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Synthesis, physical, optical properties, and gamma-ray absorbing competency or capability of PbO–B2O3–CaO glasses reinforced with Nd3+/Er3+ ions

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Abstract

A series of four glass specimens with the molar percentage formula 20PbO–50B2O3–30CaO–xEr2O3–yNd2O3: (x, y) = (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (1,1) mol% were synthesized by the conventional melt quenching process, namely PBC-Nd0Er0, PBC-Nd0Er1, PBC-Nd1Er0, and PBC-Nd1Er1. Structure, physical, optical properties, and gamma-radiation protection efficiency of the synthesized glasses have been investigated. XRD measurements confirmed that the synthesized glasses were in non-crystalline nature. The glasses density was increased from 4.13 to 4.30 g/cm3. The direct optical band gap (OBG) decreases from 3.57 to 3.18 eV, while the indirect (OBG) decreases from 2.90 to 2.75 eV. Refractive index (n) follows the order PBC-Nd1Er1 > PBC-Nd0Er0 > PBC-Nd1Er0 > PBC-Nd0Er1. The PBC-Nd1Er1 glass sample has the highest (Ed = 25 eV), the lowest (Eo = 2 eV), and the highest value of (no) equal to 3.67 compared with other glasses. Both of optical and electrical conductivities (σoptical and σelectrical) follow the order: PBC-Nd1Er1 > PBC-Nd0Er1 > PBC-Nd1Er0 > PBC-Nd0Er0. The maximum ability for the investigated glasses to block the radiations passing through them occurred at 0.223 meV, and the LAC lies in the range of 1.650 cm−1 for PBC-Nd0Er0 and 1.719 cm−1 for PBC-Nd1Er1. By contrast, the minimum ability took place at 1.458 meV, and at this energy, the LAC lies in the range of 0.216 and 0.224 cm−1. The HVL values show that there is a trend to attenuating potentiality reducing as the energy raises from 0.223 to 1.458 meV. It is shown that the PBC-Nd1Er1 glass sample possesses the superior optical properties and shielding capacity among each of other investigated glasses.

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under Grant No. RG-5-130-41. The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks technical and financial support of DSR.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Y. Al-Hadeethi & Bahaaudin M. Raffah

  2. Lithography in Devices Fabrication and Development Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Y. Al-Hadeethi, Bahaaudin M. Raffah & E. Bekyarova

  3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman, Jordan

    M. I. Sayyed

  4. Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia

    M. I. Sayyed

  5. Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    E. Bekyarova

  6. Department of Geophysics and Planetary Science, University of Science and Technology of China of Hefei, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

    Abid Ali Abid

  7. National Center for Physics, QAU campus, Shahdra Valley Road, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Abid Ali Abid

  8. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koom, 32511, Egypt

    Y. S. Rammah

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  1. Y. Al-Hadeethi
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Al-Hadeethi, Y., Sayyed, M.I., Raffah, B.M. et al. Synthesis, physical, optical properties, and gamma-ray absorbing competency or capability of PbO–B2O3–CaO glasses reinforced with Nd3+/Er3+ ions. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 136, 189 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01174-9

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