Abstract
In this paper, we concentrate our study to derive appropriate duality theorems for two types of second-order dual models of a nondifferentiable minimax fractional programming problem involving second-order α-univex functions. Examples to show the existence of α-univex functions have also been illustrated. Several known results including many recent works are obtained as special cases.
MSC:49J35, 90C32, 49N15.
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1 Introduction
After Schmitendorf [1], who derived necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for static minimax problems, much attention has been paid to optimality conditions and duality theorems for minimax fractional programming problems [2–17]. For the theory, algorithms, and applications of some minimax problems, the reader is referred to [18].
In this paper, we consider the following nondifferentiable minimax fractional programming problem:
where Y is a compact subset of , , are twice continuously differentiable on and is twice continuously differentiable on , B, and D are a positive semidefinite matrix, , and for each , where .
Motivated by [7, 14, 15], Yang and Hou [17] formulated a dual model for fractional minimax programming problem and proved duality theorems under generalized convex functions. Ahmad and Husain [5] extended this model to nondifferentiable and obtained duality relations involving -pseudoconvex functions. Jayswal [11] studied duality theorems for another two duals of (P) under α-univex functions. Recently, Ahmad et al.[4] derived the sufficient optimality condition for (P) and established duality relations for its dual problem under -invexity assumptions. The papers [2, 4–7, 11–15, 17] involved the study of first-order duality for minimax fractional programming problems.
The concept of second-order duality in nonlinear programming problems was first introduced by Mangasarian [19]. One significant practical application of second-order dual over first-order is that it may provide tighter bounds for the value of objective function because there are more parameters involved. Hanson [20] has shown the other advantage of second-order duality by citing an example, that is, if a feasible point of the primal is given and first-order duality conditions do not apply (infeasible), then we may use second-order duality to provide a lower bound for the value of primal problem.
Recently, several researchers [3, 8–10, 16] considered second-order dual for minimax fractional programming problems. Husain et al.[8] first formulated second-order dual models for a minimax fractional programming problem and established duality relations involving η-bonvex functions. This work was later on generalized in [10] by introducing an additional vector r to the dual models, and in Sharma and Gulati [16] by proving the results under second-order generalized α-type I univex functions. The work cited in [3, 8, 10, 16] involves differentiable minimax fractional programming problems. Recently, Hu et al.[9] proved appropriate duality theorems for a second-order dual model of (P) under η-pseudobonvexity/η-quasibonvexity assumptions. In this paper, we formulate two types of second-order dual models for (P) and then derive weak, strong, and strict converse duality theorems under generalized α-univexity assumptions. Further, examples have been illustrated to show the existence of second-order α-univex functions. Our study extends some of the known results of the literature [5, 6, 11, 12, 14].
2 Notations and preliminaries
For each and , we define
Definition 2.1 Let () be a twice differentiable function. Then ζ is said to be second-order α-univex at , if there exist , , , and such that for all and , we have
Example 2.1 Let be defined as , where . Also, let , , and . The function ζ is second-order α-univex at , since
But every α-univex function need not be invex. To show this, consider the following example.
Example 2.2 Let be defined as . Let , , and . Then we have
Hence, the function Ω is second-order α-univex but not invex, since for , , and , we obtain
Lemma 2.1 (Generalized Schwartz inequality)
Let B be a positive semidefinite matrix of order n. Then, for all,
The equality holds iffor some.
Following Theorem 2.1 ([13], Theorem 3.1) will be required to prove the strong duality theorem.
Theorem 2.1 (Necessary condition)
Ifis an optimal solution of problem (P) satisfying, , and, are linearly independent, then there exist, , andsuch that
In the above theorem, both matrices B and D are positive semidefinite at . If either or is zero, then the functions involved in the objective of problem (P) are not differentiable. To derive necessary conditions under this situation, for , we define
If in addition, we insert the condition , then the result of Theorem 2.1 still holds.
For the sake of convenience, let
and
where
3 Model I
In this section, we consider the following second-order dual problem for (P):
where and denotes the set of all satisfying
If the set , we define the supremum of over equal to −∞.
Remark 3.1 If , then using (3.3), the above dual model reduces to the problems studied in [6, 11, 12]. Further, if B and D are zero matrices of order n, then (DM1) becomes the dual model considered in [14].
Next, we establish duality relations between primal (P) and dual (DM1).
Theorem 3.1 (Weak duality)
Let x andare feasible solutions of (P) and (DM1), respectively. Assume that
-
(i)
is second-order α-univex at z,
-
(ii)
and .
Then
Proof Assume on contrary to the result that
Since , , we have
From (3.4) and (3.5), for , we get
This further from , , and , we obtain
Now,
Therefore,
By hypothesis (i), we have
This follows from (3.1) that
which using hypothesis (ii) yields
This further from (2.6), (3.2), and the feasibility of x implies
This contradicts (3.7), hence the result. □
Theorem 3.2 (Strong duality)
Letbe an optimal solution for (P) and let, be linearly independent. Then there existand, such thatis feasible solution of (DM1) and the two objectives have same values. If, in addition, the assumptions of Theorem 3.1 hold for all feasible solutionsof (DM1), thenis an optimal solution of (DM1).
Proof Since is an optimal solution of (P) and , are linearly independent, then by Theorem 2.1, there exist and such that is feasible solution of (DM1) and the two objectives have same values. Optimality of for (DM1), thus follows from Theorem 3.1. □
Theorem 3.3 (Strict converse duality)
Letbe an optimal solution to (P) andbe an optimal solution to (DM1). Assume that
-
(i)
is strictly second-order α-univex at ,
-
(ii)
, are linearly independent,
-
(iii)
and .
Then.
Proof By the strict α-univexity of at , we get
which in view of (3.1) and hypothesis (iii) give
Using (2.6), (3.2), and feasibility of in above, we obtain
Now, we shall assume that and reach a contradiction. Since and are optimal solutions to (P) and (DM1), respectively, and , are linearly independent, by Theorem 3.2, we get
Since , , we have
By (3.9) and (3.10), we get
for all and . From and , with , we obtain
From Lemma 2.1, (3.3), and (3.11), we have
which contradicts (3.8), hence the result. □
4 Model II
In this section, we consider another dual problem to (P):
where denotes the set of all satisfying
If the set is empty, we define the supremum in (DM2) over equal to −∞.
Remark 4.1 If , then using (4.3), the above dual model becomes the dual model considered in [5, 11, 12]. In addition, if B and D are zero matrices of order n, then (DM2) reduces to the problem studied in [14].
Now, we obtain the following appropriate duality theorems between (P) and (DM2).
Theorem 4.1 (Weak duality)
Let x andare feasible solutions of (P) and (DM2), respectively. Suppose that the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(i)
is second-order α-univex at z,
-
(ii)
and .
Then
Proof Assume on contrary to the result that
or
Using , and (4.3) in above, we have
Now,
Hence,
Now, by the second-order α-univexity of at z, we get
which using (4.1) and hypothesis (ii) give
This from (4.2) follows that
which contradicts (4.5). This proves the theorem. □
By a similar way, we can prove the following theorems between (P) and (DM2).
Theorem 4.2 (Strong duality)
Letbe an optimal solution for (P) and let, be linearly independent. Then there existand, such thatis feasible solution of (DM2) and the two objectives have same values. If, in addition, the assumptions of weak duality hold for all feasible solutionsof (DM2), thenis an optimal solution of (DM2).
Theorem 4.3 (Strict converse duality)
Letandare optimal solutions of (P) and (DM2), respectively. Assume that
-
(i)
is strictly second-order α-univex at z,
-
(ii)
are linearly independent,
-
(iii)
and .
Then.
5 Concluding remarks
In the present work, we have formulated two types of second-order dual models for a nondifferentiable minimax fractional programming problems and proved appropriate duality relations involving second-order α-univex functions. Further, examples have been illustrated to show the existence of such type of functions. Now, the question arises whether or not the results can be further extended to a higher-order nondifferentiable minimax fractional programming problem.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank anonymous reviewers for their constructive and valuable suggestions which have considerably improved the presentation of the paper. The second author is also thankful to the Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi (India) for financial support.
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Gupta, S., Dangar, D. & Kumar, S. Second-order duality for a nondifferentiable minimax fractional programming under generalized α-univexity. J Inequal Appl 2012, 187 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-187
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-187