1 Introduction

The notion of the pseudo-orbits very often appears in several branches of the modern theory of dynamical system. For instance, the pseudo-orbit property (shadowing property) usually plays an important role in stability theory In this article, we consider the asymptotic average shadowing property, which was introduced in Gu [1], is a special version of the shadowing property We find a relation between the stably asymptotic average shadowing property (on manifold) and the dominated splitting structure on the vector bundle. In differentiable dynamical system, dominated splitting on the vector bundle is a nature generalization of hyperbolicity and is investigated by many mathematicians [211].

Here we denote M a closed n-dimensional smooth manifold, and let Diff(M) be the space of diffeomorphisms of M endowed with the C1-topology. Denote by d the distance on M induced from a Riemannian metric ||⋅|| on the tangent bundle TM. Let f ∈ Diff(M). A sequence { x i } i = - in M is called an asymptotic average pseudo orbit of f if

lim n 1 2 n i = - n n - 1 d ( f ( x i ) , x i + 1 ) = 0 .

An asymptotic average pseudo orbit {x i }i∈ℤis said to be asymptotically shadowed in average by the point z if

lim n 1 2 n i = n n 1 d ( f i ( z ) , ( x i ) = 0.

Given an invariant set Λ of f, we say f has the asymptotic average shadowing property on Λ if for any asymptotic pseudo orbit {x i }i∈ℤ, there exist a point z ∈ Λ which asymptotically shadows {x i }i∈ℤ.

Let f ∈ Diff(M), and let Λ be a closed f-invariant set. We say that Λ is locally maximal if there is a compact neighborhood U of Λ such that n ∈ℕ fn (U) = Λ. Now we can introduce a notion of C1-stably the asymptotic average shadowing property on a locally maximal invariant set.

Definition 1.1 Let Λ be a locally maximal invariant set of f ∈ Diff(M). We say that f has the Cl-stably asymptotic average shadowing property on Λ, ( or Λ is Cl-stably asymptotic average shadowable with respect to f ) if there are a compact neighborhood U of f and a Cl-neighborhood U ( f ) of f such that Λ = Λ f (U) = n ∈ℤ fn(U) (locally maximal), and for any g U ( f ) , g | Λ g ( U ) has the asymptotic average shadowing property, where Λ g (U) = n ∈ℤ gn(U) is the continuation of Λ.

Let Λ ⊂ M be an f-invariant closed set. We say that Λ admits a dominated splitting if the tangent bundle TΛM has a continuous Df-invariant splitting EF and there exist constants C > 0 and 0 < λ < 1 such that

D x f n | E ( x ) . D x f n | F ( f n ( x ) ) C λ n

for all x ∈ Λ and n ≥ 0.

The following remark gives an equivalent definition of dominated splitting.

Remark 1.2 Let Λ be a closed f-invariant set. A splitting TΛM = EF is called a l-dominated splitting for a positive integer l if E and F are Df-invariant and

D f l | E ( x ) / m ( D f l | F ( x ) ) 1 2 ,

for all x ∈ Λ, where m(A) = inf{||||: ||υ|| = 1} denotes the minimum norm of a linear map A.

Now we can state main results of this article.

Theorem 1.3 Let Λ be a closed set of f ∈ Diff(M). Then C1-generically, if f has the C1-stably asymptotic average shadowing property on Λ then it admits a dominated splitting.

Theorem 1.4 Let Λ be a transitive set. If f has the C1-stably asymptotic average shadowing property on Λ then it admits a dominated splitting.

2 Proof of theorems

Theorems 1.3 and 1.4 are all base on the following proposition:

Proposition 2.1 Let Λ be a closed locally manximal invariant set of f, if f has the C1-stably asymptotic average shadowing property on Λ, and there exist a sequence g n goes to f and periodic orbits P n of g n which converges to Λ in Hausdorff limits, then Λ admits a dominated splitting.

Firstly, we give the notation of pre-sink (resp. pre-source) which prevent the stably asymptotic average shadowing property. A periodic point p of f is called a pre-sink (resp. pre-source) if Dfπ(p)(p) has a multiplicity one eigenvalue with modulus 1 and the other eigenvalues has norm strictly less than 1 (resp. bigger than 1).

Lemma 2.2 Let Λ be a closed set of f. Suppose that f has the C1-stably asymptotic average shadowing property. Let U and U ( f ) be given in the Definition 1.1, then for any g U ( f ) , g has neither pre-sink nor pre-sources with the orbit staying in U.

Proof. We prove the lemma by contradiction. Assume that there is g U ( f ) such that g has a pre-sink p with Orb(p) ⊂ U.

By the Franks' Lemma, we can linearize g at p with respect to the exponential coordinates exp p , i.e., after an arbitrarily small perturbation, we can get a diffeomorphism g 1 U ( f ) such that there is ϵ1 > 0 small enough with B ε 1 ( Orb ( p ) ) U such that

g 1 | B 1 ( g i ( p ) ) = exp g i + 1 ( p ) D g i ( p ) g exp g i ( p ) 1 | B 1 ( g i ( p ) ) ,

for any 0 ≤ i ≤ π(p) - 1.

Since p is pre-sink of g, D p gπ(p)has a multiplicity one eigenvalue such that | λ| = 1 and other eigenvalues of D p gπ(p)have moduli less than 1. Denote by E p c the eigenspace corresponding to λ, and E p s the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalues with modulus less than 1. Thus T p M= E p c E p s . If λ ∈ ℝ then dim E p c =1, and if λ ∈ ℂ then dim E p c =2.

At first, we consider the case dim E p c =1. For simplicity, we suppose that λ = 1, and g 1 π ( p ) ( p ) =p. The case of λ = -1 can be proved similarly. Since the eigenvalue λ = 1, there is a small arc p B ε 1 ( p ) exp p ( E p c ( ε 1 ) ) centered at p such that g 1 π ( p ) | p is the identity map. Here E p c ( ε 1 ) is the ϵ1-ball in E p c center at the origin O p .

There exist D > 0 such that for any zB D (p), there exists x p such that g 1 n π ( p ) ( z ) xas n → ∞. Take two distinct points a,b p such that d(a, b) = D/4.

We construct an asymptotic average pseudo orbit of g1 as follows.

x - i = g 1 - i a , x 0 = a , x 1 = g 1 ( a ) , , x π ( p ) - 1 = g 1 π ( p ) - 1 a , x π ( p ) = b , , x ( 2 k - 2 ) π ( p ) = a , x ( 2 k - 2 ) π ( p ) + 1 = g 1 ( a ) , , x ( 2 k + 2 k - 1 - 2 ) π ( p ) - 1 = g 1 - 1 a , x ( 2 k + 2 k - 1 - 2 ) π ( p ) = b , , x ( 2 k + 1 - 2 ) π ( p ) - 1 = g 1 - 1 ( b ) , .

One can easily check that ξ = {x i }i∈ℤis an asymptotic average pseudo orbit of g1.

Since g1 has the asymptotic average shadowing property on Λ g 1 ( U ) , we can find a point z such that the point z is shadows ξ = {x i }i∈ℤin asymptotic average, i.e.,

lim n 1 2 n i = - n n - 1 d ( g 1 i ( z ) , x i ) = 0 .

It is easy to see that there is n0 > 0 such that g 1 n 0 ( z ) B D ( p ) . Hence there exists a point x p such that g 1 n π ( p ) + n 0 ( z ) x, as n → ∞. From the choice of a, b and the fact that g 1 π ( p ) | p =Id, we have

lim n 1 n i - 0 n - 1 d ( g 1 i ( z ) , x i ) = lim n 1 n i = 0 n - 1 d ( g 1 i - n 0 ( x ) , x i ) > 0 .

This is a contradiction.

Finally, we consider the case dim E p c =2. There is a disk D p B ε 1 ( p ) exp p ( E p c ( ε 1 ) ) centered at p such that g 1 π ( p ) | D p is a rotation. Note that D consists of g 1 π ( p ) -invariant circles. We take a and b in different circles. Then by similar arguments as above, we get the contradiction. We omit the details and finish the proof here.

Let GL(n) be the group of linear isomorphisms of ℝn. A sequence ξ : ℤ → GL(n) is called periodic if there is k > 0 such that ξ j +k= ξ j for k ∈ ℤ. We call a finite subset A= { ξ i : 0 i k - 1 } GL ( n ) is a periodic family with period k. For a periodic family A= { ξ i : 0 i n - 1 } , we denote C A = ξ n - 1 ξ n - 2 ξ 0 .

Definition 2.3 We say that the periodic family A= { ξ i : 0 i n - 1 } admits an l-dominated splitting, if there is a splittingn= EF which satisfies:

(a) E and F are C A invariant, i.e., C A ( E ) =E and C A ( F ) =F,

(b) For any k = 0,1,2,...,

ξ k + l - 1 ξ k + 1 ξ k | E k m ( ξ k + l - 1 ξ k 1 ξ k | F k ) 1 2 ,

where E k = ξ k- 1ξ k- 2 ○ ⋯ ○ ξ0(E) and F k = ξ k- 1ξ k- 2 ○ ⋯ ○ ξ0(F).

We know the following theorems for periodic family from [4] which is useful for our result.

Theorem 2.4 Given any ϵ > 0 and K > 0, there is positive integers n2 0 and l ≥ 0 which satisfies the following property: given any periodic family A= { ξ i : 0 i n - 1 } which satisfies the period n ≥ n2 and max ξ i , ξ i - 1 K, for all i = 0,1,...,n-1, if A does not admits any l-dominated splitting, then one can find a periodic family = { ζ 0 , ζ 1 , . . . , ζ n - 1 } such that max ζ i - ξ i , ζ i - 1 - ξ i - 1 <εfor any i = 0,1,...,n-1, and det ( C A ) =det ( C ) and the eigenvalues of C are all real, and have same modulus.

To prove Theorem 2.4, we need another lemma about uniformly contracting family. Let A= { ξ i : 0 i k - 1 } GL ( n ) be a periodic family. We say the sequence A is uniformly contracting family if there is a constant δ > 0 such that for any δ-perturbation of A are sink, i.e., for any = { ξ i : 0 i k - 1 } with ||ζ i - ζ i || < δ, all eigenvalue of C have moduli less than 1. Similarly, we can define the uniformly expanding periodic family. The following theorem is well known.

Theorem 2.5 [12] For any δ > 0 and K > 0, there are constants C > 0,0 < λ < 1 and positive integer m such that if A= { A 0 , A 1 , . . . , A n - 1 } is a uniformly contracting periodic family which satisfies

max A i , A i - 1 < K

for any i = 0,1,...,n - 1 and n > m, then

j = 0 k - 1 i = 0 m - 1 A i + m j C λ k ,

where k = [n/m].

Now we return to our main proposition, the Proposition 2.1. Let P n be given as in

Proposition 2.1. Choose p n P n , then we get a linear map sequence

A n = { D p n f , D f ( p n ) f , , D f π ( p n ) - 1 ( p n ) f } .

Lemma 2.6 [[10], Lemma 3.2.] If Λ is not a periodic orbit and A n is given in above. Then for any ϵ > 0 there exists an n0(ϵ) > 0 such that for any n > n0(ϵ), A n is neither ϵ-uniformly contracting nor ϵ-uniformly expanding.

Since the proof is essentially the same as that of [10], we omit the proof here. From the above lemma and main conclusion of [4], one can get the following lemma. The proof of the following can be found in [10].

Lemma 2.7 [[10], Lemma 3.3.] Let Λ, g n and P n be given as in the assumption of Proposition 2.1. Then for any ϵ > 0 there are n(ϵ),l(ϵ) > 0 such that for any n > n(ϵ) if P n does not admit an l(ϵ) dominated splitting, then one can find g n C1ϵ-close g n and preserving the orbit of P n such that P n is pre-sink or pre-source respecting g n .

From the above lemmas and the next property of dominated splitting, we can get Proposition 2.1.

Lemma 2.8 [[3], Lemma 1.4.] Let g n converges to f and if Λ n be a closed g n -invariant set such that the Hausdorff limit of Λ n equal to Λ. If Λ g n ( U ) admits a l-dominated splitting respecting g n , then Λ admits an l-dominated splitting respecting f.

Now we can get our Theorems 1.3 and 1.4, Theorem 1.3 follows two results:

Lemma 2.9 [1, 13] Let Λ be a closed set of f ∈ Diff(M). If f has the asymptotic average shadowing property on Λ then Λ is a chain transitive set.

The following Lemma is in [14].

Lemma 2.10 There is a residual set GDi ( M ) such that for any fG, a compact f-invariant set Λ is a chain transitive set if and if Λ is a sequence {P n } of periodic orbits of f with the Hausdorff topology.

Theorem 1.4 follows the result:

Lemma 2.11 [[11], Corollary 2.7.1.] Let Λ be a transitive set. Then there are a sequence {g n } of diffeomorphism and a sequence {P n } of periodic orbits of g n with period π(P n ) → ∞ such that g n → f in the Cl-topology and P n H Λ as n → ∞, where → H is the Hausdorff limit, and π(P n ) is the period of P n .