Abstract
By the method of spherical splitting, the interpolation capability of the spherical basis function (SBF) is investigated. As the main result, we deduce the error estimate for the minimal norm SBF interpolation in the metric of the p th Lebesgue integral function space on the sphere. The result shows that the interpolation capability of SBF depends not only on the smoothness of the target function, but also on the geometric distributions of the interpolation knots.
MSC:41A36, 41A25.
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1 Introductions and main results
Over the past decades, research in the field of function approximation of scattered data points gradually drifted from the polynomials to the radial basis functions (RBFs), and later to the spherical basis functions (SBFs) in a spherical coordinate. Recently, people, such as Wang and Li [1], Freeden et al. [2], and Muller [3], have moved their interests further to the topics of spherical approximation [1–7]. Based on the developments, spherical harmonic analysis was established and had some considerable progress. Meanwhile, error estimations for the SBF approximation were studied hereafter and stepped forward in the studies of Le Gia et al. [4], Hubbert and Morton [5], and Sloan and Wendland [7] after 2004. In 2007, Chen [8] established error bound for the minimal norm interpolation on a sphere. With this plentiful foundation, Lin and Cao [9] embedded firstly the smooth SBFs in a native space and specified the error bound between the best approximation and the target function via metric. As a consecutive study, the paper thus aims to derive a minimal norm interpolation with the measure.
For a fixed integer q (), is a unit sphere in , i.e., , and dω represents a sufficient small elemental area on the spherical surface . The total surface area of can hence be expressed as
In regard to dω, the inner product of functions f and g is given as
and the norm is defined as
where represents a function space constructed by a complex function, , fulfilling . An identical function in is characterized as a function identical to the functions which have the same output values everywhere with the same inputs.
For an integer , denotes a linear subspace in constructed by all the k th order homogeneous harmonic polynomials restricted by , and denotes the function constructed by all the k th order, , spherical harmonic polynomials. The relationship between and can primarily be given as
Obviously, the dimension of is
In , we select a set of functions () to form a standard orthogonal basis . The subspace also confirms and the famous additive law:
where denotes the inner product of ξ and η. denotes the k th order Legendre polynomial satisfying and complies with
By giving , a series , , , can also be expressed as , , . Using the series , a space defined as
has the inner product :
and the corresponding norm is consequently defined as
As known from the definition here, is a Hilbert space, i.e., when , has a reproducing kernel
if satisfies (see the reference [7]).
Hereafter, we assume consistently in this study that is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) constructed by the reproducing kernel and call the space a native space of (see [10, 11]). From the additive law, we have
where is the n th order Legendre polynomial. Here is obviously a spherical radial basis function.
Let us assume that is a set of N points taken from the unit sphere and has N output values corresponding to through a function F:
If there exists such that can be minimized, we say that the minimization of F is a problem subject to a minimal norm. By denoting as an interpolation with the minimal norm, there is a kernel basis expression for the interpolation (see the references [2, 7, 8]):
Suppose that , , are produced by the function , i.e., , . The interpolation problem becomes intrinsically a function approximation problem to estimate the error between and . The approximation order of the interpolation can then be determined by the grid norm, h, and the input . Here, h is defined as
where is the spherical distance between ξ and η, i.e., , .
Because is a RKHS constituted by the reproducing kernel , the error between and in the knot will vanish, i.e.,
for an arbitrary , if is interpolated via the minimal norm.
Suppose , we thus have
for a given arbitrary . It implies that is an orthogonal projection of f to the span in the space .
Furthermore, the () approximation of an interpolation via minimal norm is consequently bounded as follows. By assuming there exists a positive integer m such that the grid norm for is taken from , we deduce that the () approximation via the minimal norm must satisfy
for an arbitrary (refer to [8]). Coming with these contributions, this study is sought to extend the significant results to a more general case of ().
Theorem 1.1 Assume that is a set of N points taken from the unit sphere , h is the corresponding grid norm, and there exists a positive integer m such that . For an arbitrary function , , and its corresponding interpolation via the minimal norm , there must exist a positive constant C, which is independent of f and h, such that the following estimations are satisfied:
and
Theorem 1.2 Assume that is a set of N points taken from the unit sphere , and the grid norm satisfies the condition . For an arbitrary function , , and its corresponding interpolation via the minimal norm , we have
and
where C denotes a positive constant independent of f and h.
To prove the main results of Theorems 1.1 and 1.2, the concept of spherical cap should be introduced first: With center and radius γ, the spherical cap is defined as
and the surface area, referred to as of , can be given as
2 Lemmas
To completely prove Theorems 1.1 and 1.2, five lemmas are given as follows.
Lemma 2.1 (refer to [5, 6, 9])
Assume an integer , constants and , and with an arbitrary positive number , and , then there exists a point set with an arbitrary satisfying
If represents the characteristic function of a given set , there exists a positive integer Q independent of h satisfying
where . Furthermore, there exists a constant independent of h such that .
Lemma 2.2 (refer to [5, 6, 9])
By giving constants , , C, , and , there must exist an arbitrary such that
Lemma 2.3 Assume that is an evaluation functional corresponding to in , in can alternatively be expressed as .
Lemma 2.4 Assume that are evaluation functionals in and their expressions in are . Together with , which is interpolated via the minimal norm along , and z, which is the optimized approximation of u in the , we have
It should be noted that Lemmas 2.3 and 2.4 can be directly obtained from [9].
Lemma 2.5 (refer to [4, 5, 7])
There exist two constants and , dependent only on s and d, such that a function g (, for arbitrary , ) satisfies
when .
3 Proof of theorems
Proof of Theorem 1.1 From Lemma 2.1, we have
for arbitrary and . We consider first the local error estimation. Since is continuous on , and is a compact support of , there must exist such that is maximized at . We consequently have
where is a constant dependent only on q and satisfying .
(a) When : Taking as an evaluation functional, is its best approximation in . From the Jensen inequality (refer to [9, 12]), , Lemmas 2.3 and 2.4, we obtain
It should be noted that one of the following inequalities (refer to [8]) is used in the last step of the derivations above
For sure, by taking (where ), we can go further
with . By using both and the consequence , Lemma 2.5, Lemma 2.2, and Lemma 2.1, we achieve
(b) When : From the inequality (refer to [9, 12])
and the fact which is less than , we obtain first
Following similarly the steps in the case of , we also have
With the fact that is the orthogonal projection of f in , the proof of Theorem 1.1 is thus completed. □
Proof of Theorem 1.2 From the property of orthogonal projection of , the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, and Lemma 2.5, we can easily obtain
Therefore
Together with the results of Theorem 1.1, Theorem 1.2 is thus established. □
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Acknowledgements
The first author and the third author would like to thank the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61273020, 11001227), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. XDJK2010B005).
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In this paper, JW had the main role in providing derivations. CY and ZG also contributed significantly with their corresponding effort to finish the work.
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Wang, J., Yang, CY. & Gu, Z. Error estimate for minimal norm SBF interpolation. J Inequal Appl 2013, 510 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-510
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-510