Introduction

Infliximab treatment has recently emerged as a safe and effective method of inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn’s disease [1–3], but the immunosuppression sometimes results in unexpected complications, such as infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sepsis, severe pneumonia, severe liver dysfunction, and leucopenia. Among the potential complications, a liver abscess is critical, with a higher incidence than that in the general population (114 to 297 per 100,000) [4].

Here, we report a case of a large solitary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) liver abscess localized in Couinaud’s segment 8 in a patient with Crohn’s disease under infliximab treatment, which was successfully resected and cured by anatomic liver resection following medical and interventional treatment failure.

Case presentation

A 31-year-old Japanese man undergoing infliximab treatment for Crohn’s disease was admitted to our hospital with high fever and pain in the right upper abdominal region. He was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease 15 years ago when he had presented with an anal fistula, which was stable without resistant abscess for five years. Due to gradual exacerbation of the disease, he underwent an ileocecal resection with an ileostomy, and subsequent abscess drainage around the stoma 10 years ago. A second operation for ileal stenosis was performed with a partial ileum resection and a new ileostomy six years before the admission. He had not been treated with methylprednisolone, but underwent infliximab treatment two years before the admission to induce remission because of further exacerbation of the disease. Infliximab (five mg/kg) was administered every eight weeks for nine times, successfully suppressing the disease. The last infusion of infliximab was administered two months before referral to our department.

On admission, his mean arterial pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and respiratory rate were 76mmHg, 78/minute, 39.3°C, and 16/minute, respectively. After admission, his fever spiked up to 40°C each day, however, his circulatory and respiratory condition was stable without vasopressor treatment or oxygen administration. Laboratory data revealed severe inflammation with a white blood cell count of 20400/μL with 80% neutrophils, a serum C-reactive protein level of 25.0mg/dL, a serum fibrin degradation products level of 26μg/mL, and a serum D-dimer level of 11.6μg/mL. His liver function was slightly impaired with increased aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels (87IU/L and 149IU/L, respectively); however, no other organ impairment was observed. The results of the arterial blood culture and serum anti-ameba shigella dysenteriae antibody tests were negative. Abdominal ultrasonography and abdominal computed tomography on admission revealed a huge heterogeneous lesion in the liver, 50mm in diameter, occupying Couinaud’s segment 8 (Figure 1A).

Figure 1
figure 1

Computed tomography images of the lesion. A) Cystic heterogeneous lesion in segment 8 of the right liver lobe, with a partly liquefied component. B) Axial images showing a rim-enhancing lesion suggestive of residual liver abscess after drainage and vancomycin treatment. C) Axial images showing a rim-enhancing lesion suggestive of residual liver abscess after drainage with a larger tube and teicoplanin treatment.

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An eight-French scale (Fr) percutaneous transhepatic abscess drainage (PTAD) tube was inserted and the patient received intravenous sulbactam sodium and cefoperazone sodium (four g/day) and subsequent meropenem (four g/day). The first microbial culture of the pus that drained from the PTAD revealed MRSA and Escherichia coli. MRSA was confirmed in MRSA screening agar. The minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin was one mg/L. Therefore vancomycin (one g/day) was started and continued for eight days, but the patient’s fever and laboratory and radiographic findings did not improve (Figures 1B and 1C). Vancomycin was then changed to teicoplanin with an initial dose of 400mg/day and a maintenance dose of 200mg/day maintaining the target trough level at 11 to 13μg/mL. Additional interventional treatment with placement of another larger (12Fr) PTAD tube was performed, which failed to relieve the liver abscess, and the size of the abscess increased to 60mm in diameter on the follow-up computed tomography scan (Figure 1C). During the course, additional blood cultures were taken twice and an abscess culture was performed which resulted negative for bacteremia but positive for MRSA abscess. Without any improvement in the patient’s general condition and clinical findings after seven days of teicoplanin treatment with additional interventional treatments, we decided to perform urgent radical resection of the abscess. Under general anesthesia, a liver resection of segment 8 was performed through an inverted T-shaped incision on day 30 after admission.

Meticulous guidance by intraoperative ultrasonography allowed us resection of segment 8 without exposing the abscess cavity. The operating time and intra-operative blood loss were 510 minutes and 900mL, respectively. A pathologic examination revealed a liver abscess, 65×45×36mm in size, weighing 200g, composed of irregular necrosis with epithelioid and fibrotic formations in a surrounding palisading pattern (Figure 2). The patient’s temperature returned to normal and the laboratory data also normalized immediately after the operation. The patient received intravenous teicoplanin and meropenem for seven more days after surgery. After that, 500mg/day of ciprofloxacin was administered orally. The postoperative course was uneventful, except for intravenous hyperalimentation catheter-related Candida parapsilosis, which was successfully treated with fluconazole. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 41. The treatment course of the patient is summarized in Figure 3 with the changes in the laboratory data. So far, no evidence of recurrent liver abscess or Crohn’s disease progression has been observed in the four months after the resection, with oral administration of three g/day of PENTASA® (mesalamine) and 500mg/day of ciprofloxacin.

Figure 2
figure 2

Resected portion of the liver demonstrating liver abscess, which was positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on culture.

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Figure 3
figure 3

Clinical course with changes in the laboratory data. Abbreviations: CLDM, clindamycin; CPFX, ciprofloxacin; MEPM, meropenem; PTAD, percutaneous transhepatic abscess drainage; SBT/CPZ, sulbactam sodium and cefoperazone sodium; TEIC, teicoplanin; WBC, white blood cell counts; CRP, C-reactive protein.

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Discussion

Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is uncommon with an incidence of 0.5% to 0.8%, accounting for 15 per 100,000 hospital admissions, but it is an important entity due to the potential lethality [5]. Currently, the most common cause of PLA is biliary tract disease, including cholelithiasis, benign and/or malignant biliary strictures, and congenital anomalies of the biliary tree, reported to account for 37% of cases [6, 7]. Appendicitis, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and perforated hollow viscera are possible sources of septic emboli. Hematogenous dissemination of causative organisms in association with systemic bacteremia, for example from endocarditis or pyelonephritis, is a rare cause of PLA. The bacteriology of a PLA is polymicrobial, with Klebsiella, group D Streptococcus, E. coli, and Bacteroides. Although recovery of S. aureus from PLA with conservative therapy occurs in approximately 4% of cases, that of MRSA is rare [6].

Inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn’s disease, are associated with frequent portal venous bacteremia due to disruption of the bowel barrier, which easily results in bacterial translocation [8]. In addition, the well-known complications of Crohn’s disease, such as fistulization, perforation, and intra-abdominal abscess formation could predispose patients to the development of microbial invasion of the portal venous system and seeding of the hepatic parenchyma [9]. Thus, Crohn’s disease is associated with various hepatobiliary disorders, including pericholangitis, sclerosing cholangitis, granulomatous hepatitis, and cholelithiasis [10], but the development of PLA is rare, with only 47 reported cases in the English literature [8, 9, 11–13]. Many authors have pointed out that not only bowel inflammation itself but also treatment with steroids or infliximab, malnutrition, and the underlying immunologic impairment of patients with Crohn’s disease might have a role in developing PLA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a MRSA liver abscess developing in a patient with Crohn’s disease under infliximab treatment. In this particular case, the Crohn’s disease itself was well suppressed with successful remission induced after nine infusions of infliximab. In addition, a colon and intestinal examination before discharge revealed almost normal mucosa without any symptoms. It is also well-accepted that an immunocompromised condition plays a critical role in developing PLA [5, 14]. All these findings led us to speculate that the immunosuppressive state under infliximab treatment might have played a critical role in the development of the MRSA liver abscess in the present case, considering the documented association between cytokine inhibition by infliximab and infection [13, 15–17].

Systemic parenteral antimicrobial therapy with broad spectrum antibiotics remains the mainstay primary treatment of PLA. The regimen must be altered to target specific organisms isolated from the abscess aspirate [5]. An abscess larger than three cm in diameter is generally required to be drained [17]. The image-guided percutaneous technique is a standard treatment of drainage [7]. Nevertheless, there remains a role for open or laparoscopic surgical intervention in the management of PLA with the documented indication as follows: no clinical response after four to seven days of percutaneous drainage; multiple, large, or loculated abscess; thick-walled abscess with viscous pus; and concomitant intra-abdominal surgical pathology [5, 16, 18, 19]. Some authors have reported the efficacy and safety of emergent surgical drainage or resection [9, 10, 14, 20, 21].

Because of its rarity, it is unclear whether PLA caused by S. aureus (or MRSA) follows a different or more severe clinical course than PLA caused by enteric flora. The aggressive nature of the present PLA might validate the decision to perform surgery. Considering that few cases of surgical resection of PLA [15] have been reported, the necessity of anatomic resection of PLA including the surrounding parenchyma might be a matter of debate, but the satisfactory course of the present case after resection justifies our decision.

However, there were some critical flaws in our management of this case. First, an expert panel has recently recommended the selection of daptomycin or linezolid as a second- or even first-line treatment for serious MRSA infection [22]. Considering that the crucial points for the treatment of a patient with severe infection are prompt resuscitation management, adequate source control, and proper antibiotic therapy, the way we selected the antibiotic could be criticized as inappropriate in this case. Second, the operative procedure, anatomic segment 8 resection, took too long, which might have burdened some unnecessary stress on the patient. Yet, we would still like to emphasize that the conversion to surgical removal without delay seems crucial in a case with a complicated severe abscess as in the present patient.

Conclusion

Here we reported a case of a MRSA liver abscess in a patient under infliximab treatment for Crohn’s disease. Resection of a liver abscess could be an option for refractory PLA.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.