Background

Migraine continues being an underdiagnosed condition [1] because it can be accompanied by symptoms commonly associated with other causes of facial pain [2, 3]. Many patients visit their general practitioner because of their headache and, in many cases, a proper diagnosis and treatment may take years [4, 5].

“Sinusitis” may constitute one of the most commonly confusing clinical presentation of migraine [6], probably because cranial autonomic symptoms are common in migraine [7] based on activation of the trigeminal-autonomic reflex [8]. Headaches located in the frontal, supraorbital, or infraorbital region are sinus headaches [9]. These headaches are usually recurrent, non-seasonal, and unassociated with fever, localized tenderness, or erythema [10].

Migraine-associated alterations in trigeminal and/or autonomic activity may explain nasal and ocular symptoms in migraine. For example, “sinus” symptoms in migraine have been hypothesized to arise from activation of the trigeminal-autonomic reflex, which is mediated by a circuit of trigeminal afferents and parasympathetic efferent that innervate the lacrimal glands and the nasal mucosa [11].

This study aimed to estimate the frequency of misdiagnosis of sinusitis among patients with migraine headache who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-III- beta) criteria [12].

Methods

This retrospective study included 130 male and female migraine patients aged above 12 years with history of sinusitis. Every headache was assigned a diagnosis based ICHD-III-beta [12].

Exclusion criteria included radiographic evidence of sinus infection, the occurrence of fever, or purulent nasal discharge associated with their headaches within the past six months of evaluation. Patients who were unable to give reliable information about their medical history and headache characteristics or have incomplete medical files were excluded from the study (n = 17).

Patient identification

The data were collected from a hospital-based cohort of headache patients referred to both Mubarak and Ibn Sina Hospitals, Kuwait. We examined the medical files of all patients diagnosed with headache who were registered between 2010 and 2012. The records were examined and standardized data collection forms were completed retrospectively by the study group.

Clinical data

The diagnosis of migraine was made during face to face interview with headache specialist. Demographic characteristics, headache frequency, duration, and associated headache symptoms were recorded for each patient. Patients were asked about the onset of their headache, how long it took them to receive a correct diagnosis (latency of diagnosis) and what different physicians they had consulted prior to the current consultation. Results of previous diagnostic investigation including brain and sinus imaging were retrieved also.

Patients were asked about their use of medical and surgical treatments for headache before migraine diagnosis and to rate the effectiveness of each treatment before and after diagnosis on a 4-point scale: [13]

  1. 1.

    Very effective – complete and long-lasting relief

  2. 2.

    Effective –partial and/or short-lasting relief

  3. 3.

    Ineffective

  4. 4.

    Headache worsened.

Data analysis

All analyses were performed using SPSS 19 for Windows. Simple descriptive statistical tests (Mean and Standard deviation) were used to describe the numerical values of the sample. Frequency and percentage were used to describe the non-numerical values of the sample. The significance of the differences between the patients with proper and misdiagnosis was determined using a chi-squared test for non- numerical variables. P < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

The study received the approval of the local ethic committee, and all the patients signed the appropriate informed consents.

Results

Table 1 describes the demographic and characteristic data of 130 migraine patients.

Table 1 Demographic data and characteristic of all migraine patients ( n = 130) according to ICHD-III-beta
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Symptoms

The symptoms referred to the sinus areas were: sinus pain (76.2%), sinus pressure (60%) and nasal congestion (55.4%). Most of our patients had at least one investigation looking at the sinuses. Thirteen patients (10%) showed thickened sinus mucosa in CT sinuses. Many patients had at least one performed neuroimaging test and all of them were normal (Table 1).

Headache diagnosis

We found that 106 (81.5%) of our patients had been misdiagnosed as sinusitis. Chronic migraine was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in misdiagnosed patients and medication over use headache (MOH) reported only in patients misdiagnosed as sinusitis (Table 2).

Table 2 Comparison of headache profiles according to ICHD-III between migraine patients with proper diagnosis and those with misdiagnosis
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Misdiagnosis results

The mean duration of headache in misdiagnosed patients was 11.15 ± 7.85 (range 2 to 40 years) and the mean time between the first attack of headache and the diagnosis of migraine was 7.75 ± 6. 29 (range 1 to 38 years). 59/106 (56.6%) of them had consulted a primary care physician, and 47/106 patients (43.4%) assessed by otorhinolaryngology specialist before the diagnosis of migraine was made.

Thirteen patients (12.3%) of them had prior “sinus surgery” based on suspected lesions on CT sinuses and 93 (87.7%) received medical treatment for sinusitis. Both surgical and medical treatment were ineffective in most of the patients. Of those who received ineffective medical or surgical treatment, 73 (69%) were more satisfied in 2–4 months after initiating anti-migraine treatment (topiramate, propranolol, amitriptyline or sodium valproate) after their proper diagnosis (Table 3).

Table 3 Effective of management prior and after migraine diagnosis
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Discussion

Our study included 130 patients with migraine-type headache according to 3rd edition (ICHD-III-beta). We found that 81.5% of them were misdiagnosed and managed as sinusitis. The similarity of sinusitis symptoms and migraine complicates the diagnostic evaluation process. Although both historical and new data show that nasal symptoms frequently accompany a migraine, these symptoms are not required by the ICHD-III-beta diagnostic criteria for a migraine.

Our data are in agreement with the study of Schreiber and colleagues [6] which included approximately 3000 patients with a history of self-described or physician-diagnosed “sinus” headache and they determined that 80% of patients met ICHD criteria for migraine. Our data are also in agreement with the other previous studies [3, 9, 14, 15] which reported that “sinus headache” is one of the most commonly reported terms used in combination with a migraine diagnosis and most patients presenting with a “sinus headache” may not actually have a rhino sinusitis associated headache.

Migraine can be mistaken for rhinosinusitis because of similarity in location of the headache and the commonly accompanying nasal autonomic symptoms. The presence or absence of purulent nasal discharge and/or other features diagnostic of acute rhinosinusitis help to differentiate these conditions [12]. In order to properly establish a diagnosis of migraine, it is essential to know the ICHD criteria and apply these criteria in clinical practice.

We demonstrated that chronic migraine was significantly higher in patients misdiagnosed with sinusitis. MOH was reported only in those patients. A delay in the diagnosis of migraine led to chronification of the headache and transformation, in some cases, into MOH.

We found that the diagnosis of migraine was delayed in more than 80% of our cohort up to 38 years. Eross and colleagues [15] similarly found that their patients waited 25.3 years (longest of 62 years) prior to the correct diagnosis. Previous studies showed this as well [4, 5]. The diagnostic delay in our cohort could be explained by the presence of sinus pain, sinus congestion and nasal discharge during headache attacks. These symptoms have been reported with previous studies which concluded that presence of autonomic symptoms during migraine attacks often leads to confusion and incorrect diagnosis of sinusitis [16, 17]. The ICHD criteria do not highlight the presence of cranial autonomic symptoms in the disorder, or perhaps more usefully comment upon them. This may help general practitioner and otorhinolaryngology specialist to be aware of the phenotyping overlap.

The majority of our patients had at least one investigation looking at the sinuses which were all normal. This result is similar to previous results which demonstrated that patients with “sinus headache” did not have findings suggestive of sinusitis on endoscopy or CT scan [14] and over 50% of them were diagnosed with migraine later [18]. These unnecessary investigations increase time delay to obtain the correct diagnosis and management [19].

We demonstrated that 56% of the misdiagnosed patients had consulted a primary care physician and 44% of them an otorhinolaryngology specialist before the diagnosis of migraine was made. We are in agreement with Foroughipour and colleagues [17] who studied 58 patients with the diagnosis of sinusitis made by a primary care physician. After comprehensive otorhinolaryngologic and neurologic evaluation, the final diagnoses was migraine in 68% of the patients. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that the misdiagnosed patient received either medical in 87.7%, or surgical treatment in 12.3% of them without relieve of their symptoms in 84.9% and 76.9% respectively. However, migraine headache improved in 68.9% after proper diagnosis and treatment. These results are similar to that of Foroughipour and colleagues [17] who reported that recurrent antibiotic therapy was received by 66% patients and therapeutic nasal septoplasty was performed in 16% of the patients with a final diagnosis of migraine.

An appropriate recognition of migraine in patients who complain about sinus headaches may help to minimize the suffering and unnecessary interventions, start migraine directed therapy [20] and improve quality of life [9].

Conclusion

In conclusion, symptoms suggestive of sinusitis are frequently seen in migraine patients and may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment of migraine. General practitioner and otorhinolaryngology specialist should be aware of the diagnostic criteria for migraine and consider it in their differential diagnosis of patients suffering from “sinusitis”. Going forward it is important to consider how best to draw attention to cranial autonomic symptoms in migraine and their place in diagnostic criteria.