Abstract
We deal in this paper with the mild solution for the semilinear fractional differential equation of neutral type with infinite delay: ,
,
,
, with
and
. We prove the existence (and uniqueness) of solutions, assuming that
is a linear closed operator which generates an analytic semigroup
on a Banach space
by means of the Banach's fixed point theorem. This generalizes some recent results.
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1. Introduction
We investigate in this paper the existence and uniqueness of the mild solution for the fractional differential equation with infinite delay
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ1_HTML.gif)
where is a generator of an analytic semigroup
on a Banach space
such that
for all
and
for every
and
. The function
is continuous functions with additional assumptions.
The fractional derivative is understood here in the Caputo sense, that is,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ2_HTML.gif)
where
is called phase space to be defined in Section 2. For any function
defined on
and any
, we denote by
the element of
defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ3_HTML.gif)
The function represents the history of the state from
up to the present time
.
The theory of functional differential equations has emerged as an important branch of nonlinear analysis. It is worthwhile mentioning that several important problems of the theory of ordinary and delay differential equations lead to investigations of functional differential equations of various types (see the books by Hale and Verduyn Lunel [1], Wu [2], Liang et al. [3], Liang and Xiao [4–9], and the references therein). On the other hand the theory of fractional differential equations is also intensively studied and finds numerous applications in describing real world problems (see e.g., the monographs of Lakshmikantham et al. [10], Lakshmikantham [11], Lakshmikantham and Vatsala [12, 13], Podlubny [14], and the papers of Agarwal et al. [15], Benchohra et al. [16], Anguraj et al. [17], Mophou and N'Guérékata [18], Mophou et al. [19], Mophou and N'Guérékata [20], and the references therein).
Recently we studied in our paper [20] the existence of solutions to the fractional semilinear differential equation with nonlocal condition and delay-free
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ4_HTML.gif)
where is a positive real,
is the generator of a
-semigroup
on a Banach space
,
with
defined as above and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ5_HTML.gif)
is a nonlinear function,
is continuous, and
. The derivative
is understood here in the Riemann-Liouville sense.
In the present paper we deal with an infinite time delay. Note that in this case, the phase space plays a crucial role in the study of both qualitative and quantitative aspects of theory of functional equations. Its choice is determinant as can be seen in the important paper by Hale and Kato [21].
Similar works to the present paper include the paper by Benchohra et al. [16], where the authors studied an existence result related to the nonlinear functional differential equation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ6_HTML.gif)
where is the standard Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative,
in the phase space
, with
.
2. Preliminaries
From now on, we set . We denote by
a Banach space with norm
,
the space of all
-valued continuous functions on
, and
the Banach space of all linear and bounded operators on
.
We assume that the phase space is a seminormed linear space of functions mapping
into
, and satisfying the following fundamental axioms due to Hale and Kato (see e.g., in [21]).
If , is continuous on
and
, then for every
the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
is in
,
-
(ii)
-
(iii)
where is a constant,
is continuous,
is locally bounded, and
,
,
are independent of
.
For the function in
,
is a
-valued continuous function on
.
The space is complete.
Remark.
Condition (ii) in is equivalent to
for all
.
Let us recall some examples of phase spaces.
Example.
(E1) the Banach space of all bounded and uniformly continuous functions
endowed with the supnorm.
(E2) the Banach space of all bounded and continuous functions
such that
endowed with the norm
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ7_HTML.gif)
()
endowed with the norm
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ8_HTML.gif)
Note that the space is a uniform fading memory for
.
Throughout this work will be a continuous function
. Let
be set defined by:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ9_HTML.gif)
Remark.
We recall that the Cauchy Problem
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ10_HTML.gif)
where is a closed linear operator defined on a dense subset,
is wellposed, and the unique solution is given by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ11_HTML.gif)
where is a probability density function defined on
such that its Laplace transform is given by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ12_HTML.gif)
([22, cf. Theorem 2.1]).
Following [22, 23] we will introduce now the definition of mild solution to (1.1).
Definition 2.4.
A function is said to be a mild solution of (1.1) if
satisfies
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ13_HTML.gif)
where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ14_HTML.gif)
Remark 2.5.
Note that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ15_HTML.gif)
since (cf. [23]).
3. Main Results
We present now our result.
Theorem 3.1.
Assume the following.
-
(H1) There exist
such that for all
,
(3.1) -
(H2) There exists
, with
such that the function
defined by:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ17_HTML.gif)
satisfies for all
. Here
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ18_HTML.gif)
Then (1.1) has a unique mild solution on .
Proof.
Consider the operator defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ19_HTML.gif)
Let be the function defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ20_HTML.gif)
Then . For each
with
, we denote by
the function defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ21_HTML.gif)
If verifies (2.7) then writing
for
, we have
for
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ22_HTML.gif)
Moreover .
Let
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ23_HTML.gif)
For any , we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ24_HTML.gif)
Thus is a Banach space. We define the operator
by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ25_HTML.gif)
It is clear that the operator has a unique fixed point if and only if
has a unique fixed point. So let us prove that
has a unique fixed point. Observe first that
is obviously well defined. Now, consider
. For any
, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ26_HTML.gif)
So using , (2.9) and (3.3), we obtain for all
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ27_HTML.gif)
which according to gives
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ28_HTML.gif)
Therefore
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ29_HTML.gif)
And since , we conclude by way of the Banach's contraction mapping principle that
has a unique fixed point
. This means that
has a unique fixed point
which is obviously a mild solution of (1.1) on
.
4. Application
To illustrate our result, we consider the following Lotka-Volterra model with diffusion:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ30_HTML.gif)
where and
is a positive function on
with
.
Now let and consider the operator
defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ31_HTML.gif)
Clearly is dense in
.
Define
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ32_HTML.gif)
We choose as in Example (E3) above. Put
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ33_HTML.gif)
Then we get
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F674630/MediaObjects/13662_2009_Article_1321_Equ34_HTML.gif)
where is obviously Lipschitzian in
uniformly in
. Thus we can state what follows.
Theorem 4.1.
Under the above assumptions (4.1) has a unique mild solution.
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Mophou, G.M., N'Guérékata, G.M. A Note on a Semilinear Fractional Differential Equation of Neutral Type with Infinite Delay. Adv Differ Equ 2010, 674630 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/674630
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/674630