Introduction

Chryseobacteria are a group of Gram-negative, non-fermenting, non-motile, catalase-, oxidase- and indole-positive aerobic bacilli. Chryseobacterium indologenes was first isolated from the tracheal aspirate of a patient with ventilator-associated pneumonia in 1993. Chryseobacterium species rarely cause human infections [1] but has been reported in nosocomial infections in Taiwan and rarely elsewhere [2]. In the hospital environment, C. indologenes is found in water systems, sink basins, the surfaces of equipment and wet medical devices (such as ventilators, humidifiers, and suction tubes) [3, 4]. Despite their low virulence, Chryseobacteria are inherently resistant to many antimicrobial agents including imipenem.

C. indologenes from urinary tract infection was reported in Burkina Faso, India and Spain [5–7]. In Senegal, two cases of meningitis due to Flavobacterium meningosepticum were diagnosed in the late-1970s [8], but C. indologenes has not been reported previously.

Case presentation

A 42-year-old woman of Wolofa ethnicity, who underwent eight pregnancies (of which one was aborted), with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), was admitted to our Intensive Care Unit (ICU) 1 year before this report for a tonic–clonic generalized seizure 11 days after a normal vaginal delivery (sixth child). At this date, a clinical examination showed a blood pressure of 130/70 (mmHg), a fever of 37.6°C and a tachycardia of 125 beats per minute. Her Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was 13/15 (E4M5V4) with reactive pupils and without localizing signs; her reflexes were present and normal. For biological parameters, no albumin was found in her urine or at blood level; hypernatremia of 148mEq/L, hypokalemia 2.4mEq/L, anemia 11.6g/dL, thrombocytosis of 729,000/mm3 and a leukocytosis of 123,000 white blood cells (WBC)/mL (lineage not given). After symptomatic treatment including rehydration, her GCS returned to 15/15 and her serum electrolytes normalized, she was then referred to hematology for further investigation.

The diagnosis of CML was confirmed by a myelogram and a finding of Bcr-Abl fusion positive genotype (Philadelphia chromosome) a year prior to her ICU hospitalization. She was then treated with imatinib (mesylate) 100mg (Glivec®) under a standard protocol of two tablets two times a day. This treatment continued until the beginning of her subsequent, seventh pregnancy at an unknown time.

Two months after giving birth (eighth pregnancy), she was hospitalized again (day 0), with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly type IV according to Hackett’s classification, an anemic syndrome and an infectious syndrome with a temperature of 38.8°C. Her blood count showed leukocytosis of 275,000 WBC/mL cells with 40% of blast cells, therefore an acute crisis of her CML was suspected. An abdominal ultrasound confirmed a homogeneous hepatosplenomegaly without signs of portal hypertension. Blood culture and urine culture were requested, but not performed due to lack of finance. Glivec® (imatinib) was given at a dose of 600mg per day. Empirical antibiotic therapy of ceftriaxone 2g daily was administered. It is only on day 7 that a urine sample was taken for cytology and bacteriology examination at a laboratory. She did not recover, by day 8 she was in septic shock and she subsequently died on day 10 with severe sepsis.

The urine received from the day before her death was clear with a rich bacterial flora but few cells in cytology. Microscopy showed Gram-negative bacilli. Her urine was inoculated on cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar in accordance with the usual techniques of medical bacteriology. The CLED agar grew yellow-colored, 1 to 2mm circular colonies (>107 CFU/mL) with regular margins. Similar yellow-pigmented colonies were also observed on Müller-Hinton Agar (Figure 1). The flexirubin type of pigment was confirmed by adding 1 drop of 10% sodium hydroxide solution to a bit of cell paste. The color of the colonies changed from yellow to red (Figure 1).

Figure 1
figure 1

Yellow-pigmented colonies changed from yellow to red by adding 1 drop of 10% sodium hydroxide (flexirubin).

Full size image

After culture, C. indologenes was suspected by microscopy examination and biochemical tests (Gram-negative bacilli that were non-motile, produced oxidase, catalase, and urease and indole). C. indologenes was confirmed using the Appareil et Procédés d’Identification 20NE identification system (bioMérieux, France; excellent identification % Id = 99.9 and T = 0.82). The genus Chryseobacterium was confirmed by mass spectrometry (Vitek MS matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, time-of-flight, bioMérieux) in an army teaching hospital (Figure 2). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion and dilution on microplate for minimal inhibition concentration methods using Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 for internal quality control was done and interpreted according to the Comité d’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie recommendations of 2013. This strain was susceptible to piperacillin, ceftazidime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and quinolone including nalidixic acid and resistant to cefotaxime, aztreonam, imipenem, gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, and colistin (Table 1). A test for metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) was done and the result was positive (Figure 3). Hydrolysis tests performed with imipenem (substrate) and a crude extract of a liquid medium culture of our strain, the objective being the production of beta-lactamase, by measuring the absorbance variation with a Cary 100 UV-visible spectrophotometer (Varian, Walnut Creek, CA, USA). Imipenem hydrolysis activity inhibited (>90%) after incubation with 5mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, revealed the presence of an MBL. To characterize the gene encoding MBL of the strain, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) obtained by phenol–chloroform extraction, as the template primers IND-INV/+ (5′-TTGGCAGAATATTCTTTACC) and IND-INV/– (5′-GAAAAAAAGACGGAAAAGCAAC) as described previously by Bellais and coworkers [9].

Figure 2
figure 2

Mass spectral profile.

Full size image
Table 1 In vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of the strain, and interpretation according to Comité d’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie 2013 recommendations, using Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as quality control
Full size table
Figure 3
figure 3

Evidence of metallo-β-lactamase producing resistance to imipenem with double-disc synergy test (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and imipenem).

Full size image

Discussion

Chryseobacterium is an uncommon pathogen reported to have caused hospital-acquired infection in Taiwan. Six cases have been reported in Europe, two in Australia, two in India and seven in the USA [6]. To the best of our knowledge, this case report of C. indologenes infection is the second in Africa, the first was described in Burkina Faso in 2009 [5].

The pathogenicity of C. indologenes is not well established, however, it is already known that biofilm and proteases production are important mechanisms involved in its virulence [10]. Chryseobacterium is often encountered in water, soil and plants. Resistant to chlorination, it is found in the hospital environment at water systems and on medical equipment. Colonization of patients via contaminated medical devices involving fluids such as respirators, intubation tubes, humidifiers, and incubators for newborns has been reported [10]. The rehabilitation of our Department of Internal Medicine just after the death of our patient, has not allowed us to take environmental samples to investigate the source of infection.

The associated infections involve the blood stream, pneumonia, intra-abdominal and urinary tract [6, 7, 11] and the main risk factors are oncological disease, long hospital stays and prolonged antibiotic treatment (>14 days) [10–12]. Our patient had CML, which evolved into an acute leukemia and she was hospitalized with infectious syndrome. A blood culture was requested but it was not done due to lack of financial resources. Clinical data allow us to state that she died of septicemia; however, the isolation of the bacterium only in her urine does not allow us to confirm that it is responsible, although urinary tract infection criteria are met. Nevertheless, it is possible that the bacterium was responsible for septicemia due to her immunocompromised state; several cases of bacteremia due to C. indologenes have been published [11]. The majority of the cases reported in the literature with infections caused by C. indologenes had critical diseases and, frequently, polymicrobial infections.

Only 0.03% (50 of 155,811) of all bacterial isolates collected by the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program [13] during the 5-year period 1997 to 2001 were members of the genera Chryseobacterium or Elizabethkingia (formerly Chryseobacterium), the most frequent organisms being Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (formerly Chryseobacterium meningosepticum), C. indologenes and Chryseobacterium gleum[14]. All 50 isolates were from hospitalized patients, and the vast majority was recovered from either the lower respiratory tract (52.0%) or blood cultures (46.0%). Among the isolates from bloodstream infections, 30.4% were C. indologenes.

According to the results of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, the antimicrobials most active against C. indologenes are the quinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (≥95% susceptibility), followed by piperacillin-tazobactam (90% susceptibility). Ciprofloxacin, cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin, and rifampin showed reasonable activity (85% susceptibility), whereas aminoglycosides, other β-lactams, chloramphenicol, linezolid, and glycopeptides are not appropriate for treating infections by this organism [13]. The strain was found to be resistant to imipenem (minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs, ≥32μg/mL) due to MBL (class B) production and susceptible to piperacillin (MICs 16μg/mL), cefepime (MICs 4μg/mL), ceftazidime (MICs 4μg/mL) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (MICs ≤0.25μg/mL) and all quinolones including nalidixic acid (MICs ≤2μg/mL). It is also resistant to ceftriaxone (MICs 32μg/mL), used as empirical antibiotic therapy for our patient. Our strain seemed to be less resistant than C. indologenes 597 (IND-6) of Burkina Faso according to MIC of imipenem (≥32μg/mL versus ≥64μg/mL) and quite more resistant than C. indologenes NF 16 (CDC group IIb, IND-5) (≥32μg/mL versus 32μg/mL). Several species of Flavobacteriaceae, including C. indologenes, are naturally resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (including carbapenems) due to production of a resident MBL (class B) IND-1 for indologenes [9]. Seven variants of MBL (class B; IND-1 to IND-6 and IND-2a) have been detected in C. indologenes. A new IND-type variant named IND-7 has also been recently reported from Japan (2010) in a C. indologenes isolate [15]. Nonspecific bands obtained by PCR-IND for our strain can be explained by the sequence heterogeneity at the 5′ and 3′ extremities of the MBL gene, which made unsuccessful direct amplification with consensus primers designed to amplify all known IND-like MBL genes. An inverse PCR approach to obtain the complete sequence of the bla IND of our strain is in progress.

Conclusions

C. indologenes although uncommon, is an important pathogen causing infection in hospitalized patients. The management of this infection needs better identification, susceptibility testing and monitoring of immunocompromised patients with long hospital stays. In addition, this report showed the necessity to survey environmental bacteria that could cause hospital-acquired infection.

Consent

The signed written consent of the husband of the deceased patient was obtained for publication of this case report and the accompanying images after explaining the interest of this publication. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Endnote

aAn ethnic group in Senegal, West Africa.