Abstract
The nonlocal boundary value problem, with -Laplacian of the form
, has been considered. Two existence criteria of at least one and three positive solutions are presented. The first one is based on the Four functionals fixed point theorem in the work of R. Avery et al. (2008), and the second one is based on the Five functionals fixed point theorem. Meanwhile an example is worked out to illustrate the main result.
Similar content being viewed by others
1. Introduction
Due to the unification of the theory of differential and difference equations, there have been many investigations working on the existence of positive solutions to boundary value problems for dynamic equations on time scales. Also there is much attention paid to the study of multipoint boundary value problem with -Laplacian; see [1–10].
For convenience, throughout this paper we denote as the
-Laplacian operator, that is,
,
.
, where
.
In [11], the author discussed the positive solutions of a -point boundary value problem for a second-order dynamic equation on a time scale
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ1_HTML.gif)
where ,
, and
with
. And he got the existence of at least two positive solutions of the above problem by means of a fixed point theorem in a cone.
Zhao and Ge [9] considered the following multi-point boundary value problem with one-dimensional -Laplacian:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ2_HTML.gif)
where ,
,
,
,
,
. By using a fixed point theorem in a cone, they obtained the existence of at least one, two, or three positive solutions under some sufficient conditions.
Motivated by the above results, in this paper, we investigate the nonlocal boundary value problem with -Laplacian
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ3_HTML.gif)
where and
.
For convenience, we list the following hypotheses:
-
(H1)
,
,
,
,
;
-
(H2)
and
is not identically zero on any compact subinterval of
;
-
(H3)
and
is not identically zero on any compact subinterval of
, also it satisfies
(1.4)
By using the Four functionals fixed point theorem and Five functionals fixed point theorem, we obtain the existence criteria of at least one positive solution and three positive solutions for the BVP (1.3). As an application, an example is worked out finally. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 is devoted to some preliminary discussions. We give and prove our main results in Section 3.
2. Preliminaries
The basic definitions and notations on time scales can be found in [12, 13]. In the following, we will provide some background materials on the theory of cones in Banach spaces. For more details, please refer to [14, 15].
Definition 2.1.
Let be a Banach space. A nonempty, closed set
is said to be a cone provided that the following hypotheses are satisfied:
-
(1)
if
,
, then
-
(2)
if
,
, then
Every cone induces a partial ordering "
" on
defined by
if and only if
Definition 2.2.
A map is said to be a nonnegative continuous concave functional on a cone
of a real Banach space
if
is continuous and
for all
and
. Similarly, we say that the map
is a nonnegative continuous convex functional on a cone
of a real Banach space
if
is continuous and
for all
and
.
Let and
be nonnegative continuous concave functionals on
, and let
and
be nonnegative continuous convex functionals on
; then for positive numbers
and
, define the sets
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ5_HTML.gif)
The following lemma can be found in [16].
Lemma 2.3 (four functionals fixed point theorem).
If P is a cone in a real Banach space E, and
are nonnegative continuous concave functionals on
,
and
are nonnegative continuous convex functionals on
, and there exist nonnegative positive numbers
and
, such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ6_HTML.gif)
is a completely continuous operator, and is a bounded set. If
-
(i)
-
(ii)
, for all
with
and
-
(iii)
, for all
with
-
(iv)
, for all
with
and
,
-
(v)
, for all
with
then has a fixed point
in
.
We are now in a position to present the Five functionals fixed point theorem (see [17]). Let be nonnegative continuous convex functionals on
and
nonnegative continuous concave functionals on
. For nonnegative numbers
and
define the following convex sets:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ7_HTML.gif)
Lemma 2.4 (five functionals fixed point theorem).
Let be a cone in a real Banach space
. Suppose that there exist nonnegative numbers
and
, nonnegative continuous concave functionals
and
on
, and nonnegative continuous convex functionals
and
on
, with
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ8_HTML.gif)
Suppose that is completely continuous and there exist nonnegative numbers
with
such that
-
(i)
and
for
-
(ii)
and
for
-
(iii)
for
with
-
(iv)
for
with
then A has at least three fixed points such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ9_HTML.gif)
Consider the Banach space equipped with the norm
. Suppose
,
with
. For the sake of convenience, we take the notations
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ10_HTML.gif)
Define a cone
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ11_HTML.gif)
and an operator by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ12_HTML.gif)
Lemma 2.5.
.
Proof.
For ,
,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ13_HTML.gif)
From the definition of , it is clear that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ14_HTML.gif)
is continuous, and
is the maximum value of
on
.
Let , then
is continuous,
is delta differentiable on
, and
is continuously differentiable. Moreover
is monotonically increasing for
and
. Then by the chain rule [12, Theorem
, page 31], we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ15_HTML.gif)
where is in the interval
. So,
. This completes the proof.
3. Main Results and an Example
Theorem 3.1.
Assume that (H1), (H2), and (H3) hold, if there exist constants ,
,
,
with
,
,
and suppose that
satisfies the following conditions:
(A1) for all
(A2) for all
then the BVP (1.3) has a fixed point such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ16_HTML.gif)
Define maps
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ17_HTML.gif)
and let ,
and
be defined by (2.1).
In order to complete the proof of Theorem 3.1, we first need to prove the following lemma.
Lemma 3.2.
is bounded and
is completely continuous.
Proof.
For all ,
, which means that
is a bounded set.
According to Lemma 2.5, it is clear that .
In view of the continuity of , there exists a constant
such that
, for all
,
. Consider
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ18_HTML.gif)
which means that is uniformly bounded.
In addition, for all , we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ19_HTML.gif)
Applying the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem on time scales [18], one can show that is relatively compact.
Now we prove that is continuous. Let
be a sequence in
which converges to
uniformly on
. Because
is relatively compact, the sequence
admits a subsequence
converging to
uniformly on
. In addition,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ20_HTML.gif)
Observe that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ21_HTML.gif)
Hence, by the Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem on time scales [19], insert into the above equality and then let
, we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ22_HTML.gif)
From the definition of , we know that
on
. This shows that each subsequence of
uniformly converges to
. Therefore the sequence
uniformly converges to
. This means that
is continuous at
. So,
is continuous on
since
is arbitrary. Thus,
is completely continuous. This completes the proof.
Proof of Theorem 3.1.
Let
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ23_HTML.gif)
Clearly, . By direct calculation,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ24_HTML.gif)
So, which means that (i) in Lemma 2.3 is satisfied.
For all with
and
, we have
, and for all
with
and
, we obtain that
. Hence, (ii) and (iv) in Lemma 2.3 are fulfilled.
For any with
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ25_HTML.gif)
and for all with
,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ26_HTML.gif)
Thus (iii) and (v) in Lemma 2.3 hold true. So, by Lemma 2.3, the BVP (1.3) has a fixed point in
. This completes the proof.
Theorem 3.3.
Assume that (H1), (H2), and (H3) hold. If there exist constants , with
,
,
,
,
, further suppose that
satisfies the following conditions:
(B1) for all
(B2) for all
then the BVP (1.3) has at least three positive solutions ,
and
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ27_HTML.gif)
Proof.
Define these maps
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ28_HTML.gif)
and let ,
,
and
be defined by (2.3). It is clear that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ29_HTML.gif)
Using similar methods as those in Lemma 3.2, we obtain that is completely continuous. Thus, we only need to show that
. Let
, then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ30_HTML.gif)
which implies that .
Let and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ31_HTML.gif)
we can verify that . By calculation,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ32_HTML.gif)
So, ,
,
,
which means that
and
are not empty.
For ,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ33_HTML.gif)
and for ,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ34_HTML.gif)
Thus (i) and (ii) in Lemma 2.4 hold.
On the other hand, for with
, we have
. And for
with
, we can obtain
Thus, (iii) and (iv) in Lemma 2.4 hold.
So, by Lemma 2.4, we obtain that the BVP (1.3) has at least three positive solutions such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ35_HTML.gif)
This completes the proof.
Remark 3.4.
Let ,
,
, we can find that the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are contained in Theorem 3.3.
Example 3.5.
Let ,
, consider the following eight-point BVP:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ36_HTML.gif)
where ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, for all
, and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ37_HTML.gif)
where is continuous,
, and
.
Set ,
, by calculation,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ38_HTML.gif)
and let ,
,
,
,
. Clearly, we can verify that the conditions in Theorem 3.3 are fulfilled. Thus, by Theorem 3.3, the BVP (3.21) has at least three positive solutions
,
and
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F809497/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1342_Equ39_HTML.gif)
Remark 3.6.
If we let ,
,
,
, we can also verify that the conditions in Theorem 3.1 are satisfied.
References
Anderson D, Avery R, Henderson J:Existence of solutions for a one dimensional
-Laplacian on time-scales. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2004,10(10):889-896. 10.1080/10236190410001731416
Feng M, Feng H, Zhang X, Ge W:Triple positive solutions for a class of
-point dynamic equations on time scales with
-Laplacian. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2008,48(7-8):1213-1226. 10.1016/j.mcm.2007.12.016
Sang Y, Su H:Several existence theorems of nonlinear
-point boundary value problem for
-Laplacian dynamic equations on time scales. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2008,340(2):1012-1026. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2007.09.029
Song C, Weng P:Multiple positive solutions for
-Laplacian functional dynamic equations on time scales. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2008,68(1):208-215. 10.1016/j.na.2006.10.043
Cao F, Han Z, Sun S:Existence of periodic solutions for
-Laplacian equations on time scales. Advances in Difference Equations 2010,2010(1):-13.
Sun H-R, Li W-T:Multiple positive solutions for
-Laplacian
-point boundary value problems on time scales. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2006,182(1):478-491. 10.1016/j.amc.2006.04.009
Sun H-R, Li W-T:Existence theory for positive solutions to one-dimensional
-Laplacian boundary value problems on time scales. Journal of Differential Equations 2007,240(2):217-248. 10.1016/j.jde.2007.06.004
Yang J, Wei Z:Existence of positive solutions for fourth-order
-point boundary value problems with a one-dimensional
-Laplacian operator. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2009,71(7-8):2985-2996. 10.1016/j.na.2009.01.191
Zhao J, Ge W:Existence results of
-point boundary value problem of Sturm-Liouville type with sign changing nonlinearity. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2009,49(5-6):946-954. 10.1016/j.mcm.2008.08.022
Zhu Y, Zhu J:The multiple positive solutions for
-Laplacian multipoint BVP with sign changing nonlinearity on time scales. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2008,344(2):616-626. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2008.02.032
He Z:Existence of two solutions of
-point boundary value problem for second order dynamic equations on time scales. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2004,296(1):97-109. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2004.03.051
Bohner M, Peterson A: Dynamic Equations on Time Scales: An Introduction with Applications. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass, USA; 2001:x+358.
Lakshmikantham V, Sivasundaram S, Kaymakcalan B: Dynamic Systems on Measure Chains, Mathematics and Its Applications. Volume 370. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands; 1996:x+285.
Agarwal RP, O'Regan D: A generalization of the Petryshyn-Leggett-Williams fixed point theorem with applications to integral inclusions. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2001,123(2):263-274. 10.1016/S0096-3003(00)00077-1
Agarwal RP, Bohner M: Basic calculus on time scales and some of its applications. Results in Mathematics 1999,35(1-2):3-22.
Avery R, Henderson J, O'Regan D: Four functionals fixed point theorem. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2008,48(7-8):1081-1089. 10.1016/j.mcm.2007.12.013
Avery RI: A generalization of the Leggett-Williams fixed point theorem. Mathematical Sciences Research Hot-Line 1999,3(7):9-14.
Agarwal RP, Bohner M, Řehák P: Half-linear dynamic equations. In Nonlinear Analysis and Applications: to V. Lakshmikantham on His 80th Birthday. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands; 2003:1-57.
Aulbach B, Neidhart L: Integration on measure chains. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Difference Equations, Boca Raton, Fla, USA. CRC; 2004:239-252.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ludong University (24200301, 24070301, 24070302), Program for Innovative Research Team in Ludong University, and a Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, TT., Wang, LL. & Fan, YH. Existence of Positive Solutions to a Nonlocal Boundary Value Problem with -Laplacian onTime Scales.
Adv Differ Equ 2010, 809497 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/809497
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/809497