Background

Supportive care (SC) is the provision of the necessary services for those living with or affected by cancer to meet their informational, emotional, spiritual, social, psychological, and physical needs during their diagnostic, treatment, or follow-up phases encompassing issues of health promotion and prevention, survivorship, palliation, and bereavement [1]. Supportive care Needs (SCNs) are the necessities of individual patient care: Related to their symptoms, side-effects management, adjustment, dealing with disease, optimization of acceptance, informed decision-making, and minimization of practical deficits [2]. Psychological SCNs include the following problems: anxiety, feeling down or depressed, feelings of sadness, fears about cancer spreading, worry that the results of treatment are beyond your control, uncertainty about the future, learning to feel in control of your situation, keeping a positive outlook, feelings about death and dying Concerns about the worries of those close to you [3].

Psychological supportive care intervention is any set of activities that are used to change behaviors, emotions, or cognitions of a person who suffered from any kind of psychological problems [4]. It is also called psychological treatments, can be highly effective for many mental health conditions, particularly anxiety and depression [4]. It can be delivered by trained and supervised non-specialists in single or combined form. It is found in different form like cognitive behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, exercise, play therapy, counselling, group therapy [4, 5], medication [6] etc.

In comparison with other gynecological cancer patients, cervical cancer (CC) patients face manifold problems such as psychological and social distress, spiritual suffering, irritability, memory loss, worse emotional distress, and poor quality of life [7]. According to a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Ethiopia, 79.7% of CC patients experienced anxiety and 47% of CC patients felt depression [8]. CC patients in Seoul shared that they needed psychological supportive care to cope with moderate and severe depression (11.08 ± 5.06) [9]. CC patients under treatment in a cancer hospital in Zambia needed psychological supportive care: 80% of patients reported depressive symptoms, 78% moderate, 18% mild and 4% severe [10]. The most common complaint among CC patients was the loss of concentration (85.0%) in Mainland China [11]. With the help of supportive care intervention (SC), patients and family members can manage these disease-related problems comprehensively and holistically during the disease course [12, 13].

This systematic literature review aimed to synthesize currently available evidence about the psychological supportive care intervention for psychological SCNs (anxiety and depression) of women living with cervical cancer, driven by the following research questions:

  • - What is the current evidence about the different psychological supportive care interventions for psychological SCNs (anxiety and depression) in women living with CC?

  • - What is the effect of different psychological supportive care interventions on psychological SCNs (anxiety and depression) among women living with CC?

Significance of the study

This study will help researchers to implement the most effective psychological intervention that will result in a precise outcome.

Methods

Study selection criteria and search strategy

This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis which conducted to examine the effect of the psychological supportive care intervention to resolve psychological supportive care needs; “anxiety and depression” among CC patients. Psychological supportive care needs mean the following ten items as mentioned in psychological supportive care need domain of Supportive Care Need Survey –Short Form 34 (SCNS-SF 34). These items are as follows: anxiety, depression, feeling sad, fear of spreading the cancer, tension that health condition will be beyond control after the treatment, uncertainty about future, feeling of being yourself under control of the situation, maintaining positive thinking, feeling tension of death and dying, worry about your loved one [14]. Authors tried to explore psychological supportive care intervention in any form (exercise, counselling, psychotherapy, empowerment education, medication) for the management of anxiety and depression among those mentioned ten psychological supportive care needs items.

This review was registered in PROSPERO International’s prospective register of systematic reviews with ID No CRD42023164594 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#myprospero).

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) updated guidelines [15] and the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration [16] were used to conduct this systematic review. The methods applied for this systematic review are similar to the guidelines detailed in the PRISMA, 2020 checklist [15]. Six electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Willey online library, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and JSTOR) were searched through a two-step systematic search strategy that was devised to identify studies employing qualitative and/or quantitative methods. A wide range of keywords and free text terms were used to increase the inclusiveness and sensitivity of the searches. Mandalay was used as the automation tool in this review. Pre-specified selection criteria were applied to all records identified. Reference lists of all full-text articles were be also examined for any studies that might have been overlooked. Electronic searches began on 20th March 2023 and were completed on 30th April 2023. We searched the specified databases since 1999 Jan to 2023 April. English-published articles randomized control trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies, and one group pre-test-posttest were included in the study. Search terms were psychological, supportive care, intervention, anxiety, depression, and cervical cancer. The population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes (PICO) search strategy was applied (Refer to Table 1).

Table 1 Application of the PICO search strategy
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Example of search strategy from PubMed Central (PMC)

The search words were: psychological AND supportive care AND intervention AND anxiety AND depression AND cervix AND cervical AND cancer. The following search strategies were used: ((“psychologic“[All Fields] OR “psychological“[All Fields] OR “psychologically“[All Fields] OR “psychologization“[All Fields] OR “psychologized“[All Fields] OR “psychologizing“[All Fields]) AND (“anxiety“[MeSH Terms] OR “anxiety“[All Fields] OR “anxieties“[All Fields] OR “anxiety s“[All Fields]) AND (“depressed“[All Fields] OR “depression“[MeSH Terms] OR “depression“[All Fields] OR “depressions“[All Fields] OR “depression s“[All Fields] OR “depressive disorder“[MeSH Terms] OR (“depressive“[All Fields] AND “disorder“[All Fields]) OR “depressive disorder“[All Fields] OR “depressivity“[All Fields] OR “depressive“[All Fields] OR “depressively“[All Fields] OR “depressiveness“[All Fields] OR “depressives“[All Fields]) AND ((“support“[All Fields] OR “support s“[All Fields] OR “supported“[All Fields] OR “supporter“[All Fields] OR “supporter s“[All Fields] OR “supporters“[All Fields] OR “supporting“[All Fields] OR “supportive“[All Fields] OR “supportiveness“[All Fields] OR “supports“[All Fields]) AND “care“[All Fields]) AND (“intervention s“[All Fields] OR “interventions“[All Fields] OR “interventive“[All Fields] OR “methods“[MeSH Terms] OR “methods“[All Fields] OR “intervention“[All Fields] OR “interventional“[All Fields]) AND (“uterine cervical neoplasms“[MeSH Terms] OR (“uterine“[All Fields] AND “cervical“[All Fields] AND “neoplasms“[All Fields]) OR “uterine cervical neoplasms“[All Fields] OR (“cervical“[All Fields] AND “cancer“[All Fields]) OR “cervical cancer“[All Fields])). The search was only limited to publication dates from 1st January 1999 to 2023 April. The search was performed on 23rd April 2023.

Inclusion criteria

Randomized control trial, experimental design, and one group pre-post studies conducted among cervical cancer targeting psychological problems and full-text articles in the English language were included in the study (Refer to Table 1).

Exclusion criteria

Review studies, qualitative studies, cross-sectional quantitative studies, commentaries, letters, pilot studies, preprint articles, clinical trials with international trial registries but unpublished and study protocols were excluded from the study. If the content of the selected article did not match the inclusion criteria after a thorough reading, those articles were not included in the study. Studies were excluded if full papers could not be found.

Intervention

The intervention involved the training of CC patient healthcare professionals/trainers/psychologists through health education, and physical and psychological exercise targeting to address the psychological problems.

Comparator(s)/Control

The patients with usual (regular) care was considered as control group on the studies review.

Outcome measures

The outcome measures for studies included in this review were the reduction of anxiety and depression after getting involved in the targeted intervention as a primary outcome.

Study selection and data extraction procedures

Two authors (KD and JFM) independently screened the titles and abstracts of the articles for their and discrepancies around inclusion were resolved by discussion with the third author (BA) following a two-stage process. The initial screening stage resulted in a shortlist of articles including titles and abstracts. In the second stage, the screening process involved retrieval of articles in full- text, whereby the two co-authors independently assessed all articles for eligibility against selection criteria until a consensus was reached. Data extraction tables were specifically developed for this review, pilot-tested on three randomly selected studies of the final sample, and refined accordingly. After eliminating the duplicates, two authors (KD, BA) independently extracted data from each of the eligible reviews into a purpose-built, standard data extraction form and a third independent person (CC) checked the data extraction [17].

Assessment of risk of bias in included studies

It was evaluated using an Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) tool by two review authors (KD and JFM) independently. It contains 8 components: selection bias, study design, confounders, blinding, data collection method, withdrawals/ dropouts, intervention integrity and analyses. Each component is rated as weak (1 point), moderate (2 points), and strong component (3 points). The maximum total score per study is 3.00. Based on their total score, the quality of studies is rated as weak (1.00- 1.50), moderate (1.51–2.50), or strong (2.51-3.00)0.31 The records underwent final assessment according to the EPHPP tool along with established inclusion and exclusion criteria [18, 19].

Any disagreement was resolved by involving a third reviewer (BA). We contacted the authors to obtain any missing data. The extracted data included the following information:

  • • Publication details: author, year, country • Study characteristics: Total number of participants, mean age of participants, type, and stage of cancer.

  • • Intervention design: Content of the intervention, duration of intervention, the total number of sessions, duration of each session,

  • • Outcomes: Type of outcome to be measured, timing, frequency, and duration of follow-up for each outcome, outcome measurement tool.

Assessment of risk of bias across studies

We tried to reduce the risk of publication bias by searching international trial registries and unpublished studies. Where we doubted reporting bias, we started to contact study authors to request them to make availability of missing out- come data.

Data analysis

Due to data heterogeneity, a systematic review was conducted to explore the relevant intervention and its characteristics like design, sample size, outcome measure, and outcomes.

After initial screening, the full texts relevant to the topic were reviewed independently by 2 authors (JFM and KD). Extraction of data was performed and entered in a data charting form in Microsoft Excel. Any emerged disagreements concerning inclusion and exclusion from the final review, and the third author (BA) got involved. After the data were entered into a data charting form, the authors (JFM and KD) reviewed the data to identify the review’s key focus areas. The results of the review are reported according to the PRISMA Statement [15].

The studies included in the revision were first examined for descriptions of the interventions and qualitative synthesis. A narrative synthesis was done after listing down the components of the intervention. The findings of different studies were described and combined into the text of the review by examining the similarities and differences among the results of all reviewed studies. The population characteristics, design of the study, intervention, instrument used and outcome of reviewed studies were identified. As well the patterns and relationship in the data within and between the reviewed studies were also investigated [20, 21].

Quality of each reviewed study was assessed by following the guidelines of quality assessment tool for quantitative studies developed by EPHPP. According to EPHPP guidelines quality of each study is calculated on following eight items: selection bias, study design, confounders, blinding, data collection methods, withdrawals/dropouts, intervention integrity and analysis by using three points Likert scale. As per this liker scale score 1 indicates strong study, score 2 indicates moderate study and score 3 indicates weak study in above mentioned eight parameters [18, 19, 22].

Results

Study characteristics

On the first electronic literature search a total of 1857 records were identified through six different databases and it was reduced to 1791 after duplicates were removed and records were marked as ineligible by automation tools. After screening titles and abstracts, the records were further reduced to 49 for full-text eligibility while 1742 records were excluded because their titles and abstracts did not conform to the topic or the study designs. After thorough and detailed readings of illegible full-text articles, 26 articles were included in this review. Out of these, 23 articles were excluded because 3 articles had an irrelevant intervention, 9 articles had irrelevant outcomes, 7 articles had an irrelevant population, 1 article had an ongoing clinical trial, 1 article had a preprint article and 2 articles full text had not found (Refer to Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Study flow diagram based on PRISMA, 2020

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Total participants, mean age, design, country, and setting

Among twenty-six interventional studies included in this review, thirteen studies were RCTs [6, 23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34], twelve studies were quasi-experimental design [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46] and one study was one group pre-posttest design [47] with 11,638 cervical cancer patients from 6 different countries (China, Indonesia, Turkey, Zambia, USA and India). Out of twenty-six reviewed articles, majority; eighteen studies were from china, two form Indonesia, one from Turkey, one from Zambia, one USA and one from India. All studies were conducted in hospitals. The mean age of the respondents was between 34.15 ± 10.18 to 66.7 ± 4.5 in the intervention group and between 36.57 ± 11.42 to 65.7 ± 4.1 in the control group whereas the mean age of the respondents was not mentioned in seven studies (Refer to Table 2).

Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
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Study size

The sample size ranges from a minimum of 30 [24, 35] to a maximum of 417 [6]. An equal sample size was used in the treatment and control group in 16 studies and an unequal sample size was used in 10 studies.

Stage of cancer and treatment trajectory

Regarding the stages of cancer, two studies included stage Ia–IIb cervical cancer [25, 48], two studies included stage I-II cervical cancer [6, 39], two studies included stage I-IV cervical cancer [30, 47], two studies included stage Ib2-IIb cervical cancer [38, 45], four studies included pathological subtype (squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma) of cervical cancer [23, 37, 43, 44] and three studies’ stages of cancer not mentioned [31, 34, 41] and another eleven studies were ranges from I- IV B1 remaining studies.

Regarding treatment trajectory, nine studies included patients receiving surgical treatment [6, 25, 27, 32,33,34, 36, 44, 46, 48], seven studies included patients receiving chemotherapy [23, 24, 28, 30, 35, 41, 42], three studies included patients receiving surgery plus chemotherapy [26, 40, 47], two studies included patients receiving concurrent radio chemotherapy [37, 39], two studies included patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy [38, 45], one study included patients receiving comprehensive anti-cancer treatment [43], one study included patients completed the definitive treatment of cervical cancer before two months [29] and one study included patients they had just get a diagnosis of cervical cancer and before starting of cancer treatment [31].

Interventions used in treatment and control group

The studies included in this review used a wide range of interventions for the treatment group. Among these, eleven studies used nursing intervention: comprehensive nursing [32, 36, 42], psychological nursing [38, 40, 44, 45], whole course standardized nursing [27], collaborative continuous nursing [33], empowerment education nursing [34], crisis intervention nursing [46] and perioperative nursing care [25]. Physical exercise was used in five studies: progressive muscle relaxation therapy [35, 36], yoga nidra [30], back massage [41] and mindfulness-based stress reduction [39]. Supportive group psychotherapy was used in two studies [28, 31]. Chinese herbal medicine and psychological care were used in two studies [26, 47]. Other interventions used in this review were: whole-course high-quality care [43], case management [37], drug therapy [6], psycho-curative [24], telephone counselling [29] and peer education [23]. One paper used drugs as psychological intervention for the management of anxiety and depression [6]. None of the articles explained about the co-intervention (received psychotherapy drugs).

Regarding the intervention for the control group, twenty-three studies mentioned the intervention used for this group but three studies [30, 35, 47] did not mention the intervention used for the control group. Homework session was mentioned by only two studies [29, 39] and the remaining other twenty-four studies did not mention that.

This review found heterogeneity in the design of the study, type of psychological intervention used; mode of delivery of intervention; intervention period; the number of sessions; follow-up period, intervention provider; control group; stage of cervical cancer; and instrument of outcome. measurement.

The total session, duration of intervention, and provider of intervention

Among all studies, twelve studies explained in detail about total sessions, duration of each session, and total duration of each intervention [24, 26, 29,30,31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 45, 47]. The range of sessions was minimum sessions were one [41] to maximum sessions sixty [26] and the mean sessions were twenty-four. The minimum duration of each session was twenty-three minutes [30], the maximum duration of each session was seventy-five minutes [41] and the mean duration of each session was 48.8 min. The total duration of each intervention is mentioned by eighteen studies [6, 24, 26, 29,30,31, 33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, 45,46,47]. The minimum total duration for each intervention was one day [41], the maximum total duration for each intervention was 180 days [34, 37, 46] and the mean duration of each total intervention was 57.5 days. Whereas the remaining eight studies did not mention about total sessions, duration of each session, and total duration of each intervention [23, 25, 27, 28, 32, 42,43,44].

The providers of intervention were nursing staff in ten studies [25,26,27, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 47] a team of doctors; nurses in four studies [23, 33, 37, 43] a team of surgeons; psychologists; nurses in two studies [40, 46] experts in the field of sports [35], psychotherapist [28], counsellor [29], volunteer [30], psychologist [31], a team of anthologist; surgeon [6] and researcher [41]. The remaining other three studies did not mention the provider of intervention [24, 39, 45].

The scale used for the measurement of interventions

All studies used standardized and validated tools. The hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADs) was used in three studies [35,36,37], Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) was used by ten studies [23, 25, 33, 38,39,40, 42, 43, 45, 47] Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) was used in ten studies [23, 25, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 47],, Hamilton psychiatric rating scale for depression (HAM-D17) was used in three studies [6, 28, 46].

Psychological outcomes of interventions

There was a significant difference between anxiety and depression levels after psychological intervention (p < 0.05) in fifteen studies [23, 25, 27, 29, 33, 35,36,37,38,39, 42, 43, 45,46,47]. There was a significant difference between anxiety levels after psychological intervention (p < 0.05) in two studies [40, 41]. There was a significant difference between depression levels after psychological intervention (p < 0.05) in three studies [6, 28, 34]. There was a significant difference between anxiety, depression, and stress level after psychological intervention (p < 0.05) in one study [24].

Quality assessment of each selected study

Among those 26 reviewed studies, 13 RCTs; 12 quasi-experiment design; and 1- one group pre posttest design were included. Among 26 studies, one studies have strong rating (no weak score, all strong score) [26], 24 studies have all moderate score/ strong score (no weak score) and 1 study has weak rating with having more than two weak score [47]. (Refer to Table 3)

Table 3 Global rating of reviewed studies for quality assessment
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Meta-analysis

Among twenty-six reviewed studies, eight studies [23, 25,26,27,28, 37, 40, 46] were used in meta-analysis on the basis of most homogeneous properties. The meta-analysis evaluated the effect sizes of psychological supportive care interventions. The overall effect size was moderate-to-high (1.35), with a 95% confidence interval of 0.75 to 1.94. It suggests a statistically significant positive effect of the interventions under investigation across the included studies. However, there was some variation in the effect sizes across the studies. Three of the studies (Tong et al., 2021; Nuranna et al., 2018; and Hou et al., 2021) exhibited high effect sizes, suggesting a substantial impact of the studied factors. The other two studies (Lu et al. 2022 and Tang et al. 2022) had medium effect sizes. The low effect size observed in Liu et al. (2021) study indicates a less substantial impact—the wide confidence interval in the study by Nuranna et al. (2018) suggests substantial variability and uncertainty in the estimated effect size, which should be interpreted cautiously. The total sample size of 936 participants is relatively large for meta-analysis, enhancing the reliability of the meta-analysis. Overall, the meta-analysis suggests a moderate-to-high overall effect size for the interventions related to cervical cancer in the included studies, with some studies demonstrating a high impact. However, the wide confidence interval in one study indicates the need for further research and caution in interpreting its results. In Sum, this meta-analysis provides preliminary evidence that the interventions studied in the included research articles may have a positive effect on CC prevention or treatment. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and to determine the long-term effects of these interventions or outcomes (Refer to Table 4). The forest plot of the meta-analysis is shown in figure and it visually represents individual study effect sizes and the combined effect size (Refer to Fig. 2).

Table 4 Study used for meta-analysis
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Fig. 2
figure 2

Forest plot of psychological supportive care intervention versus conventional control in alleviating anxiety and depression symptoms

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Discussion

This systematic review aimed to identify the different types of interventions to address the psychological supportive care needs “anxiety and depression” of cervical cancer patients. Overall studies result from various countries had shown the beneficial effect of psychological supportive care intervention and revealed decrease in anxiety and depression level with the use of psychological supportive care intervention among cervical cancer patients.

In addition, the intervention had also a positive effect on quality of life, cortisol level, self-efficacy, sexual function, sleep status, and fatigue.

Our review resulted that the mean age of the respondents was 34.15 ± 10.18 to 66.7 ± 4.5 in the intervention group and between 36.57 ± 11.42 to 65.7 ± 4.1 in the control group by excluding seven studies where the mean age of the respondents did not mention. The mean and SD invite the reader to determine the normal range and think of it as covering most of the distribution of values and the presentation of SD is required in calculations of sample size for approximately normally distributed outcomes and can be used by readers in planning future studies [49].

This review found that, 61.53% of the studies used equal sample sizes in both intervention and control groups, and in other remaining studies, the sample size is larger in the intervention group than in the control group. Equal sample sizes in intervention and control groups maximize the statistical power. The reason for unequal group size is the result of simple randomization, dropouts, and planned differences in group size. Unequal sample size may affect statistical power and type I error rates. The use of larger control groups may give more power to studies looking for an effect in the mid-range but not for large or small effects [50].

This review demonstrated that, heterogeneity was found in different aspects of results: design, measurement instrument type of intervention, intervention delivery technique, duration of intervention, sessions of interventions, follow up period etc. Heterogeneity can make the sense to which the extent that the reviewed studies grasp into same population effect size. The conclusion of zero heterogeneity will come in case of observed differences do not go beyond the expected outcomes due to sampling error [51].

Our review result showed that different health education methods (such as exercise, telephone counselling, educational brochure, family education, consultation sessions, lecture presentations, Self -learning package, face-to-face interviews, medication, psychotherapy, nursing support) are effective in addressing psychological supportive care needs “anxiety and depression” of cervical cancer patients. These findings are consistent with the findings of a systematic review entitled educational interventions for cervical cancer screening [52]. As per the findings of our review traditional chines medicine was used by two for the management of psychological supportive care needs “anxiety and depression” of cervical cancer patients. The efficacy of herbal medicine was found good in a systematic and meta-analysis study among cervical cancer patients for the reduction of cervical cancer toxicity [53].

This review resulted that, the providers of intervention were nursing staff in ten studies. A review study found that nurse-led interventions improve specific cancer-related symptoms, including psychological morbidity [54].

This review showed that mindfulness-based intervention can be used for the reduction of psychological supportive care needs, “anxiety and depression”, and anxiety and depression was significantly reduced in the intervention group. Findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis study suggest that mindfulness-based stress reduction had a significant effect on depressive symptoms (P < 0.001) [55].

This review found that physical exercise interventions are useful for the reduction of psychological supportive care needs, “anxiety and depression” and anxiety and depression were significantly reduced in the intervention group. One systematic review on effects of physical exercise interventions for individuals with gynecologic cancer found that cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancer and physical exercise interventions may have beneficial effects on depression and anxiety of this patient population [56]. The findings of another systematic review on home-based aerobic and resistance exercise interventions study identified better outcomes for the reduction of anxiety and depression but there was no significant difference compared with usual care [57]. Mind-body exercise resulted a statistically significant effect on the outcomes of depression, anxiety, (p < 0.05) among cancer survivors [58]. Exercise has modest positive effects on depressive symptoms among cancer survivors with larger effects for programs that were supervised or partially supervised, not performed at home [59].

This review found that psychotherapy drug (Racemic Ketamine) without co-intervention resulted in significantly lower HAMD-17 scores than all other groups at 1 day and 3 days postoperatively among cervical cancer patients. Two meta-analysis further support the notion that psychotherapy drug (Racemic Ketamine/ ketamin) without co-intervention resulted in reduction of depression and anxiety: The effect sizes for depression severity, response and remission rates, were statistically greater for racemic ketamine than ketamine. The more effectiveness was found in higher doses than lower doses. Variances were apparent in initial effects, ongoing treatment, and lasting effects after the final dose [60]. Ketamine seems to offer fast and sustained relief from anxiety symptoms across a range of clinical settings, with anxiolytic effects occurring within the first 12 h of administration and remaining effective for one to two weeks [61].

In this review, the majority (ten) of the studies used SDS and SAS for the measurement of anxiety and depression. A result of a review on mindfulness-based stress reduction found that HADS was used as a measurement scale for anxiety and depression by the majority (eight) of the studies [55].

Most of the studies of this review did not mention about homework session. According to Kazantzis and L’Abate 2007; Lambert et al. 2007 homework are activities carried out outside of therapy for the increments of skills which helps to generalize these particular activities with the natural environment [62]. Two meta-analyses explained that greater homework engagement is associated with better treatment outcomes in depression and anxiety [63, 64].

Among twenty-six studies of this review, more than half studies just mentioned the name of the intervention and did not mention in details about the total sessions, duration and frequency of intervention. Explanation regarding details of intervention including total sessions, duration and frequency of intervention give more clear pictures to the reader, ensure that all participants had the same number of sessions and that each session was the same length and increase the quality of paper by removing methodological biasness [65].

None of the studies of this review mentioned about the intervention fidelity measurement. Fidelity is a process necessary for evaluating the efficacy of intervention approaches. Fidelity measurement watch over against deviations from, or drift in, the delivery of a targeted intervention. It also differentiates intervention approaches from each other. It ensures the accurate presentation and examination of intervention approach and prevents possibly false conclusions [66].

Studies exhibited variability in effect sizes, with some showing high (Tong et al., 2021; Nuranna et al., 2018; Hou et al., 2021) [23, 26, 28] and medium (Lu et al., 2022; Tang et al., 2022) effects [25, 37]. Liu et al. (2021) reported a low effect size [42]. A wide confidence interval in Nuranna et al.‘s (2018) study urged cautious interpretation [28].

Strengths and limitation

This is the first systematic review employed to identify the psychological intervention carried out to address psychological supportive care needs, especially anxiety, and depression. This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA) and the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration. A comprehensive and rigorous literature search was performed. RCTs, quasi-experimental, and one-group pre-posttest designs were included in the study. Selection of studies, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment was done by independent researchers. Standard tools were used for reporting review. The quality of interventional studies was evaluated EPHPP tool. The review includes studies conducted in Asia, America, Europe, and Africa with a large number of 11,638 CC patients which expands the generalizability of findings.

This study did not include the ‘grey’ literature so future studies need to survey this literature. Due to lack of access, only full-text available studies were included in this review, the studies without full text were excluded which might have caused to miss to add essential evidence in this review. The studies available in other language than English were excluded due to difficulties related to translation and funding which also might have missed the collection of relevant studies related to this review.

Due to inclusion limitation, it brings heterogeneity effect and the main areas of heterogeneity are the design, sample size, type of intervention, period of intervention, intervention provider; control group; stage of cervical cancer; and instrument of outcome. So, the general explanation of the findings should be made cautiously. The secondary outcomes such as quality of life, cortisol level, self-efficacy, sexual function, sleep status, and fatigue, were not focused in current review.

Recommendations for future research

Future studies on systematic reviews need to involve RCTs for quantifying the effectiveness of different psychological supportive care needs interventions. Moreover, future studies need to identify the effect of psychological intervention on other parameters like fatigue, pain, sleep status, and self-efficacy.

Implications for practice

Despite limitations, the results of these studies have substantial implications for addressing anxiety and depression among CC patients. Anxiety and depression are still big psychological supportive care needs among them in many countries. The integration of psychological supportive care intervention approach in their countries and effective implementation of intervention as reported from this review will help to psychological busting by reducing anxiety and depression among CC patients.

Conclusions

Psychological supportive care interventions are found in many forms like exercise, counselling, special nursing care, peer education, family education, psychotherapy, medication, etc. All types of psychological intervention are found effective for the reduction of psychological supportive care needs “anxiety and depression” among CC patients. Nurse led psychological supportive care intervention resulted in a high effectiveness of intervention. Homework session will aid in continuity of intervention.