Introduction

The world today is home to the largest generation of young people in history, 1.8 billion. Close to 90 percent of them live in developing countries [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescents as those between 10 and19 years of age & youth is a people between15 up to 24 years of age. [2]. Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood & adulthood. During this period, secondary sexual characteristics develop and other biological changes occur, as a result, adolescents experience sexual urges, a sexual exploration that leads them to exercise sexual practices which may be safe or unsafe. This is the time where most adolescents start experiencing sexual activities [3,4,5].

The concern about adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) had grown following reports that sexual activity, early pregnancies, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection rates were increasing at unprecedented rates among adolescents [6, 7]. Youths are usually mistakenly perceived as healthy and as if they do not need special health services [8, 9].

The 1994 International Conference on Population Development (ICPD) in Cairo, Egypt, recognized adolescent-friendly reproductive health services (AFRHS) as an appropriate and effective strategy to address the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of adolescents [10]. Ensuring universal access to quality services, free of discrimination, coercion, or violence, has been a core aim of the SRHR community since 1994 and is seen as an essential aspect of reproductive rights [11].

Youth-friendly service delivery is about providing services based on a comprehensive understanding of what young people in that particular society or community want, rather than being based only on what providers believe they need. It is also based on an understanding of, and respect for, the realities of young people’s diverse sexual and reproductive lives. A necessary part of youth-friendly service provision, therefore, is awareness among the providers of the special difficulties that young people face in accessing sexual and reproductive health services. For example, inconvenient hours, legal and policy hurdles, concerns about confidentiality, fear of discrimination (in particular among sexually active girls), being treated with disrespect and high costs are among the factors that can inhibit young people’s ability to access services [12,13,14].

There are barriers that adolescents and youths face in obtaining the health services they need. These factors are related to the client, provider, and health delivery system [5, 15,16,17,18,19,20,22].

Ethiopia is striving to meet the SRH needs and rights of the country’s largely underserved adolescent and youth population. Despite the interest in youth-friendly service provision, little researches investigated universal access to sexual and reproductive services among local youths and the attitude of providers across local facilities. Therefore, this study aimed to assess factors associated with the utilization of adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health services in this area.

Methods

Study area and setting

The study was conducted in the East Wollega zone of Oromia regional state, Western Ethiopia.

East Wollega is found in the west part of the Oromia regional state. Administratively, it is organized into 18 Woredas, 43 towns, and 287 rural kebeles. According to the Central Statistic Agency 2007 report, the total population was estimated to be 1.5 million. Nekemte, which is 331 km far from the capital city of the country, Addis Ababa, is the capital city of East Wollega. The study was conducted from February 1 to 28, 2020.

Study Design

A Cross-sectional quantitative method mixed with the qualitative inquiry was employed.

Source population

Adolescents and Youth aged 15 to 24 years who were living in the East Wollega zone.

Study population

Adolescents and youths living in the selected districts during the study period. Secondary respondents were service providers.

Sample size determination

Single population proportion formula was used to calculate the sample size with the following assumption. The proportion of adolescents who utilized adolescent and youth-friendly services which were 63.8% was taken [23]. The marginal error of 5%, design effect 2, and 95% confidence level. After adding a 10% non-response rate, the final sample size was 781.

Four focus group discussions (FGDs) and five in-depth interviews were undertaken considering the saturation of the information. The qualitative data were collected allowing for the incoming data to adequately answer the research questions and the specific study objectives. Adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health service providers and facilities’ heads were purposively selected for in-depth interviews. FGD participants were purposively selected adolescents and youths who were exposed & never exposed to the AYSRH service. A checklist was also used among seven health facilities that deliver the service to check if they were providing the services as per the standard.

Sampling procedures

A multistage sampling technique was used in this research. We listed all the districts in East Wollega. Then, seven districts were selected by lottery method. After that, the districts were further stratified by rural & urban kebeles to ensure representativeness of the study population. Kebeles were sub-divided by predetermined zones from which one zone was randomly selected. Then, a list of households (HHs) in the selected zones was obtained from the kebele. Health extension workers of the respective kebeles were contacted to identify the HHs where the target age groups were found. Finally, the required number of participants were interviewed from randomly selected households.

For the qualitative data collection, those health centers serving the study kebeles were considered. Observation of purposely selected health facilities and in-depth interviews with direct service providers were conducted. In the next step, local youths were purposively selected for focus group discussions.

Study variables

Data collection procedure

Data were collected by 16 data collectors who know Afan Oromo and local adolescents’ and youths’ contexts. The quantitative data were collected through interviewer-administered interviews using adopted questionnaires from reviewed literature on adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health services. Research assistants for the qualitative inquiry were recruited based on their experience in the qualitative study and knowledge of the research topic. With consent from the participants, all responses in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were tape-recorded and notes were also taken during the interview. All the interviews were moderated by trained research assistants. Open-ended semi-structured questions were used to initiate the interview and discussions.

Data processing and analysis

The data were checked, entered, and cleaned using EPI-INFO version 7.0 and then exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software package version 23 for analysis. Using the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% limit of the confidence interval, the association of dependent and independent variables was identified, and their degree of association was computed. Potential confounding variables were controlled by using multiple logistic regression. Frequency count, percentages, and OR interpretation were done during the result write-up and data presentation.

The transcripts and English-translated in-depth interviews were analyzed using qualitative data analysis. Additionally, in-depth interviews with participants’ views that illustrate key concepts were used directly during analysis. Finally, qualitative findings were triangulated with the quantitative findings.

Data quality assurance

The training was given to the research assistants on the objective of the study, how to conduct interviews, and focus group discussions. Then the questionnaire, and FGDs, and in-depth interviews’ topic guides were pre-tested and necessary amendments were made based on experience from the field pretest. The data collection was daily monitored for completeness. Research assistants were monitoring the interviews to ensure that it focuses on the topic and objective of the study. Qualitative interviews were undertaken in Afan Oromo which was translated to English daily after the transcript was written.

Results

Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants

In this study, 771 adolescents and youths were participated making a response rate of 98.7%. The majority, 468 (60.7%), of the participants were males. The mean age of participants was 18.99 (SD ± 2.49) with more than half 456 (59.1%) belonging to the age group of 15–19 years. Three hundred eighty-six (50.1%) of the participants were rural residents. Almost all of the participants were from the Oromo ethnic group 750(97.3%) and were single 758(98.3%). About seven in ten 542(70.3%) of participants reported that they were in school. The majority, 413 (53.6%), of participants attended grade 9–12. Only 7 (0.9%) of participants never attended school (Table 1).

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants, East Wollega, 2020
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Reproductive characteristics of study participants

Out of the total adolescents and youths interviewed, 494 (64.1%) had a boy or girlfriend. Two hundred nineteen (28.4%) of participants had a history of sexual intercourse, out of which 174 (79.5%) had practiced sexual intercourse in the last 12 months. The mean age at first sex was 18.06 (SD ± 2.031) years. It was found that 18 (5.9%) female participants from the total interviewed females had a history of abortion. Concerning the history of health facility visits, of the total interviewed youths, 465 (60.31%) had ever visited a health facility for any type of services.

Awareness & utilization of Adolescents & Youths Sexual Reproductive Health (AYSRH)services

Out of the total participants who had visited health facilities for any type of service, 50(10.32%) had ever seen adolescent and youth SRH services. From the total youths interviewed, more than one-fourth, 217 (28.1%) had heard about AYSRH services. Schools were the major source of information, 47 (67.74%) (Fig. 1). Among all participants who heard about AYSRH services, 99.08% and 79.27% of them got information about counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS, and contraception respectively.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Source of Information about AYSRH services

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Of the total participants, 66 (8.6%) had ever visited health facilities for adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health services. This accounted for 30.41% of those who heard about AYSRH services (Fig. 2). Concerning the type of services ever used, the result showed that the majority, 43 (65.15%), of the participants had counseling and testing for HIV followed by contraception.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Proportion of adolescents and youths who ever visited Health facilities for AYSRH Services

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The study also found that majority, 54 (81.82%) of the adolescents and youths who used the service had visited for the service during working hours (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Time period of adolescents’ and youths’ most recent visit to a health facility for SRH services, East Wollega, 2020

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Factors affecting adolescents and youths from accessing AYSRH services

In bivariate analysis, utilization of sexual and reproductive health services was significantly associated with variables like the educational status of participants, age of participants, having a boy or girlfriend, history of sexual practice, history of having a friend who has ever been pregnant, ever heard of adolescent and youths sexual and reproductive health services, ever visit the facilities for any other services and presence of parent-adolescent discussion about AYSRH services. After adjusting for confounding factors in the multivariate analysis, factors that were significantly associated with utilization of sexual and reproductive health service utilization were the age of participants, history of having sexual practice, ever heard of sexual and reproductive health services, and ever visited health facilities for any other types of services(Table 2).

Table 2 Multi-variate analysis results for factors affecting AYSRH service utilization, East Wollega, 2020
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Participants aged between 15 and 19 years were around 64% less likely to use AYSRH services compared to those aged between 20 and 24 years [AOR = 0.36;95%CI: 0.17, 0.76]. This was supported by the qualitative finding which explored that those who usually use the service were in their 20s to 30s most of whom were engaged.

Participants who had ever had sexual intercourse were more than 5 times likely to use the services compared to those who never started sexual intercourse [AOR = 5.33; 95%CI: 2.53, 11.23]. The qualitative findings also in line with this finding. For example, one key informant was asked about the most frequently used services in his facility and said, “Both males and females always come after practicing unprotected sexual intercourse. Males come for condoms, and HIV testing and counseling while females come for pregnancy tests once they noticed missed menstrual cycle.”

Participants who had ever heard about AYSRH services were more than 11 times likely to use the services compared to those who never heard about it [AOR = 11.33; 95%CI:5.59, 22.96]. Besides, participants who had ever visited health facilities for any health services had used AYSRH services 5 times more likely compared to participants who had never visited health facilities for any service [AOR = 5.12; 95%CI: 1.72, 15.24]. It was also explored in an in-depth interview that the youths who utilize the services are usually not exclusively coming for AYSRH service, rather they come for other services.

However, factors like participants' schooling status, family educational status, having a boy or girlfriend, and parent-adolescent discussion were not independently associated with utilization of AYSRH (Table 2).

Discussion

This study had assessed access and utilization of adolescents' and youths' sexual and reproductive health services and related challenges. Information about sexual and reproductive health services is a precondition for adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH) service utilization (17). In this study, 28.1% of participants were reported to have heard about adolescents' and youths' sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH) services. This finding is lower than studies conducted in Pakistan (52%) [19], Nigeria (82%) [20], Northwest Ethiopia (89.4%) [21], Bale Zone, Ethiopia (96.1%) [22],and Eastern Ethiopia (72.4%) [23]. This difference might be explained by, in this study, the inclusion of a greater number of participants from rural areas and out of schools where there is no access to information.

In this study, the majority of the participants reported that schools were the major source of information about AYSRH services. Similarly, a study conducted in Eastern Ethiopia among youths indicated that the main source of information on AYSRH was school teachers (31.5%) [23]. But, other studies conducted in other countries like Nigeria, Lagos (45.7%), and Pakistan, Labore (71%) revealed that the main source of information about adolescents and youths reproductive health services were friends [19, 20]. Mass media were the main source of information in Bale Zone, Ethiopia [22] and another study in Nigeria[24]. This difference might be a result of school-based AYSRH education campaign activities by health professionals in the current study areas.

In this study, 219 (28.4%) of the study participants ever had sexual intercourse. This is similar to a study conducted in Osun in Nigeria where 25.5% of adolescents had experienced sexual intercourse [24]. However, the finding in the current study is lower than that of study in Bale Zone, Ethiopia (39.5%) and North West Ethiopia (63.5%) [17, 22]. The observed difference might be attributed to the narrow geographical coverage in later studies than this study.

The utilization of AYSRH services was very low in the current study. Only 66 (8.6%) had ever visited health facilities for AYSRH services. This finding is lower than findings of similar studies conducted in Ethiopia among youths (63.8%) in Eastern Ethiopia [23], high school students in Bahirdar town (32%) [25]], and adolescents in Debre Berhan (33.8%) [26] and Northwest Ethiopia (18.4%) [25]. The finding is also lower than reports from studies conducted among youths aged between 15 and 24 years in Mynamar (67%) [27] and Makassar Indonesia (24.3%) [28]. The difference might be attributed to, in this study, the inclusion of a large number of participants from rural areas where access to information and health facility is limited.

In this study, the common AYSRH services adolescents and youths were using were HIV counseling & testing (65.15%) and contraceptives(40.91%). Similarly, more than half (60.57%) of youths in Northwest Ethiopia had used HIV counseling and testing [17]. Youths in Debre Berhan used HIV counseling and testing service(43.6%) followed by AYSRH information and education services (23.7%) [26]. A study in Myanmar among sub-urban youths aged between 15 and 24 years also showed family planning (70%) to be the most utilized service [27]. In the current study, utilization of other sexual and reproductive health services was low. Therefore, the focus should be given to improve access and utilization of AYSRH services in the study areas.

In this study, not all participants had received the services they need at the initial visit. It was found that 48 (72.73%) had received the services on the same day of their visit. However, a study conducted in Bale Zone, Ethiopia showed 95% of the youths who came to health facilities, received all services they need on the day of their visit [17]. This might be attributed to the differences in readiness of health facilities in terms of logistics, human power, and commitment of facility leaders. Study. The other possible explanation could be due to the work overload of care providers and the erratic supply of services in the current study as explained in the in-depth interview. For example, one male provider explained as “My work here is an additional job. I am primarily working in the expanded program for immunization (EPI) room where it has to be open always. When youths come for the service, I will ask them if their case is sensitive and will serve them at the EPI. Otherwise, I will either appoint on another day or refer them.”

This study showed that only 120(15.6%) of adolescents and youths reported that they had discussed at least one AYSRH topic with their family. This is lower compared to the studies conducted in Mecha District [17] and Awebal district (25.3%) [30] of Northwestern Ethiopia where respondents had a discussion on SRH issues with their families 32% and 25.5% respectively. The difference might be because the current study involved more participants from rural areas who are less encouraged to discuss SRH issues due to conservative cultural and religious practices than participants in later studies. Because societal norms like taboos of discussing sexuality with children are highly valued in rural communities.

Adolescents and youths Sexual and reproductive health services utilization were affected by different factors [17]. The current study identified factors like the previous history of sexual intercourse, age of participants, information about sexual and reproductive health services, and history of visiting health facilities for other services. Study participants who had ever had sexual intercourse were more than 5 times likely to use the services compared to those who never experienced sexual intercourse. This could be due to a difference in risk perception. Adolescents and youths who had sexual intercourse might relatively have a high level of risk perception for sexual and reproductive health-related than those who abstain. The same finding was also from similar studies conducted in Ethiopia [5, 17].

In this study, participants aged 15 to 19 years were 64% less likely to use adolescents and youths' sexual and reproductive health services compared to those aged from 20 to 24 years. This might be explained as those participants greater than 20 might be those who already engage in sexual intercourse as the median age at first sexual intercourse was found to be 18 years. This finding is consistent with a study conducted in Southern Ethiopia [29] and Northwest Ethiopia, Bahirdar [25] were those aged 20 to 24 used youth-friendly service more likely than those aged 15 to 19 years.

The participants who have ever had sexual intercourse practice were more than 5 times likely to use AYSRH services compared to those who did not practice it. This might be because those with experience of sexual intercourse might visit the health facilities either to get condoms, contraception, and HIV/AIDS counseling and testing or to get some interventions like abortion services when they experience negative consequences from unprotected sexual practice. This finding is in line with other similar studies conducted in Ethiopia [29, 30] where sexually active youths were more likely to use the youth-friendly services.

In this study, participants who have ever heard about SRH services had used the service more than 11 times likely compared to those who never heard about it. It is consistent with studies conducted in Mandalay city, Myanmar [27], in Indonesia, Makassar [28], in Nigeria, Lagos [20], and Eastern Ethiopia, Harar [23] which indicated that those who heard about the service were more likely to use the youth health service than those who never heard. This indicates raising awareness on SRH and the services improve utilization of AYSRH services.

Participants who have ever visited health facilities for any type of health services had used the SRH service 5 times more likely compared to the youths who have never visited facilities for any service. This might be due to those who came to health facilities for other services might hear the presence of AYSRH services from health professionals. Thus, integrating AYSRH services to other services in health facilities could improve its utilization.

Conclusions

Sexual and reproductive health service utilization among adolescents and youths was found to be very low. The factors associated with adolescents' and youths' sexual and reproductive health services utilization were age, history of ever having sexual intercourse, ever heard about SRH services, and visit the health facility for other services. Therefore, it is better if the concerned bodies work on improving awareness of adolescents and youths towards SRH services and integrating these services into other routine services.