Background

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is characterized by the presence of rare neoplastic Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells embedded in an inflammatory background of nonmalignant cells [1, 2]. The mechanisms of how HRS cells survive in this inflammatory milieu remain controversial and the identification of specific antigens restricted to the HRS cells is crucial for the development of new treatment strategies, augmenting host antitumor immunological response.

Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are considered potential candidates for antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy due to their particular characteristics of high immunogenicity with no or highly restricted expression in normal tissues (testis and placenta) [3]. There are more than 100 CTA genes reported in the literature to date [4] but biological function of most CTAs remains poorly understood. Recent studies have provided some evidence that CTAs may have antiapoptotic properties rather than regulating cell proliferation or adhesion in cancer [5–12] and it could explain the persistence of minimal residual disease in some malignancies, even in cHL, where the potential of cure is very high. The frequency of CTA expression is highly variable among different tumor types. Melanoma, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer are considered tumors with high frequency of CTA expression, while hematopoietic malignancies, renal, colon and pancreatic cancers, are considered tumors with low frequency of CTA expression [3]. Some exceptions to this observation among hematopoietic malignancies are the high expression of CT7/MAGE-C1 in multiple myeloma [13, 14], and CT45 in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) [15, 16]. Studies correlating CTA expression with clinicopathological features in different tumor types have demonstrated the association of CTA positivity with higher tumor grade, advanced stage or metastatic disease and worse clinical outcome [13, 17–25].

Considering that the available information about CTA expression in cHL is scarce and heterogeneous regarding methods and samples, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression against a broad panel of CTAs in cHL tissue samples to evaluate their potential as prognostic markers and candidates for immunotherapeutic approach in cHL patients.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all cases of cHL diagnosed between 2004 and 2008 at the University Hospital São Paulo. Medical records from 38 adult patients (> 18 years) with cHL were reviewed and information on sex, age at diagnosis, Ann Arbor clinical stage, laboratory results, treatment used and response were retrieved. The response to primary treatment was classified according to the International Workshop criteria [26]. Patients treated with radiotherapy alone as first-line therapy and with positive HIV serology were excluded from this study. For this study, only cHL patients with tumors whose histology could be confirmed by hemopathologist re-review and paraffin blocks with enough material for tissue microarray (TMA) construction could be retrieved were studied. Sufficient data was obtained from 38 patients. All patients received ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine) chemotherapy protocol and had locally extensive or advanced stage disease at diagnosis. Locally extensive disease was defined by clinical stages I-II-A/B (Ann Arbor Staging System) with massive mediastinal adenopathy (mass > 1/3 maximum intrathoracic diameter on standing postero-anterior chest x-rays), and advanced disease defined as stages III-IV. Determination of EBV-association in tumor biopsies was done by immunohistochemistry for latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) following previously established procedures [27]. Samples from a known EBV-related cHL served as a positive control in each run.

This research was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of our Institution according to the Declaration of Helsinki (0998/07), and all patients provided written informed consent.

Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues of 38 cHL were obtained from the archives of the Department of Pathology, Hospital São Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil. All HL cases were classified according to WHO classification for hematologic malignancies [28] as cHL. 25 (65.8%) cases were classified as nodular sclerosis subtype, 9 (23.7%) as mixed cellularity, 2 (5.3%) as lymphocyte predominant and 2 (5.3%) were unclassified. Table 1 summarizes the clinical data of these patients. Slides from all cases were reviewed and representative blocks were chosen for tissue microarray.

Table 1 Clinical data of Hodgkin's lymphoma patients (n = 38).
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Two core-needle biopsies (1.0 mm diameter) from tumor representative areas of each HL case were obtained and then re-embedded in an array master block using techniques originally developed by Kononen et al. [29] and then modified by Hedvat et al. [30] and Beecher Instruments (Sun Prairie, WI, USA) arraying device.

The mAbs used for immunohistochemistry are listed in Table 2 [22, 31–38]. The evaluation of MAGE-A family expression was done using a "MAGE-A cocktail" containing the following antibodies: MA454, M3H67, 57B and 6C1, that allowed an overview of MAGE-A family (MAGE-A1, MAGE-A2, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A6 MAGE-A10 and MAGE-A12) expression in HL.

Table 2 Monoclonal antibodies used in immunohistochemical analyses.
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Testis with preserved spermatogenesis was used as positive controls and reactive lymph nodes and tonsils samples were used as negative controls for all antibodies.

Associations between the variables were tested by the Pearson Chi-Square Test (X2). Mann-Whitney test was used to perform mean comparisons. A p value lower than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

The majority of patients presented advanced disease and B symptoms at diagnosis. We found a strong correlation between anti-LMP1 identification on HRS cells and response to ABVD regimen, with all 21 EBV-negative patients achieving complete response (CR) and only 9/17 (52.9%) of EBV-positive patients achieving CR (p < 0.001). None of other clinical subgroups presented statistical significant difference in treatment response, as demonstrated on Table 3.

Table 3 Hodgkin's lymphoma treatment response analysis.
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Due to the low overall CTA expression in cHL TMA, positivity was not graduated, and the samples were analyzed as positive (any degree of positivity) or negative. Figure 1 demonstrates three nodular sclerosis cHL samples stained for CT7. Sample (A) shows diffuse positivity, sample (B) is focally positive and sample (C) is a negative case.

Figure 1
figure 1

Immunohistochemical staining of three different nodular sclerosis cHL samples using an anti-CT7 antibody (CT7-33). (A) Diffuse positivity. (B) Focal positivity. (C) Negative staining for CT7-33; ×400.

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Eight (21.1%) of 38 cHL cases expressed at least one CTA, being 6/25 nodular sclerosis and 2/9 mixed cellularity. Among the 8 positive cases, 6/20 were female and 2/18 male. Despite the difference found in CTA expression between early (11.8%) and advanced stage (28.6%) disease, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.195). None of the other clinical subgroups of cHL according to histological subtypes, EBV status and response to treatment also presented statistically significant difference in CTA expression, as demonstrated on Table 4. Among the tested CTAs, only MAGE-A family 7/38 (18.4%) and MAGE-C1/CT7 5/38 (13.2%) were positive in our cHL samples. CT10/MAGE-C2, GAGE and NY-ESO-1 were negative in all samples. Four of these samples were positive for both CTAs.

Table 4 Hodgkin's lymphoma CTA expression analysis.
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Discussion and conclusions

In our study, the majority of cases had B symptoms (68.4%) and advanced disease (65.7%) at diagnosis, as seen in other developing countries. The positivity for EBV was 44.7% in our cohort of cHL. According to literature, the incidence of EBV-related cHL is highly variable among different populations and higher EBV positivity has seen in underdevelopment countries compared to developed ones. In previous studies, Oliveira et al. and Vassallo et al. found EBV positivity in 52.5% and 64.1% of Brazilian cHL patients respectively [39, 40]. The prognostic significance of EBV expression is controversial, but the correlation of EBV positivity and poorer outcome has been described in some studies [41]. The difference of treatment failure rate between EBV positive (47.1%) and EBV negative patients (0%) was statistically significant (p < 0.001) in our cohort.

Using our panel, we found expression of CTAs in 21.1% of cHL patients. MAGE-A family was positive in 18.4% and MAGE-C1/CT7 in 13.2% of samples. Despite the availability of few studies evaluating the expression of CTAs in cHL to date, our findings are in agreement with most of studies that evaluated the expression of same CTAs in cHL using RT-PCR or immunohistochemical analysis. Expression of MAGE-A family in cHL was evaluated by Chambost et al. [42] and it was positive in 28% of cHL samples using RT-PCR and in 21% cHL tissue sections using immunohistochemistry with an anti-MAGE-A4 antibody. Recently, Chen et al. [15] described the expression of CT45 in cHL and other B-cell lymphomas. They found expression of CT45 in 58% of cHL by immunohistochemistry. A previous study published by Heidebrecht et al. [16] also described the expression of CT45 in 55% of pediatric and adolescent cHL using immunohistochemistry, reinforcing CT45 as one of the most promising CTA to be explored in cancer vaccine trials for cHL to date. Unfortunately, CT45 could not be included in our immunohistochemistry panel because specific antibodies were not commercially available, neither at Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research - NY, our collaborating center at the time of this study. Another CTA family whose expression pattern was studied in cHL was SSX. Colleoni et al. [43] found positivity of SSX family in 15.6% of 32 cHL samples. In summary, except for CT45, the available studies suggest an overall positivity for other CTA families tested in cHL of about 10% to 30%. We found a tendency to a higher CTA expression among advanced stage disease compared to early stage disease in our cHL samples as described in literature [13, 17–25], but the difference did not reach statistical significance.

Therefore, our results emphasize the importance of studying CTAs expression in a Brazilian set of patients. We acknowledge the fact that our small sample size may have influenced these results, and larger studies are warranted. However, our results point toward a relationship between CTA expression and disease severity.

Further studies investigating CTA expression on HRS cells and how they can elicit humoral and cytotoxic response will contribute not only to our understanding on the pathogenesis of cHL but also to the development of new CTA-directed immunotherapy, particularly for advanced stage cases and for patients who did not achieve a complete response after initial therapy.