanced disease stage with satisfactory results, possibly preventing finger amputation. Moreover, the mini-invasive procedure can be repeated with ease, also in older patients. This procedure has similar short-term outcome and patient satisfaction compared to open procedures and the use of collagenase as reported in Zhang meta-analysis [53]. Surgical treatment of advanced Dupuytren’s disease must be customised to the patient’s characteristics and needs. It is of utmost importance in that regard to provide patients with thorough information on surgical and non-surgical treatment options, complications and recurrence rates, and overall care planning and rehabilitation pathways.