Dear Editor,
We too read with interest the article “The Role of Opioids in Cancer Response to Immunotherapy” by Botticelli et al., which suggests that opioids impair the immune response to cancer in patients receiving immunotherapy [1].
First, we are in complete agreement with the concerns raised by Maltoni et Rossi [2] in the first letter you published in response to this article.
Second, while it has been some months since the original article was published, we would like to bring to your attention a new point to consider:
In the Results section, the authors state: “…opioids use was significantly higher in patients affected by NSCLC [Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer] (p < 0.0001), in patients with a worse ECOG PS [Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status] (p < 0.0001), in second-line setting subgroup (p = 0.009), in patients taking corticosteroids (p < 0.0001), and in patients with a high tumor burden (p = 0.006)” [1].
Of those five listed variables, the only one that was not included in the multivariate analysis (MA) was NSCLC. Given that the opioid and non-opioid cohorts consisted of 62% and 22% NSCLC patients, respectively [1], which is an approximately threefold (2.82) difference in proportion, we think that this would have been an important variable to include in the MA. Furthermore, melanoma was overrepresented in the non-opioid group by more than three-fold (3.59; 17% vs. 61% in opioid and non-opioid cohorts, respectively) [1].
The 5-year survival rate of NSCLC, when treated with nivolumab (one of the four immunotherapy drugs included in the study) is 15.6%, compared to 34.2% for melanoma [3]. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancers (such as NSCLC) have an age-standardized global mortality rate of 23.74 per 100,000, whereas malignant skin melanoma has a considerably lower rate of 0.78 per 100,000 [4]. Considering these facts, we think that the type of cancer could be a confounding variable that should have been considered in the MA.
If the authors are willing to reanalyze their results, we would be curious to know if and how their conclusions may change if the MA includes the type of cancer. Had the type of cancer been included in the published MA, we suspect that the observed effect of opioids on progression-free survival and overall survival would disappear.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
References
Botticelli A, Cirillo A, Pomati G, Cerbelli B, Scagnoli S, Roberto M, Gelibter A, Mammone G, Calandrella ML, Cerbelli E, Di Pietro FR, De Galitiis F, Lanzetta G, Cortesi E, Mezi S, Marchetti P. The role of opioids in cancer response to immunotherapy. J Transl Med. 2021;19(1):119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-021-02784-8.
Maltoni M, Rossi R. Risk of detrimental recommendations for cancer pain management. J Transl Med. 2021;19(1):160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-021-02831-4.
Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Sosman JA, Atkins MB, Leming PD, Spigel DR, Antonia SJ, Drilon A, Wolchok JD, Carvajal RD, McHenry MB, Hosein F, Harbison CT, Grosso JF, Sznol M. Five-year survival and correlates among patients with advanced melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, or non-small cell lung cancer treated with nivolumab. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(10):1411–20. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2187.
Lin L, Yan L, Liu Y, Yuan F, Li H, Ni J. Incidence and death in 29 cancer groups in 2017 and trend analysis from 1990 to 2017 from the global burden of disease study. J Hematol Oncol. 2019;12(1):96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-019-0783-9.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AMRH was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable (this is a letter to the Editor without original data).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Gagnon, B., Hanna, A.M.R. Risk of confounding variables in multivariate analysis. J Transl Med 20, 165 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-022-03348-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-022-03348-0