Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide [1], with nearly 1.4 million new cases diagnosed in 2012 and 694.000 deaths [2]. There is a large geographical variation of CRC incidence, that is very high in developed countries compared with developing countries [3], but there is an increasing incidence in countries undergoing nutritional transitions [4, 5].

Several studies have provided solid evidence that lifestyle and dietary factors are likely to be the major determinants of CRC risk [6,7,8,9,10,11,12].

Milk and dairy products have the distinction of being composed of different elements; some of which could hypothetically increase the risk of certain diseases [13]; while others may decrease it [14]. In fact, the evidence that milk and calcium protect against CRC was judged as probable by an international panel of experts [12, 15, 16]. Most of these results come from North-American and European countries. Little is known about this relationship in MENA countries.

MENA countries have several common factors such as environment, culture, and some dietary habits. Furthermore, this region is incurring nutrition transition, which is associated with an increased burden of non-communicable diseases [17,18,19]. This nutrition transition is characterized by the increasing consumption of some westernized foods including dairy products [20].

There are two types of dairy products in this region: modern products which are similar to European countries as (total, semi-skimmed, and skimmed) milk, (hard, semi-hard, soft and fresh) cheese, and (double, fresh and ice) cream, and traditional products which differ by their composition. The main traditional dairy products of North African countries as well as in Middle East countries are Lben, Raib, Jben, Klila, zebda beldia, Zabadi, Karish cheese, Aoules, Tallaga cheese, Mish cheese, Domiati cheese, Rigouta, Kishk, Laban, Labaneh, Shenineh, Shenglish, Keshkeh, Akawieh, kefir and Chelal [21, 22]. All these traditional dairy products are prepared by simply allowing the raw milk to ferment spontaneously at room temperature (15° to 25 °C) for 1 to 3 days depending on the season [23]. The presence of mycotoxins, the lack of veterinary care, and the poor sanitary conditions are the biggest problems challenging public health safety of these products [21].

The consumption of dairy products in MENA region has increased during the last two decades from 30 to 150 kg/capita/year [24]. However, this increase is small when compared with the main producing countries such as India, the United States of America, China, Pakistan and Brazil [25].

The increasing incidence of CRC in this region could be related to this nutrition transition and also to the nutritional specificities of this region, including traditional dairy products which may affect the genetic mutation profile.

The present systematic review aimed at describing the associations between dairy products and CRC risk in MENA countries, based on the published scientific literature.

Methods

Search strategy

We conducted an exhaustive search for full text articles in databases, namely in: Pub Med ( http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih .gov ), Cochrane ( www.thecochranelibrary.com ), and in Clinical Trials ( clinicaltrials .gov ). We used the key words “dairy products” (any type of Milk, whole milk, skimmed milk, semi skimmed milk, milk free fat, soya milk), Cheese (hard, soft, fresh, semi hard), Yogurt, Cream (ice cream, fresh cream, double cream), “traditional dairy products” (Lben, Raib, Jben, Klila, zebda beldia, Zabadi, Karish cheese, Aoules, Tallaga cheese, Mish cheese, Domiati cheese, Rigouta, Kishk, Labaneh, Shenineh, Shenglish, Keshkeh, Akawieh, and Chelal); and “Colorectal cancer, Colon cancer, and Rectal cancer”. We have also selected the areas of “North African countries” (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia) and “Middle east countries” (Turkey, Bahrain, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen). All identified studies published until the 31st December 2016 were considered.

Inclusion criteria

The studies that were included in this review were original studies conducted among people living in the MENA region. The surveys investigated the associations between dairy products and CRC, and provided estimates of the associations, by reporting the odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) for analytical studies or means comparison and differences in the percentage for clinical trials with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or p-value. All reviewed articles were published in English or French. Ecological [26, 27], laboratory and animal [28,29,30,31] studies, and off topic studies [32,33,34,35] were excluded (Table 1). The bibliographic research took place over a period of two months.

Table 1 Characteristics of excluded studies
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Extraction data

We extracted the following data in each paper intended for reviewing: the name of the first author, the country as well as the design of study, the number of participants and the year of publication, the exposure and confounding factors, the specific characteristics and the outcomes, the main findings and the effects.

17 Relevant publications were selected first upon reading their titles and abstracts, and by reading the full texts of the chosen articles. Upon excluding ten studies which did not meet the criteria (for the most part laboratory and animal studies), only seven studies were singled out for reviewing (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

The PRISMA Diagram of the selected papers

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Quality assessment

The quality of the included studies was assessed using PRISMA guidelines [36], and they were evaluated by the following lines: the accuracy as well as the validity of the questions (answers per evidence), and the representability of the studied population. The synthesis (Table 2) reflected the strength of the findings in relation to the types of the study design [37] (level), and their methodological weaknesses (the biases and limitations of each study).

Table 2 Quality assessment of published papers on dairy products and CRC risk in the Middle East and North African countries
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Results

Seven studies were included in this review, representing five countries: Egypt, Jordan (Arafa et al., Suhad et al., and Tayyem et al.,), Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia. The study results were summarized in Table 3.

Table 3 Main results of Included Studies
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Concerning the relation between overall dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese, and Labaneh) and CRC risk, the Jordanian studies (Arafa et al., and Suhad et al.,) [38, 39] did not find any significant association.

Regarding modern dairy products, the Tunisian and the Saudi Arabian studies [40, 41] found controversial results. The Saudi Arabian study found an increased risk of CRC related to milk OR = 9.88 (95% CI: 3.80–24.65), while the Tunisian study found a decreased risk of CRC related to milk OR = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.02–0.71). Concerning cheese consumption, the Saudi Arabian study [41] found it a risk factor OR = 8 (95% CI: 1.40–45.75) only for men.

As for traditional dairy products and CRC risk, the Saudi Arabian and the Jordanian studies [41, 42] demonstrated that traditional dairy products were a risk factor. For a Jordanian study (Tayyem et al.,) [42], the consumption of labaneh was found to be associated with the risk of CRC (OR = 1.42, Ptrend = 0.038), likewise the Saudi Arabian study [41] showed that the consumption of laban, and labaneh, 4 times or above a week resulted in an increase in the CRC risk respectively Laban OR = 18.66 (95% CI: 3.06–113.86) and Labnah OR = 24 (95% CI: 1.74–330.82).

For the relationship between calcium and CRC risk, the Egyptian [43] and Israelian [44] studies found that calcium is a protective factor. For the Egyptian study, calcium rich diet was considered as a protective factor with OR = 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04–0.17). The Israelian clinical trial concluded that long-term calcium supplements and long-term dietary habits significantly suppressed rectal epithelial proliferation (REP) in adenoma patients.

Discussion

This systematic review aimed at describing the relationship between dairy products and CRC in MENA countries. Some of these included studies reported that dairy products were a protective factor for CRC; others considered them as a risk factor.

Three studies in total found that dairy products were protective factors, representing three countries in this region: Egypt, Tunisia, and Israel. Several studies found similar results and showed that milk was considered as a protective factor because of its high calcium concentration [45,46,47,48,49]. In fact, the high intake of calcium was associated with a decreased risk for CRC [50] and calcium supplements were used to prevent CRC [51]. Moreover, milk constituents other than calcium may also contribute to the anti-neoplastic activity, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory properties [52,53,54].

Saudi Arabian, and Jordanian studies [41, 42] found that dairy products including traditional ones were considered as risk factors. This result was similar to a longitudinal study which concluded that highly childhood dairy intake increased CRC risk [55]. For traditional dairy products, despite the acidic nature of these products (pH 5.0–5.5) [22] they showed a high number of indicator microorganisms [56]. This can be explained by the poor hygienic conditions in which these products were prepared, as well as the poor bacteriological quality of the raw milk used for their manufacture [22]. Furthermore, these traditional products are high in fat content [57]. Several studies showed that a high fat consumption increased the concentration of bile acid which can promote CRC [58,59,60].

In the same country Jordan, two case-control studies (Arafa et al., and Suhad et al.,) [38, 39] did not find any relationship between dairy products and the risk of CRC development. Some cohort studies showed the same results but only for total milk [61].

The results of the examined surveys are not only inconsistent and controversial, they have in addition several limitations: Some studies were conducted based on a small sample size and the controls were recruited among inpatients [40, 41] who have other diseases than cancer and have been following a diet because of them. Thus, these samples may not be representative of the targeted population.

Regarding the Egyptian study [43], it included already treated cases of CRC, which may affect the quality of the collected data in the way that patients probably, changed their diet after being diagnosed. Indeed, the study did not exclude cases and controls that followed a diet.

Moreover, dietary history was evaluated in most of these studies, by the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and during 2 years earlier to cancer as it is the case for the Egyptian study. In most cases, these FFQs were not validated and the frequency of each food consumption was calculated by a scale of two values: Rare /frequent. Thus, the quality of usable questionnaire was weak which might have led to a lack of information and precision, and might have over- or under-estimated dietary intake.

Equally important, data analysis was not always adjusted for all potential confounders as energy intake, BMI, nutrient intake, and alcohol intake. Therefore, results from these studies ought to be interpreted with caution.

The major limit of the Israelian study [44], even if it’s a prospective study, was the low number of voluntary participants, alongside with the large proportion of intervened patients who did not finish the 1 year of calcium intervention and non-intervened patients who did not comply with the 1 year rectal biopsy. This study may lack of power and its results may not apply in a similar situation.

Conclusion

This review, which is the first study in its kind in MENA countries, presented the main results about the association between CRC and dairy products in this region. The highlighted results were inconsistent, controversial, and studies had several limitations. Further studies with a best quality of methodology, are needed to address the questions about the association between CRC and dairy products in a specific context of MENA region.