Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA; OMIM [Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man] 165720) is a type of arthritis that is caused by breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of synovial joints. OA is the most common type of arthritis, with a high incidence in East Asian populations [1, 2]. Epidemiological studies have shown that OA has a strong genetic component, and several susceptibility genes for OA have been identified [3–6].

Marh and coworkers [7] examined regulatory polymorphisms in the 5' regions of the genes that potentially allow for differential expression in vivo, and they found positive association for RHOB and TXNDC3 in European Caucasians living in Germany. RHOB belongs to the family of small GTPases, and is constitutively expressed and essential in adult articular chondrocytes, but it is significantly downregulated in OA chondrocytes [7]. RHOB (ras homolog gene family, member B), the protein encoded by RHOB, is important in the induction of apoptotic cell death that occurs in response to DNA damage [8], and chondrocytes are known to undergo significant DNA damage in OA [9].TXNDC3 encodes a thioredoxin protein, and its transcripts appear to be alternatively spliced in monocytes and chondrocytes, with the chondrocyte-specific transcripts lacking exon 2 [7]. Thus, both are good candidate OA genes. However, a replication study in the UK found no association of RHOB and TXNDC3 with knee OA, even though the ethnicity and disease ascertainment were basically the same in the two studies [10].

To examine the replication of association between the RHOB and TXNDC3 SNPs and knee OA susceptibility, we conducted two case-control studies in Han Chinese and Japanese populations and a meta-analysis.

Materials and methods

A population of 955 Chinese individuals were studied; 469 (323 women and 146 men) were consecutively enrolled patients at the Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease (Drum Tower Hospital, affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University), and 486 were healthy control individuals (316 women and 170 men), who were enrolled at the Center of Physical Examination. All individuals included in the study were Han Chinese living in and around Nanjing. None dropped out during the study. In addition, a population of 750 Japanese individuals were included; 376 patients (327 women and 49 men) and 374 healthy control individuals (116 women and 258 men) who were living in and around Tokyo were recruited by participating hospitals.

Included were patients with knee OA who not only had definite signs and symptoms of OA but also had radiographic evidence of OA. All patients had pain with rest and/or night pain over 5-month period. Patients with knee diseases such as inflammatory, post-traumatic and post-septic arthritis, and skeletal dysplasia were excluded. Radiographic OA was assessed using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system [11]. Only patients with Kellgren-Lawrence grades of 2 or higher were included. More than 70% of patients had a Kellgren-Lawrence score of 3 or 4. None of the control individuals had ever exhibited any signs or symptoms of arthritis or joint diseases.

The ages of the patients and the controls (mean ± standard deviation) in the Chinese study were 58 ± 13 (range 32 to 93) years and 57 ± 12 (range 40 to 97) years, respectively. We calculated the body mass index to assess the effect of obesity. The body mass index (mean ± standard deviation) was 25 ± 4 kg/m2 for patients and 24 ± 7 kg/m2 for control individuals. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. The ages of the patients and the control individuals (mean ± standard deviation) in the Japanese study were 73 ± 7 years and 63 ± 10 years, respectively.

The study protocol was approved by the ethnical committees of the Medical School of Nanjing University, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Research Center of RIKEN, and informed consent was obtained from patients and control individuals.

Genotyping

The RHOB SNP rs585017 and TXNDC3 SNP rs4720262 [7] were genotyped by the 5-nuclease assay (Taqman) using the Mx3000P Real Time PCR System (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) or ABI 7700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The primers, probes and reaction conditions are available upon request. Genotyping was conducted by laboratory personnel who were blinded to subject status. A random 5% of the samples were subjected to repeat analysis to validate the genotyping procedures. Two authors independently reviewed the genotyping results, data entry and statistical analyses. The distributions of genotypes in all knee OA and control groups conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Statistical analysis

Standard χ2 analysis-of-contingency tables were used to compare genotype and allele distributions of RHOB and TXNDC3 in the case-control study. Differences in clinical characteristics, age, sex and body mass index between genotypes were tested by Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, or χ2 test using SPSS 12.0 system software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). We assessed association of rs585017 and rs4720262 with stratifications and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using the χ2 test. Software R was used in the meta-analysis. Genotype data from previous reports [7, 10] and our own genotype data were analyzed using the DerSimonian-Laird procedure [12], based on the random effects model. Power estimates were calculated using the software R.

Results

RHOB

The allelic frequency of the susceptible G allele of rs585017 was similar in Chinese and Japanese individuals, and was low (< 4%), unlike that in European Caucasians (> 20%) [8, 10]. No GG genotype was detected in East Asian individuals (Table 1). Positive associations with OA were found in comparisons of genotypes and alleles in Chinese men (both P = 0.02; Table 2), but these associations did not persist after Bonferroni correction, and no such association was found in Japanese individuals (Table 2). No significant association was detected in any other comparison in East Asian populations (P = 0.28 and P = 0.27 in recessive and allele modes, respectively). We had 99% and 63% power to detect odds ratios of 2.1 and 1.5 in our study.

Table 1 Genotype and allele frequencies of A/G transition SNP (rs585017) of the RHOB gene in Chinese and Japanese populations
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Table 2 Association of the A/G polymorphism of the RHOB gene with knee osteoarthritis in Chinese and Japanese populations
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TXNDC3

Frequencies of the susceptible T allele of rs4720262 were different between Chinese (9.7% in control individuals) and Japanese (14.2% in control individuals), which were significantly different from the frequency in the UK control individuals [10] (Table 3). A positive association was found only for Japanese patients versus control individuals in the comparisons of TT versus other genotypes combined (P = 0.03) and allelic frequency (P = 0.04; Table 4). No significant association was detected after stratification by sex. Because the results were mixed, we performed the meta-analysis for the four studies (first German study [7] and three replication studies) and for replication studies. No significant associations were observed in any comparison. Because marginally significant heterogeneity was detected in these analyses (Table 5), we further examined associations stratified by ethnicity. There was a significant association for TXNDC3 in East Asian populations with nonsignificant heterogeneity (P = 0.03 for CC versus CT+TT; P = 0.02 for C allele versus T allele; Table 5).

Table 3 Genotype and allele frequencies of C/T transition SNP (rs4720262) of the TXNDC3 gene in Chinese and Japanese populations
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Table 4 Association of the C/T polymorphism of the TXNDC3 gene with knee osteoarthritis in Chinese and Japanese populations
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Table 5 Meta-analysis: summary of association and heterogeneity of the TXNDC3 C/T polymorphism in knee osteoarthritis
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Discussion

In RHOB, the minor allele frequency in East Asian individuals was below 0.05 and much lower than that in European Caucasians. We could not detect a definite association with OA in East Asian individuals. A weak association was found in male Chinese when the patients were stratified by sex, but the association did not persist after correction with multiple testing, and the trend of difference was reversed in female patients. Meta-analysis also yielded negative results. More than 80% power at a significance level of 5% is desirable for a 'negative' meta-analysis [13]. Our study had adequate power if we had identified the same odds ratio as the original study [7], but we did not have sufficient power to detect an odds ratio as small as 1.5. This lack of association requires confirmation in further replication studies.

The minor allele frequencies of TXNDC3 in East Asian individuals were significantly different from those in UK control individuals. The corresponding German frequency was 13%, which was within the Asian frequency range. It appears that rs4720262 provides a good example for the variability of SNPs between different ethnicities or geographic locations. Weak associations were observed in the Chinese and Japanese populations in some comparisons. These associations did not persist after rigorous correction for multiple testing, and the meta-analysis found no associations in the analyses for all and replication studies; however, the analysis after stratification by ethnicity detected a significant association in the East Asian population. Had the meta-analysis of the East Asian study data found an absence of correlation, then it wold be possible to conclude with confidence that there is no association.

The association of TXNDC3 with knee OA was replicated in East Asian individuals, whereas a lack of association for RHOB was identified. Ethnic differences have been noted in OA susceptibility genes, especially in minor allele frequency between two genes. The association of LRCH1 in European [14] has not been replicated in Asian [15] patients, and the association for CALM1 identified in Japanese hip OA [16] has not been detected in UK Caucasian patients [17]. In ASPN, frequencies of the susceptible D14 allele differ among European patients and between European and Asian patients [18]. The association of ASPN with knee OA is found globally, but the effect of ASPN exhibits considerable ethnic differences [19]. There is a clear, global link between GDF5 and knee OA, but the effect size differs considerably between Europeans and Asian patients [5, 20]. As noted in the LRCH1 study [15], the difference in the ascertainment criteria is unlikely to account for the discrepancy. A worldwide association study along with functional studies of the susceptibility SNP should be performed to clarify the significance of TXNDC3 as an OA susceptibility gene.

Conclusion

Our study replicates the association, previously reported in European Caucasians, of TXNDC3 with knee OA susceptibility in an East Asian population.